A ladder of community participation for underdeveloped countries

Habitat International

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 431-444

  Guaraldo Choguill, Marisa B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION; DEVELOPING WORLD; HOUSING; INSTITUTIONAL INVOLVEMENT; NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION;

EID: 0030448159     PISSN: 01973975     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0197-3975(96)00020-3     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. The present paper is an extension of a research study sponsored by the UK Overseas Development Administration which is reported in C.L. Choguill, M.B.G. Choguill and A.M. Silva-Roberts, Developing Self-Sustaining Infrastructure in Third World Urban Areas, a Research Report to the Overseas Development Administration on Research Project 6079 by the University of Sheffield Centre for Development Planning Studies (1995), 2 Volumes.
2. P. Samuel, "Community Participation in Development Projects: the World Bank Experience", in M. Bamberger (compiler), Readings in Community Participation, Vol. 1 (The Economic Development Institute of the World Bank, Washington, DC, 1986), p. 46.
3. The question of standards is a controversial one. Standards are at best relative. Yet it is the enormous disparities among standards applicable for different social classes that lead to the present argument that they involve a moral, humanistic aspect which must be addressed. In other words, if a certain standard is considered acceptable for a given social class, then it should also be acceptable for the others. If it is not, then it should not be considered a socially acceptable standard and the whole society should make efforts to improve it. In other words, it is believed that people's participation in the political arena, not just on issues of infrastructure but on other matters as well, mainly economic ones, which affect their income, must be part of the development process.
4. Choguill, et al. (1995), see note 1.
5. P.M. Ward (ed.), Self-help Housing: a Critique (Mansell, London, 1982); K. Mathey, Beyond Self-help Housing (Mansell, London, 1992); B. Turner (ed.), Building Community: a Third World Case Book (Building Community Books, London, 1988); and C.L. Choguill, Self-help Construction in Low Íncome Countries: An Examination of Factors which Promote Success, University of Sheffield Centre for Development Planning Studies, Occasional Paper No. 18 (September 1994).
6. P.M. Ward (ed.), Self-help Housing: a Critique (Mansell, London, 1982); K. Mathey, Beyond Self-help Housing (Mansell, London, 1992); B. Turner (ed.), Building Community: a Third World Case Book (Building Community Books, London, 1988); and C.L. Choguill, Self-help Construction in Low Íncome Countries: An Examination of Factors which Promote Success, University of Sheffield Centre for Development Planning Studies, Occasional Paper No. 18 (September 1994).
7. P.M. Ward (ed.), Self-help Housing: a Critique (Mansell, London, 1982); K. Mathey, Beyond Self-help Housing (Mansell, London, 1992); B. Turner (ed.), Building Community: a Third World Case Book (Building Community Books, London, 1988); and C.L. Choguill, Self-help Construction in Low Íncome Countries: An Examination of Factors which Promote Success, University of Sheffield Centre for Development Planning Studies, Occasional Paper No. 18 (September 1994).
8. P.M. Ward (ed.), Self-help Housing: a Critique (Mansell, London, 1982); K. Mathey, Beyond Self-help Housing (Mansell, London, 1992); B. Turner (ed.), Building Community: a Third World Case Book (Building Community Books, London, 1988); and C.L. Choguill, Self-help Construction in Low Íncome Countries: An Examination of Factors which Promote Success, University of Sheffield Centre for Development Planning Studies, Occasional Paper No. 18 (September 1994).
9. See E. Dudley, The Critical Villager: Beyond Community Participation (Routledge, London, 1993); also H. Slim and P. Thompson, Listening for a Change: Oral Testimony and Development (Panos, London, 1993).
10. See E. Dudley, The Critical Villager: Beyond Community Participation (Routledge, London, 1993); also H. Slim and P. Thompson, Listening for a Change: Oral Testimony and Development (Panos, London, 1993).
11. S.R. Arnstein, "A Ladder of Citizen Participation", Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35 (1969), p. 216.
12. Arnstein (1969), see note 7.
13. Arnstein (1969), see note 7, p. 217.
14. C.L. Choguill, "Ten Steps to Sustainable Infrastructure", Habitat International, this issue.
15. P. Samuel (1986), see note 2, p. 46.
16. Source of the Jardim Celeste case study: R. Denaldi, Viable Self-management: the FUNACON Housing Programme of the São Paulo Municipality, Institute of Housing and Urban Studies Working Paper Series No. 9 (Rotterdam, 1994).
17. Source of the Community Mortgage Program case study: M. Lee, "The Community Mortgage Program: an Almost Successful Alternative for some Urban Poor", Habitat International 19, 4 (1995), pp. 529-546.
18. Sources of the Tegucigalpa case study: P. Friedlander, "Water for the Urban Poor", Waterlines 9, 1 (July 1990), pp. 6-8; C.L. Choguill, "Infrastructure for Low-income Communities: a Study from Honduras", in S. Meikle and M. Mumtaz (eds), Successful Shelter Strategies (Development Planning Unit for Overseas Development Administration, London, 1991), pp. 63-67.
19. Sources of the Tegucigalpa case study: P. Friedlander, "Water for the Urban Poor", Waterlines 9, 1 (July 1990), pp. 6-8; C.L. Choguill, "Infrastructure for Low-income Communities: a Study from Honduras", in S. Meikle and M. Mumtaz (eds), Successful Shelter Strategies (Development Planning Unit for Overseas Development Administration, London, 1991), pp. 63-67.
20. Source of the Kampung Banyu Urip case study: "Kampung Banyu Urip", in Turner (ed.), (1988), see note 5, pp. 67-74.
21. Sources of the Curitiba case study: J. Rabinovitch and J. Leitmann, Environmental Innovation and Management in Curitiba, Brazil, Urban Management Program Working Paper No. 1 (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1993) and K. Herbst, "Brazil's Model City: Is Curitiba Too Good To Be True?", Planning 58, 9 (September 1992), pp. 24-27.
22. Sources of the Curitiba case study: J. Rabinovitch and J. Leitmann, Environmental Innovation and Management in Curitiba, Brazil, Urban Management Program Working Paper No. 1 (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1993) and K. Herbst, "Brazil's Model City: Is Curitiba Too Good To Be True?", Planning 58, 9 (September 1992), pp. 24-27.
23. Sources of the Campo Grande case study: M.B.G.M. Rezende, "Perspectives in Genuine Participation: a Case from Brazil", Third World Planning Review 14, 2 (1992), pp. 203-212 and M.B.G.M. Rezende, Planning and Citizenship: Decision-making in the Planning Process in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sheffield (1992), pp. 219-226.
24. Sources of the Campo Grande case study: M.B.G.M. Rezende, "Perspectives in Genuine Participation: a Case from Brazil", Third World Planning Review 14, 2 (1992), pp. 203-212 and M.B.G.M. Rezende, Planning and Citizenship: Decision-making in the Planning Process in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sheffield (1992), pp. 219-226.
25. Source of the Baldia case study: "Baldia" in B. Turner (ed.), (1988), see note 5, pp. 53-58.
26. Sources of the Mirpur case study: C.L. Choguill, New Communities for Urban Squatters: Lessons from the Plan that Failed in Dhaka, Bangladesh (Plenum, New York, 1987); C.L. Choguill, "Problems in Providing Low-income Urban Housing in Bangladesh", Habitat International 12, 3 (1988), pp. 29-39; C.L. Choguill, "Implementing Urban Development Projects: a Search for Criteria for Success", Third World Planning Review 16, 1 (1994), pp. 25-39; and C.L. Choguill, "Housing Policy Trends in Bangladesh: Meeting the Needs of a Low-income Population", Cities 10, 4 (1993), pp. 326-336.
27. Sources of the Mirpur case study: C.L. Choguill, New Communities for Urban Squatters: Lessons from the Plan that Failed in Dhaka, Bangladesh (Plenum, New York, 1987); C.L. Choguill, "Problems in Providing Low-income Urban Housing in Bangladesh", Habitat International 12, 3 (1988), pp. 29-39; C.L. Choguill, "Implementing Urban Development Projects: a Search for Criteria for Success", Third World Planning Review 16, 1 (1994), pp. 25-39; and C.L. Choguill, "Housing Policy Trends in Bangladesh: Meeting the Needs of a Low-income Population", Cities 10, 4 (1993), pp. 326-336.
28. Sources of the Mirpur case study: C.L. Choguill, New Communities for Urban Squatters: Lessons from the Plan that Failed in Dhaka, Bangladesh (Plenum, New York, 1987); C.L. Choguill, "Problems in Providing Low-income Urban Housing in Bangladesh", Habitat International 12, 3 (1988), pp. 29-39; C.L. Choguill, "Implementing Urban Development Projects: a Search for Criteria for Success", Third World Planning Review 16, 1 (1994), pp. 25-39; and C.L. Choguill, "Housing Policy Trends in Bangladesh: Meeting the Needs of a Low-income Population", Cities 10, 4 (1993), pp. 326-336.
29. Sources of the Mirpur case study: C.L. Choguill, New Communities for Urban Squatters: Lessons from the Plan that Failed in Dhaka, Bangladesh (Plenum, New York, 1987); C.L. Choguill, "Problems in Providing Low-income Urban Housing in Bangladesh", Habitat International 12, 3 (1988), pp. 29-39; C.L. Choguill, "Implementing Urban Development Projects: a Search for Criteria for Success", Third World Planning Review 16, 1 (1994), pp. 25-39; and C.L. Choguill, "Housing Policy Trends in Bangladesh: Meeting the Needs of a Low-income Population", Cities 10, 4 (1993), pp. 326-336.
30. Source of the Dhaka case study: C.L. Choguill (1987). See note 19, pp. 47-101.
31. Sources of the Orangi case study: J.E. Hardoy, D. Mitlin and D. Satterthwaite, Environmental Problems in Third World Cities (Earthscan, London, 1992), p. 147; A. Hassan, "Development through Partnership: the Orangi Project in Karachi", in D. Cadman and G. Payne (eds), The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future (Routledge, Andover, Hants, 1990), pp. 221-226; B. Turner (ed.) (1988), See note 5, pp. 81-88; United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, "Cash from Trash: Making Refuse Pay", in Shelter and Urbanization Information Kit, World Habitat Day, 1 October 1990 (New York, 1990); and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, "Converting Garbage into Compost Proves Profitable in Pakistan", Bulletin of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, No. 5 (July 1986).
32. Sources of the Orangi case study: J.E. Hardoy, D. Mitlin and D. Satterthwaite, Environmental Problems in Third World Cities (Earthscan, London, 1992), p. 147; A. Hassan, "Development through Partnership: the Orangi Project in Karachi", in D. Cadman and G. Payne (eds), The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future (Routledge, Andover, Hants, 1990), pp. 221-226; B. Turner (ed.) (1988), See note 5, pp. 81-88; United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, "Cash from Trash: Making Refuse Pay", in Shelter and Urbanization Information Kit, World Habitat Day, 1 October 1990 (New York, 1990); and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, "Converting Garbage into Compost Proves Profitable in Pakistan", Bulletin of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, No. 5 (July 1986).
33. Sources of the Orangi case study: J.E. Hardoy, D. Mitlin and D. Satterthwaite, Environmental Problems in Third World Cities (Earthscan, London, 1992), p. 147; A. Hassan, "Development through Partnership: the Orangi Project in Karachi", in D. Cadman and G. Payne (eds), The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future (Routledge, Andover, Hants, 1990), pp. 221-226; B. Turner (ed.) (1988), See note 5, pp. 81-88; United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, "Cash from Trash: Making Refuse Pay", in Shelter and Urbanization Information Kit, World Habitat Day, 1 October 1990 (New York, 1990); and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, "Converting Garbage into Compost Proves Profitable in Pakistan", Bulletin of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, No. 5 (July 1986).
34. Sources of the Orangi case study: J.E. Hardoy, D. Mitlin and D. Satterthwaite, Environmental Problems in Third World Cities (Earthscan, London, 1992), p. 147; A. Hassan, "Development through Partnership: the Orangi Project in Karachi", in D. Cadman and G. Payne (eds), The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future (Routledge, Andover, Hants, 1990), pp. 221-226; B. Turner (ed.) (1988), See note 5, pp. 81-88; United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, "Cash from Trash: Making Refuse Pay", in Shelter and Urbanization Information Kit, World Habitat Day, 1 October 1990 (New York, 1990); and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, "Converting Garbage into Compost Proves Profitable in Pakistan", Bulletin of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, No. 5 (July 1986).
35. Sources of the Orangi case study: J.E. Hardoy, D. Mitlin and D. Satterthwaite, Environmental Problems in Third World Cities (Earthscan, London, 1992), p. 147; A. Hassan, "Development through Partnership: the Orangi Project in Karachi", in D. Cadman and G. Payne (eds), The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future (Routledge, Andover, Hants, 1990), pp. 221-226; B. Turner (ed.) (1988), See note 5, pp. 81-88; United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, "Cash from Trash: Making Refuse Pay", in Shelter and Urbanization Information Kit, World Habitat Day, 1 October 1990 (New York, 1990); and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, "Converting Garbage into Compost Proves Profitable in Pakistan", Bulletin of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, No. 5 (July 1986).
36. Source of the Barrio Rafael Nunez case study: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, "Cartagena: Turning Community Waste to Profit", UNCHS Shelter Bulletin 1, 3 (November 1988), pp. 5-7.
37. Source of the Pinar case study: Y. Aksoylu, "Community Organisation, the Pinar Experience in Turkey", Open House International 11 (1986), pp. 44-48.
38. Source of the Comuneros II case study: M.A. Ridgley, "Services in a Colombian Shantytown: Speculations on the Limits of Collective Self-help", Yearbook, Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers 15 (1989), pp. 59-69.