A critical assessment of electrochemical procedures applied to the measurement of dopamine and its metabolites during drug-induced and species-typical behaviours

Behavioural Pharmacology

Volumn 7, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 675-708

  Blaha, C D ^a   Phillips, A G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

brain self stimulation; chronoamperometry; dopamine; drug self administration; microelectrodes; motivated behaviours; voltammetry

Indexed keywords

3 O METHYLDOPAMINE; 3,4 DIHYDROXYPHENYLACETIC ACID; AMPHETAMINE; APOMORPHINE; COCAINE; DOPAMINE; GAMMA BUTYROLACTONE; HALOPERIDOL; HOMOVANILLIC ACID; METIROSINE; MONOAMINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NORADRENALIN; RESERPINE; SEROTONIN; VANOXERINE;

BEHAVIOR; DOPAMINE METABOLISM; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; ELECTRODE; INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING; METHODOLOGY; MOTIVATION; NONHUMAN; POTENTIOMETRY; REINFORCEMENT; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 0030440590     PISSN: 09558810     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008877-199611000-00014     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. Adams RN (1990) In vivo electrochemical measurements in the CNS. Progress in Neurobiology, 35, 297-311.
2. Adams RN and Marsden CA (1982) Electrochemical detection methods for monoamine measurements itro and in vivo. In: Handbook of Psychopharmacology (Eds LL Iversen, SD Iversen and SH Snyder), Vol. 15, pp. 1-74. Plenum Press, New York.
3. Antelman SM and Szechtman H (1975) Tail pinch induces eating in sated rats which appears to depend on nigro-striatal dopamine. Science, 189, 731-733.
4. Antelman SM, Szechtman H, Chin R and Fisher AE (1975) Tail pinch-induced eating, gnawing and licking behavior: dependence on the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Brain Research, 99, 319-337.
5. Banks KE and Gratton A (1995) Possible involvement of medial prefrontal cortex in amphetamine-induced sensitization of mesolimbic dopamine function. European Journal of Pharmacology, 282, 157-167.
6. Baur JE, Kristensen EW, May LJ, Wiedemann DJ and Wightman R M (1988) Fast-scan voltammetry of biogenic amines. Analytical Chemistry, 60, 1268-1272.
7. Benveniste H (1989) Brain microdialysis. Journal of Neurochemistry, 52, 1667-1679.
8. Benveniste H and Huttemeier PC (1990) Microdialysis - theory and application. Progress in Neurobiolology, 35, 195-215.
9. Bertolucci-D'Angio M, Serrano A and Scatton B (1990) Differential effects of forced locomotion, tail-pinch, immobilization, and methyl-beta-carboline carboxylate on extracellular 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in the rat striatum, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex: an in vivo voltammetric study. Journal of Neurochemistry, 55, 1208-1215.
10. Blackburn JR, Pfaus JG and Phillips AG (1992) Dopamine functions in appetitive and defensive behaviours. Progress in Neurobiology, 39, 247-279.
11. Blaha CD (1991) Electrochemical evaluation of the microenvironment surrounding microdialysis probes in vivo. In: Monitoring Molecules in Neuroscience (Eds H Rollema and BHC Westerink), pp. 56-60. Krips Repro, Meppel, The Netherlands.
12. Blaha CD (1996) Evaluation of stearate-graphite paste electrodes for chronic measurement of extracellular dopamine concentrations in the mammalian brain. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 55, 351-364.
13. Blaha CD and Jung ME (1991) Electrochemical evaluation of stearate modified graphite paste electrodes: Selective detection of dopamine is maintained after exposure to brain tissue. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 310, 317-334.
14. Blaha CD and Lane RF (1983) Chemically modified electrode for in vivo monitoring of brain catecholamines. Brain Research Bulletin 10, 861-864.
15. Blaha CD and Lane RF (1987) Chronic treatment with classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs differentially decreases dopamine release in striatum and nucleus accumbens in vivo. Neuroscience Letters, 78, 199-204.
16. Blaha CD and Phillips AG (1990) Application of in vivo electrochemistry to the measurement of changes in dopamine release during intracranial self-stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 34, 125-133.
17. Blaha CD and Phillips AG (1992) Pharmacological evidence for common mechanisms underlying the effects of neurotensin and neuroleptics on in vivo dopamine efflux in the rat nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience, 49, 867-877.
18. Blaha CD and Winn P (1993) Modulation of dopamine efflux in the striatum following cholinergic stimulation of the substantia nigra in intact and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-lesioned rats. Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 1035-1044.
19. Blaha CD, Phillips AG and Lane RF (1987) Reversal by cholecystokinin of apomorphine-induced inhibition of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Regulatory Peptides, 17, 301-310.
20. Blaha CD, Coury A, Fibiger HC and Phillips AG (1990) Effects of neurotensin on dopamine release and metabolism in the rat striatum and nucleus accumbens. Cross-validation using in vivo voltammetry and microdialysis. Neuroscience, 34, 699-705.
21. Blaha CD, Coury A and Phillips AG (1996a) Does monoamine oxidase inhibition by pargyline increase extracellular dopamine concentrations in the striatum? Neuroscience, 75, 543-550.
22. Blaha CD, Allen LF, Das S, Inglis WL, Latimer MP, Vincent SR and Winn P (1996b) Modulation of dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens after cholinergic stimulation of the ventral tegmental area in intact, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-lesioned, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus-lesioned rats. Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 714-722.
23. Blaha CD, Liu D and Phillips AG (1996c) Improved electrochemical properties of stearate-graphite paste electrodes after albumin and phospholipid treatments. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 11, 63-79.
24. Boutelle MG, Svensson L and Fillenz M (1989) Rapid changes in striatal ascorbate in response to tail-pinch monitored by constant potential voltammetry. Neuroscience, 30, 11-17.
25. Boutelle MG, Zetterstrom T, Pei Q, Svensson L and Fillenz M (1990) In vivo neurochemical effects of tail pinch. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 34, 151-157.
26. Brazell MP and Marsden CA (1982) Intracerebral injection of ascorbate oxidase - effect on in vivo electrochemical recordings. Brain Research, 249, 167-172.
27. Brazell MP, Kasser RJ, Renner KJ, Feng J, Moghaddam B and Adams RN (1987) Electrocoating carbon fiber microelectrodes with Nafion improves selectivity for electroactive neurotransmitters. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 22, 167-172.
28. Broderick PA (1988) Distinguishing in vitro electrochemical signatures for norepinephrine and dopamine. Neuroscience Letters, 95, 275-280.
29. Broderick PA (1989) Characterizing stearate probes in vitro for the electrochemical detection of dopamine and serotonin. Brain Research, 495, 115-121.
30. Broderick PA (1990) State-of-the-art microelectrodes for in vivo voltammetry. Electroanalysis, 2, 241-251.
31. Broderick PA (1991) In vivo voltammetric studies on release mechanisms for cocaine with gamma-butyrolactone. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 40, 969-975.
32. Broderick PA (1992) Cocaine's colocalized effects on synaptic serotonin and dopamine in ventral tegmentum in a reinforcement paradigm. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 42, 889-898.
33. Broderick PA (1993) In vivo electrochemical studies of gradient effects of (SC) cocaine on dopamine and serotonin release in dorsal striatum of conscious rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 46, 973-984.
34. Brose N, O'Neill RD, Boutelle MG, Anderson SM and Fillenz M (1987) Effects of an anxiogenic benzodiazepine receptor ligand on motor activity and dopamine release in nucleus accumbens and striatum in the rat. Journal of Neuroscience, 7, 2917-2926.
35. Brose N, O'Neill RD, Boutelle MG and Fillenz M. (1988) Dopamine in the basal ganglia and benzodiazepine-induced sedation. Neuropharmacology, 27, 589-595.
36. Bungay P, Morrison PF and Dedrick RL (1990) Steady-state theory for quantitative microdialysis of solutes and water in vivo and in vitro. Life Sciences, 46, 105-119.
37. Camp DM and Robinson TE (1992) On the use of multiple probe insertions at the same site for repeated intracerebral microdialysis experiments in the nigrostriatal dopamine system of rats. Journal of Neurochemistry, 58, 1706-1715.
38. Capella P, Ghasamzadeh B, Mitchell K and Adams RN (1990) Nafion-coated carbon fiber electrodes for neurochemical studies in brain tissue. Electroanalysis, 2, 175-182.
39. Chapman CA, Blaha CD, Yeomans J and Blackburn JR (1996) Increased striatal dopamine efflux follows scopolamine administred systemically or to the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus. Neuroscience, in press.
40. Cheney-Thamm J, Reite M, Alianiello EA, Yamamoto BK, Capitanio JP and Freed CR (1984) Caudate electrochemical response following amphetamine administration in pigtail monkeys. Life Sciences, 35, 1453-1460.
41. Church WH, Justice Jr JB and Neill DB (1987) Detecting behaviorally relevant changes in extracellular dopamine with microdialysis. Brain Research, 412, 397-399.
42. Claustre Y, Rivy JP, Dennis T and Scatton B (1986) Pharmacological studies on stress-induced increase in frontal cortical dopamine metabolism in the rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 238, 693-700.
43. Clemens JA and Phebus LA (1984) Brain dialysis in conscious rats confirms in vivo electrochemical evidence that dopaminergic stimulation releases ascorbate. Life Sciences, 35, 671-677.
44. Crespi F (1986) Voltammetry in vivo with a single working electrode may permit detection of striatal dopamine-serotonin interactions in anesthetized and freely moving rats. Neuroscience Letters, 66, 1-6.
45. Crespi F (1990) In vivo voltammetry with micro-biosensors for analysis of neurotransmitter release and metabolism. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 34, 53-65.
46. Crespi F and Keane PE (1987) The effect of diazepam and Ro 15-1788 on extracellular ascorbic acid, DOPAC and 5-HIAA in the striatum of anaesthetized and conscious freely moving rats, as measured by differential pulse voltammetry. Neuroscience Research, 4, 323-329.
47. Crespi F and Mobius C (1992) In vivo selective monitoring of basal levels of cerebral dopamine using voltammetry with Nafion modified (NA-CRO) carbon fibre micro-electrodes. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 42, 149-161.
48. Crespi F, Paret J, Keane PE and Morre M (1984a) An improved differential pulse voltammetry technique allows the simultaneous analysis of dopaminergic and serotonergic activities in vivo with a single carbon-fibre electrode. Neuroscience Letters, 52, 159-164.
49. Crespi F, Sharp T, Maidment NT and Marsden CA (1984b) Differential pulse voltammetry: Simultaneous in vivo measurement of ascorbic acid, catechols and 5-hydroxyindoles in the rat striatum. Brain Research, 322, 135-138.
50. Crespi F, Martin KF, Heal DJ, Marsden CA, Buckett WR and Sanghera MK (1989) Measurement of 3-methoxytyramine by in vivo voltammetry: Evidence for differences in central dopamine function in BALB/c and CBA mice. Brain Research, 500, 241-246.
51. Crespi F, Mobius C and Keane P (1992) Evidence for a relationship between recovery from anaesthesia, modified state of consciousness and striatal voltammetric levels of ascorbic-acid. Pharmacological Research, 26, 55-66.
52. Crespi F, Mobius C and Neudeck A (1993) Short-range differential pulse voltammetry for fast, selective analysis of basal levels of cerebral compounds in vivo. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 50, 225-235.
53. Crespi F, England T, Ratti E and Trist DG (1995) Carbon fibre micro-electrodes for concomitant in vivo electrophysiological and voltammetric measurements: no reciprocal influences. Neuroscience Letters, 188, 33-36.
54. D'Angio M and Scatton B (1989) Feeding or exposure to food odors increases extracellular DOPAC levels (as measured by in vivo voltammetry) in the prefrontal cortex of food-deprived rats. Neuroscience Letters, 96, 223-228.
55. D'Angio M, Serrano A, Driscoll P and Scatton B (1988) Stressful environmental stimuli increase extracellular DOPAC levels in the prefrontal cortex of hypoemotional (Roman high-avoidance) but not hyperemotional (Roman low-avoidance) rats. An in vivo voltammetric study. Brain Research, 451, 237-247.
56. D'Angio M, Serrano A, Rivy JP and Scatton B (1987) Tail-pinch stress increases extracellular DOPAC levels (as measured by in vivo voltammetry) in the rat nucleus accumbens but not frontal cortex: antagonism by diazepam and zolpidem. Brain Research, 409, 169-174.
57. Dahlstrom A and Fuxe K (1964) Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. I: Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons. Acta Physiological Scandinavia, 62, 1-55.
58. Damsma G, Pfaus JG, Wenkstern D, Phillips AG and Fibiger HC (1992) Sexual behavior increases dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of male rats: comparison with novelty and locomotion. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106, 181-191.
59. Dayton MA, Ewing AC and Wightman RM (1980) Response of microvoltammetric electrodes to homogeneous catalytic and slow heterogeneous charge-transfer reactions. Analytical Chemistry, 53, 2392-2396.
60. Di Chiara G and Imperato A (1988) Drugs of abuse preferentially stimulate DA release in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 654, 207-219.
61. Di Chiara G, Carboni E, Morelli M, Cozzolino A, Tanda GL, Pinna A, Russi G and Consolo S (1993) Stimulation of dopamine transmission in the dorsal caudate nucleus by pargyline as demonstrated by dopamine and acetylcholine microdialysis and Fos immunohistochemistry. Neuroscience, 55, 451-456.
62. Di Ciano P, Coury A, Depoortere R, Egilmez Y, Lane JD, Emmett-Oglesby MW, Le Piane FG, Phillips AG and Blaha CD (1995) Comparison of changes in extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens during intravenous self-administraton of cocaine or d-amphetamine. Behavioural Pharmacology, 6, 311-322.
63. Di Ciano P, Blaha CD and Phillips AG (1996) Changes in dopamine oxidation currents in the nucleus accumbens during unlimited-access self-administration of d-amphetamine by rats. Behavioural Pharmacology, 7, 714-729.
64. Doherty MD and Gratton A (1992) High-speed chronoamperometric measurements of mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine release associated with repeated daily stress. Brain Research, 586, 295-302.
65. Dugast C, Suaud-Chagny MF and Gonon F (1994) Continuous in vivo monitoring of evoked dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens by amperometry. Neuroscience, 62, 647-654.
66. Egilmez Y, Emmett-Oglesby MW, Johnston DE and Lane JD (1994) Enhanced in vitro sensitivity of stearate-modified carbon paste electrodes following 48 hour brain implantation. In: Monitoring Molecules in Neuroscience (Eds A Louilot, T Durkin, U Spampinato and M Cador), pp. 7-8. Seignosse, France.
67. Egilmez Y, Jung ME, Lane JD and Emmett-Oglesby MW (1995) Dopamine release during cocaine self-administration in rats: effect of SCH 23390. Brain Research, 701, 142-150.
68. el Ganouni S, Forni C and Nieoullon A (1987) In vitro and in vivo characterization of the properties of a multifiber carbon electrode allowing long-term electrochemical detection of dopamine in freely moving animals. Brain Research, 404, 239-256.
69. Ewing AG, Wightman RM and Dayton MA (1982) In vivo voltammetry with electrodes that discriminate between dopamine and ascorbate. Brain Research, 249, 361-370.
70. Fadda F, Argiolas A, Melis MR, Tissari AH, Onali PL and Gessa GL (1978) Stress-induced increase in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in the cerebral cortex and in n. accumbens: reversal by diazepam. Life Sciences, 23, 2219-2224.
71. Fallon JH and Moore RY (1978) Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. IV. Topography of the dopamine projection to the basal forebrain and neostriatum Journal of Comparative Neurology, 180, 545-580.
72. Feng JX, Brazell M, Renner K, Kasser R and Adams RN (1987) Electrochemical pretreatment of carbon fibers tor in vivo electrochemistry: effects on sensitivity and response time. Analytical Chemistry, 59, 1863-1867.
73. Fibiger HC and Phillips AG (1986) Reward, motivation, cognition: psychobiology of mesotelencephalic dopamine systems. In: Handbook of Physiology: the Nervous System (Eds FE Bloom and SR Geiger), Vol. 4, pp. 647-675. American Physiological Society, Bethesda.
74. Fibiger HC and Phillips AG (1987) On the role of catecholamine neurotransmitters in brain reward systems: implications for the neurobiology of affect. In: Brain Reward Systems and Abuse (Eds MJ Engel and L Oreland), pp. 61-74. Raven Press, New York.
75. Fibiger HC and Phillips AG (1988) Mesocortical dopamine systems and reward. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 537, 206-215.
76. Fillenz M and O'Neill RD (1986) Effects of light reversal on the circadian pattern of motor activity and voltammetric signals recorded in rat forebrain. Journal of Physiology, 374, 91-101.
77. Finlay JM and Zigmond MJ (1995) A critical analysis of neurochemical methods for monitoring transmitter dynamics in the brain. In: Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress (Eds FE Bloom and DJ Kupfer), pp. 29-39. Raven Press, New York.
78. Fiorino DF, Coury A, Fibiger HC and Phillips AG (1993) Electrical stimulation of reward sites in the ventral tegmental area increases dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Behavioral Brain Research, 55, 131-141.
79. Forni C (1982) Realization of a new multifiber electrochemical device allowing continuous in vivo measurements of neuromediators. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 5, 167-171.
80. Forni C and Nieoullon A (1984) Electrochemical detection of dopamine release in the striatum of freely moving hamsters. Brain Research, 297, 11-20.
81. Forni C and Rostain JC (1989) Effect of helium-oxygen pressure on dopamine detected in vivo in the striatum of hamsters. Journal of Applied Physiology, 67, 1617-1622.
82. Forni C, Brundin P, Strecker RE, el Ganouni S, Bjorklund A and Nieoullon A (1989) Time-course of recovery of dopamine neuron activity during reinnervation of the denervated striatum by fetal mesencephalic grafts as assessed by in vivo voltammetry. Experimental Brain Research, 76, 75-87.
83. Forni C, Dusticier N and Nieoullon A (1992) Further contribution to the study of corticostriatal glutamatergic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic interactions within the striatal network: an in vivo voltammetric investigation. Amino Acids, 3, 53-68.
84. Freed CR (1986) The trained circling rat and in vivo electrochemistry: A behavioral model and a measurement method to study the dynamic role of dopamine in movement. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 473, 188-199.
85. Furbee JW, Kuwana T and Kelly RS (1994) Fractured carbon fiber-based biosensor for glucose. Analytical Chemistry, 66, 1575-1577.
86. Gelbert MB and Curran DJ (1986) Alternating current voltammetry of dopamine and ascorbic acid at carbon paste and stearic acid modified carbon paste electrodes. Analytical Chemistry, 58, 1028-1032.
87. Georgieva J, Luthman J, Mohringe B and Magnusson O (1993) Tissue and microdialysate changes after repeated and permanent probe implantation in the striatum of freely moving rats. Brain Research Bulletin, 31, 463-470.
88. Gerhardt GA, Oke AF, Nagy G, Moghaddam B and Adams RN (1984) Nafion-coated electrodes with high selectivity for CNS electrochemistry. Brain Research, 290, 390-395.
89. Gerhardt GA, Rose GM and Hoffer BJ (1986) Release of monoamines from striatum of rat and mouse evoked by local application of potassium: evaluation of a new in vivo electrochemical technique. Journal of Neurochemistry, 46, 842-850.
90. Ghasemzadeh MB, Capella P, Mitchell K and Adams RN (1993) Real-time monitoring of electrically stimulated norepinephrine release in rat thalamus: I. Resolution of transmitter and metabolite signal components. Journal of Neurochemistry, 60, 442-448.
91. Gonon F, Buda M, Cespuglio R, Jouvet M and Pujol JF (1980) In vivo electrochemical detection of catechols in the neostriatum of anesthetized rats: dopamine or DOPAC? Nature, 286, 902-904.
92. Gonon F, Buda M, Cespuglio R, Jouvet M and Pujol JF (1981) Voltammetry in the striatum of chronic freely moving rats: detection of catechols and ascorbic acid. Brain Research, 223, 69-80.
93. Gonon F, Navarre F and Buda MJ (1984) In vivo monitoring of dopamine release in the rat brain with differential normal pulse voltammetry. Analytical Chemistry, 56, 575-578.
94. Gonzalez-Mora JL, Sanchez-Bruno JA and Mas M (1988) Concurrent on-line analysis of striatal ascorbate, dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations by in vivo voltammetry. Neuroscience Letters, 86, 61-66.
95. Gonzalez-Mora JL, Maidment NT, Guadalupe T and Mas M (1989) Post-mortem dopamine dynamics assessed by voltammetry and microdialysis. Brain Research Bulletin, 23, 323-327.
96. Gonzalez-Mora JL, Guadalupe T and Mas M (1990) In vivo voltammetry study of the modulatory action of prolactin on the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Brain Research Bulletin, 25, 729-733.
97. Gonzalez-Mora JL, Guadalupe T, Fumero B and Mas M (1991a) Mathematical resolution of mixed in vivo voltammetry signals. Models, equipment, assessment by simultaneous microdialysis sampling. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 39, 231-244.
98. Gonzalez-Mora JL, Guadalupe T, Fumero B and Mas M (1991b) Voltammetric monitoring of microdialysis-induced perturbation of brain extracellular environment. In: Monitoring Molecules in Neuroscience (Eds H Rollema and BHC Westerink), pp. 66-67. Krips Repro, Meppel, The Netherlands.
99. Gratton A (1996) In vivo analysis of the role of dopamine in stimulant and opiate self-administration. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 21, 264-279.
100. Gratton A and Wise RA (1994) Drug- and behavior-associated changes in dopamine-related electrochemical signals during intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 4130-4146.
101. Gratton A, Hoffer BJ and Gerhardt GA (1988) Effects of electrical stimulation of brain reward sites on release of dopamine in rat: an in vivo electrochemical study. Brain Research Bulletin, 21, 319-324.
102. Herkenham M (1987) Mismatches between neurotransmitter and receptor localizations in brain: observations and implications. Neuroscience, 23, 1-38.
103. Hernandez L and Hoebel BG (1988) Food reward and cocaine increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens as measured by microdialysis. Life Sciences, 42, 1705-1712.
104. Imperato A and Di Chiara G (1984) Trans-striatal dialysis coupled to reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, a new method for the study of the in vivo release of endogenous dopamine and metabolites. Journal of Neuroscience, 4, 966-977.
105. Jones SR, Garris PA and Wightman RM (1995) Different effects of cocaine and nomifensine on dopamine uptake in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 274, 396-403.
106. Joseph MH and Hodges H (1990) Lever pressing for food reward and changes in dopamine turnover and uric acid in rat caudate and nucleus accumbens studied chronically by in vivo voltammetry. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 34, 143-149.
107. Joseph MH and Young AM (1991) Pharmacological evidence, using in vivo dialysis, that substances additional to ascorbic acid, uric acid and homovanillic acid contribute to the voltammetric signals obtained in unrestrained rats from chronically implanted carbon paste electrodes. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 36, 209-218.
108. Joseph MH, Hodges H and Gray JA (1989) Lever pressing for food reward and in vivo voltammetry: evidence for increases in extracellular homovanillic acid, the dopamine metabolite, and uric acid in the rat caudate nucleus. Neuroscience, 32, 195-201.
109. Kawagoe KT, Zimmerman JB and Wightman RM (1993) Principles of voltammetry and microelectrode surface states. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 48, 225-240.
110. Keller Jr RW, Stricker EM and Zigmond MJ (1983) Environmental stimuli but not homeostatic challenges produce apparent increases in dopaminergic activity in the striatum: an analysis by in vivo voltammetry. Brain Research, 279, 159-170.
111. Kissinger PT, Hart JB and Adams RN (1973) Voltammetry in brain tissue: a new neurophysiological measurement. Brain Research, 55, 209-213.
112. Kiyatkin EA (1993) Cocaine enhances the changes in extracellular dopamine in nucleus accumbens associated with reinforcing stimuli: a high-speed chronoamperometric study in freely moving rats. European Journal of Neuroscience, 5, 284-291.
113. Kiyatkin EA (1994a) Changes in dopamine-dependent electrochemical signal in the nucleus accumbens associated with repeated cocaine injections in rats. Brain Research, 642, 228-236.
114. Kiyatkin EA (1994b) Behavioral significance of phasic changes in mesolimbic dopamine-dependent electrochemical signal associated with heroin self-injections. Journal of Neural Transmission - General Section, 96, 197-214.
115. Kiyatkin EA (1995) Functional significance of mesolimbic dopamine. Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 19, 573-598.
116. Kiyatkin EA and Gratton A (1994) Electrochemical monitoring of extracellular dopamine in nucleus accumbens of rats lever-pressing for food. Brain Research, 652, 225-341.
117. Kiyatkin EA and Stein EA (1993) Behavior-associated changes in blood pressure during heroin self-administration. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 46, 561-567.
118. Kiyatkin EA and Stein EA (1994) Biphasic changes in mesolimbic dopamine signal during cocaine self-administration. Neuroreport, 5, 1005-1008.
119. Kiyatkin EA and Stein EA (1995) Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens dopamine during cocaine self-administration behavior: An in vivo electrochemical study. Neuroscience, 64, 599-617.
120. Kiyatkin EA, Wise RA and Gratton A (1993) Drug- and behavior-associated changes in dopamine-related electrochemical signals during intravenous heroin self-administration in rats. Synapse, 14, 60-72.
121. Knott PJ, Andrews CD and Mueller KJ (1985) Voltammetry measurement in vivo of neurotransmitter release in the freely moving rat. In: In vivo Perfusion and Release of Neuroactive Substances (Eds A Bayon and R Drucker-Colin), pp. 141-158. Academic Press, New York.
122. Kruk ZL and O'Connor JJ (1995) Fast electrochemical studies in isolated tissues. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 16, 145-149.
123. Lane RF and Blaha CD (1990) Detection of catecholamines in brain tissue, surface modified electrodes enabling in vivo investigations of dopamine function. Langmuir, 6, 56-65.
124. Lane RF, Hubbard AT and Blaha CD (1978) Brain dopaminergic neurons: In vivo electrochemical information concerning storage, metabolism and release processes. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 5, 504-525.
125. Lane RF, Hubbard AT and Blaha CD (1979) Application of semidifferential electroanalysis to studies of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 95, 117-122.
126. Leyton M and Stewart J (1990) Preexposure to foot-shock sensitizes the locomotor response to subsequent systemic morphine and intra-nucleus accumbens amphetamine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 37, 303-310.
127. Ljungberg T, Apicella P and Schultz W (1992) Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions. Journal of Neurophysiology, 67, 145-163.
128. Lindvall O (1979) Dopamine pathways in the rat brain. In: The Neurobiology of Dopamine (Eds S Horn and BHC Westerink), pp. 319-342. Academic Press, New York.
129. Louilot A, Gonon F, Buda M, Simon H, Le Moal M and Pujol JF (1985) Effects of d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine on dopamine metabolism and ascorbic acid levels in nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle as studied by in vivo differential pulse voltammetry. Brain Research, 336, 253-263.
130. Louilot A, Le Moal M and Simon H (1986a) A study of the effects of buspirone, BMY 13805, and 1-PP on dopaminergic metabolism in the nucleus accumbens using in vivo voltammetry in freely moving rats. Life Sciences, 39, 685-692.
131. Louilot A, Le Moal M and Simon H (1986b) Differential reactivity of dopaminergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens in response to different behavioral situations. An in vivo voltammetric study in free moving rats. Brain Research, 397, 395-400.
132. Louilot A, Serrano A and D'Angio M (1987) A novel carbon fiber implantation assembly for cerebral voltammetric measurements in freely moving rats. Physiology and Behavior, 41, 227-231.
133. Louilot A, Gonzalez-Mora JL, Guadalupe T and Mas M (1991) Sex-related olfactory stimuli induce a selective increase in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of male rats. A voltammetric study. Brain Research, 553, 313-317.
134. Lyne PD and O'Neill RD (1989) Selectivity of stearate-modified carbon paste electrodes for dopamine and ascorbic acid. Analytical Chemistry, 61, 2323-2324.
135. Lyne PD and O'Neill RD (1990) Stearate-modified carbon paste electrodes for detecting dopamine in vivo: decrease in selectivity caused by lipids and other surface-active agents. Analytical Chemistry, 62, 2347-2351.
136. Mas M, Gonzalez-Mora JL, Louilot A, Sole C and Guadalupe T (1990) Increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of copulating male rats as evidenced by in vivo voltammetry. Neuroscience Letters, 110, 303-308.
137. Mas M, Fumero B, Gonzalez-Mora JL (1995) Voltammetric and microdialysis monitoring of brain monoamine neurotransmitter release during sociosexual interactions. Behavioral Brain Research, 71, 69-79.
138. Mitchell JB and Gratton A (1991) Opioid modulation and sensitization of dopamine release elicited by sexually relevant stimuli: a high speed chronoamperometric study in freely behaving rats. Brain Research, 551, 20-27.
139. Mitchell JB and Gratton A (1992) Partial dopamine depletion of the prefrontal cortex leads to enhanced mesolimbic dopamine release elicited by repeated exposure to naturally reinforcing stimuli. Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 3609-3618.
140. Mitchell JB and Gratton A (1994) Involvement of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in sexual behaviors: implications for the neurobiology of motivation. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 5, 317-329.
141. Moore KE (1987) Hypothalamic dopaminergic neuronal systems. In: Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress (Ed HY Meltzer), pp. 127-139. Raven Press, New York.
142. Morelli M, Carboni E, Cozzolino A, Tanda GL, Pinna A and Di Chiara G (1992) Combined microdialysis and fos immunohistochemistry for the estimation of dopamine neurotransmission in the rat caudate-putamen. Journal of Neurochemistry, 59, 1158-1160.
143. Morgan ME and Vestal RE (1989) Methylxanthine effects on caudate dopamine release as measured by in vivo electrochemistry. Life Sciences, 45, 2025-2039.
144. Moukhles H, Forni C, Nieoullon A and Daszuta A (1994) Regulation of dopamine levels in intrastriatal grafts of fetal mesencephalic cell suspension: an in vivo voltammetric approach. Experimental Brain Research, 102, 10-20.
145. Mueller K (1986) In vivo voltammetric recording with Nafion-coated carbon paste electrodes: additional evidence that ascorbic acid release is monitored. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 25, 325-328.
146. Mueller K, Palmour R, Andrews CD and Knott PJ (1985) In vivo voltammetric evidence of production of uric acid by rat caudate. Brain Research, 335, 231-235.
147. Nakahara D, Fuchikami K, Oxaki O, Iwasaki T and Nagatsu T (1992) Differential effect of self-stimulation on dopamine release and metabolism in the rat medial frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and striatum studied by in vivo microdialysis. Brain Research, 574, 164-170.
148. Nieoullon A, Forni C and el Ganouni S (1986) Contribution to the study of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron activity using electrochemical detection of dopamine release in the striatum of freely moving animals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 473, 126-140.
149. O'Neill RD (1986) Adenosine modulation of striatal neurotransmitter release monitored in vivo using voltammetry. Neuroscience Letters, 63, 11-16.
150. O'Neill RD (1990) Uric acid levels and dopamine transmission in rat striatum: diurnal changes and effects of drugs. Brain Research, 507, 267-272.
151. O'Neill RD (1993) Sensor-tissue interactions in neurochemical analysis with carbon paste electrodes in vivo. Analyst, 118, 433-438.
152. O'Neill RD (1994) Microvoltammetric techniques and sensors for monitoring neurochemical dynamics in vivo. A review. Analyst, 119, 767-779.
153. O'Neill RD and Fillenz M (1985a) Detection of homovanillic acid in vivo using microcomputer-controlled voltammetry: Simultaneous monitoring of rat motor activity and striatal dopamine release. Neuroscience, 14, 753-763.
154. O'Neill RD and Fillenz M (1985b) Simultaneous monitoring of dopamine release in rat frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and striatum: effect of drugs, circadian changes and correlations with motor activity. Neuroscience, 16, 49-55.
155. O'Neill RD and Lowry JP (1995) On the significance of brain extracellular uric acid detected with in vivo monitoring techniques: a review. Behavioral Brain Research, 71, 33-49.
156. O'Neill RD, Grunewald RA, Fillenz M and Albery WJ (1982) Linear sweep voltammetry with carbon paste electrodes in the rat striatum. Neuroscience, 7, 1945-1954.
157. O'Neill RD, Fillenz M and Albery WJ (1983a) The development of linear sweep voltammetry with carbon paste electrodes in vivo. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 8, 263-273.
158. O'Neill RD, Fillenz M, Albery WJ and Goddard NJ (1983b) The monitoring of ascorbate and monoamine transmitter metabolites in the striatum of unanesthetized rats using microprocessor-based voltammetry. Neuroscience, 9, 87-93.
159. O'Neill RD, Fillenz M, Grunewald RA, Bloomfield MR, Albery WJ, Jamieson CM, Williams JH and Gray JA (1984a) Voltammetric carbon paste electrodes monitor uric acid and not 5-HIAA at the 5-hydroxyindole potential in the rat brain. Neuroscience Letters, 45, 39-46.
160. O'Neill RD, Fillenz M, Sundstrom L and Rawlins JN (1984b) Voltammetrically monitored brain ascorbate as an index of excitatory amino acid release in the unrestrained rat. Neuroscience Letters, 52, 227-233.
161. O'Neill RD, Gonzalez-Mora JL, Boutelle MG, Ormonde DE, Lowry JP, Duff A, Fumero B, Fillenz M and Mas M (1991) Anomalously high concentrations of brain extracellular uric acid detected with chronically implanted probes: Implications for in vivo sampling techniques. Journal of Neurochemistry, 57, 22-29.
162. Ormonde DE and O'Neill RD (1989) Altered response of carbon paste electrodes after contact with brain tissue. Implications for modified electrode use in vivo. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 261, 463-469.
163. Parker GC and Clarke PBS (1994) Measuring changes in mesolimbic dopamine and related substances in response to systemic nicotine using in vivo electrochemistry. In: Effects of Nicotine on Biological Systems: Advances in Pharmacological Sciences (Eds. PBS Clarke, F Adelkofer, M Quik and K Thurau), pp. 379-385. Birkhauser Verlag, Germany.
164. Parker GC and Clarke PBS (1995) Chronic in vivo monitoring of extracellular dopamine using electrochemistry. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 21, 2087.
165. Petit C, Gonzalez-Cortes A and Kauffmann J-M (1996) On the origin of the differences between stearic-acid-modified carbon paste electrode performances after exposure to surfactant and brain tissues. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 41, 101-106.
166. Pettit HO and Justice Jr JB (1989) Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens during cocaine self-administration as studied by in vivo microdialysis. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 34, 899-904.
167. Pettit HO and Justice Jr JB (1991) Effect of dose on cocaine self-administration behavior and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Brain Research, 539, 94-102.
168. Pfaus JG and Everitt BJ (1995) The psychopharmacology of sexual behavior. In: Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress (Eds FE Bloom and DJ Kupfer), pp. 743-758. Raven Press, New York.
169. Pfaus JG, Damsma G, Nomikos GG, Wenkstern DG, Blaha CD, Phillips AG and Fibiger HC (1990) Sexual behavior enhances central dopamine transmission in the male rat. Brain Research, 530, 345-348.
170. Phebus LA, Roush ME and Clemens JA (1990) Effect of direct and indirect dopamine agonists on brain extracellular ascorbate levels in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of awake rats. Life Sciences, 47, 1317-1323.
171. Phillips AG (1984) Brain reward circuity: a case for separate systems. Brain Research Bulletin, 12, 195-201.
172. Phillips AG and Fibiger HC (1989) Neuroanatomical bases of intracranial self-stimulation: untangling the Gordian knot. In: The Neuropharmacological Basis of Reward (Eds JM Liebman and SJ Cooper), pp. 66-105. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
173. Phillips AG, Blaha CD and Fibiger HC (1989) Neurochemical correlates of brain-stimulation reward measured by ex vivo and in vivo analyses. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 13, 99-104.
174. Phillips AG, Pfaus JG and Blaha CD (1991) Dopamine and motivated behavior: insights provided by in vivo analyses. In: The Mesolimbic Dopamine System: From Motivation to Action (Eds P Willner and J Scheel-Kruger), Ch. 8, pp. 199-224. John Wiley & Sons.
175. Phillips AG, Blaha CD, Pfaus JG and Blackburn JR (1992) Neurobiological correlates of positive emotional states: dopamine, anticipation and reward. In: International Review of Studies on Emotion, (Ed KT Strongman), Vol. 2, pp. 31-50. Wiley, New York.
176. Phillips AG, Atkinson LJ, Blackburn JR and Blaha CD (1993) Increased extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of the rat elicited by a conditional stimulus for food, an electrochemical study. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 71, 387-393.
177. Ponchon JL, Cespuglio R, Gonon F, Jouvet M and Pujol JF (1979) Normal pulse polarography with carbon fiber electrodes for in vitro and in vivo determination of catecholamines. Analytical Chemistry, 51, 1483-1486.
178. Radhakishun FS, van Ree JM and Westerink BHC (1988) Scheduled eating increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of food-deprived rats as assessed with on-line brain dialysis. Neuroscience Letters, 85, 351-356.
179. Robinson TE and Camp DM (1991) The effects of four days of continuous striatal microdialysis on indices of dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission in rats. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 40, 211-222.
180. Roth RH, Wolf ME and Deutch AY (1987) Neurochemistry of midbrain dopamine systems. In: Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress (Ed HY Meltzer), pp. 81-94. Raven Press, New York.
181. Schultz W and Romo R (1990) Dopamine neurons of the monkey midbrain: contingencies of responses to stimuli eliciting behavioral reactions. Journal of Neurophysiology, 63, 607-624.
182. Schultz W, Apicella P and Ljungberg T (1993) Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task. Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 900-913.
183. Seeman P (1993) Schizophrenia as a brain disease. The dopamine receptor story. Archives of Neurology, 50, 1093-1095.
184. Serrano A, D'Angio M and Scatton B (1989) NMDA antagonists block restraint-induced increase in extracellular DOPAC in rat nucleus accumbens. European Journal of Pharmacology, 162, 157-166, 1989.
185. Sharp T, Zetterstrom T and Ungerstedt U (1986) An in vivo study of dopamine release and metabolism in rat brain using intracerebral dialysis. Journal of Neurochemistry, 47, 113-122.
186. Smith AD, Olsen RJ and Justice JB (1992) Quantitative microdialysis of dopamine in the striatum - effect of circadian variation. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 44, 33-41.
187. Stamford JA (1985) In vivo voltammetry: promise and perspective. Brain Research, 357, 119-135.
188. Stamford JA (1986a) Effect of electrocatalytic and nucleophilic reactions on fast voltammetric measurements of dopamine at carbon fiber microelectrodes. Analytical Chemistry, 58, 1033-1036.
189. Stamford JA (1986b) In vivo voltammetry: some methodological considerations. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 17, 1-29.
190. Stamford JA (1989) In vivo voltammetry - prospects for the next decade. Trends in Neurosciences, 12, 407-412.
191. Stamford JA. (1990) Fast cyclic voltammetry: measuring transmitter release in 'real time'. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 34, 67-72.
192. Sternson AW, McCreery R, Feinberg B and Adams RN (1973) Electrochemical studies of adrenergic neurotransmitters and related compounds. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 46, 313-321.
193. Suaud-Chagny MF, Chergui K, Chouvet G and Gonon F (1992) Relationship between dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens and the discharge activity of dopaminergic neurons during local in vivo application of amino acids in the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience, 49, 63-72.
194. Thierry AM, Tassin JP, Blanc G and Glowinski J (1976) Selective activation of mesocortical DA system by stress. Nature, 263, 242-244.
195. Tse DCS, McCreery RL and Adams RN (1976) Potential oxidative pathways of brain catecholamines. Journal of Medical Chemistry, 19, 37-40.
196. Versteeg DHG, Vanderguten J, Dejong W and Palkovits M (1976) Regional concentrations of noradrenaline and dopamine in the rat. Brain Research, 113, 563-574.
197. Weiss F, Hurd YL, Ungerstedt U, Markou A, Plotsky PM and Koob GF (1992) Neurochemical correlates of cocaine and ethanol self-administration. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 220-241.
198. White NM (1989) Reward or reinforcement: what's the difference? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 13, 181-186.
199. Wightman RM, Kurh WG and Ewing AG (1987) Voltammetric detection of dopamine release in the rat corpus striatum. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 473, 93-105.
200. Williams GV and Millar J (1990) Concentration-dependent actions of stimulated dopamine release on neuronal activity in rat striatum. Neuroscience, 39, 1-16.
201. Wilson C, Nomikos GG, Collu M and Fibiger HC (1995) Dopaminergic correlates of motivated behavior: importance of drive. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 5169-5178.
202. Wise RA (1982) Neuroleptics and operant behavior: the anhedonia hypothesis. Behavioral Brain Science, 5, 39-87.
203. Wise RA and Bozarth MA (1987) A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction. Psychological Review, 94, 469-492.
204. Wise RA, Newton P, Leeb K, Burnette B, Pocock D and Justice Jr JB (1995) Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens dopamine concentration during intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology, 120, 10-20.
205. Wood E, Coury A, Phillips AG and Blaha CD (1992) Biphasic efflux of striatal dopamine during ischemia in the rat as measured by in vivo electrochemistry and microdialysis. Brain Research, 591, 151-159.
206. Yamamoto BK and Spanos LJ (1988) The acute effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine on dopamine release in the awake-behaving rat. European Journal of Pharmacology, 148, 195-203.
207. Yamamoto BK, Lane RF and Freed CR (1982) Normal rats trained to circle show asymmetric caudate dopamine release. Life Sciences, 30, 2155-2162.
208. Yoshida M, Yokoo H, Mizoguchi K, Kawahara H, Tsuda A, Nishikawa T and Tanaka M (1992) Eating and drinking cause increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area in the rat: measurement by in vivo microdialysis. Neuroscience Letters, 139, 73-76.
209. Zhang H, Kiyatkin EA and Stein EA (1994) Behavioral and pharmacological modulation of ventral tegmental dendritic dopamine release. Brain Research, 656, 59-70.