Activation and regulation of human cytomegalovirus early genes

Intervirology

Volumn 39, Issue 5-6, 1996, Pages 361-377

  Spector, Deborah H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Early genes; Human cytomegalovirus; Immediate early genes; Posttranscriptional regulation; Promoter elements; Transactivators; Transcription; Transcription factors

Indexed keywords

CELL PROTEIN; CIS ACTING ELEMENT; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; IMMEDIATE EARLY PROTEIN; TRANS ACTING FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS RNA;

ALTERNATIVE RNA SPLICING; ARTICLE; DNA REPLICATION; EARLY RESPONSE GENE; GENE ACTIVATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN DNA INTERACTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS GENE;

ANTIGENS, VIRAL; BINDING SITES; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, VIRAL; GENES, VIRAL; HUMANS; IMMEDIATE-EARLY PROTEINS; MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS; REPETITIVE SEQUENCES, NUCLEIC ACID; RNA, VIRAL; TRANS-ACTIVATION (GENETICS); TRANS-ACTIVATORS; VIRAL ENVELOPE PROTEINS; VIRAL PROTEINS;

DNA VIRUSES; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 5;

EID: 0030434062     PISSN: 03005526     EISSN: 14230100     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000150507     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. McDonough SH, Spector DH: Transcription in human fibroblasts permissivcly infected by human cytomegalovirus strain AD 169, Virology 1983:125:31-46.
2. McDonough SH, Staprans SI, Spcctor DH: Analysis of the major transcripts encoded by the long repeat of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169, J Virol 1985:53:711-718.
3. Slinski MF: Sequence of protein synthesis in cells infected by human cytomegalovirus: Early and late virus-induced polypeptides, J Virol 1978:26:686-701.
4. Wathcn MW, Stinski MF: Temporal patterns of human cytomegalovirus transcription: Mapping the viral RNAs synthesized at immediate early, early, and late times after infection, J Virol 1982;41:462-477.
5. Wathcn MW, Thomsen DR, Stinski MF: Temporal regulation of human cytomegalovirus transcription at immediate early and early times after infection, J Virol 1981:38:446-459.
6. Kluchcr KM, Rabcrt DK, Spector DH: Sequences in the human cytomegalovirus 2.7-kilobasc RNA promoter which mediate its regulation as an early gene J Virol 1989:63:5334-5343.
7. Klucher KM, Spector DH: The human cytomegalovirus 2.7 kilobase RNA promoter contains a functional binding site for the adenovirus major late transcription factor, J Virol 1990:64:4189-4198.
8. Scully AL, Sommer MH, Schwartz R, Spector DH: The human cytomegalovirus IE2 86 kDa protein interacts with an early gene promoter via site-specific DNA binding and prolein-pro-tcin associations, J Virol 1995:69:6533-6540.
9. Wade EJ, Kluchcr KM, Spector DH: An AP-I binding site is the predominant cis-acting regulatory element in the 1.2 kilobase early RNA promoter of human cytomegalovirus, J Virol 1992:66:2407-2417.
10. Wade EJ, Spector DH: The human cytomegalovirus origin of DNA replication (oriut) is the critical ra-acting sequence regulating the replication-dependent late induction of the viral 1.2 kb promoter, J Virol 1994;68:6567-6577.
11. Iwayama S, Yamamoto T, Furuya T, Kobaya-shi R, Ikuta K, Hirai K: Intracellular localization and DNA-binding activity of a class of viral early phosphoproteins in human fibroblasts infected with human cytomegalovirus (Townc strain), J Gen Virol 1994:75(Pt):3309-3318.
12. Kluchcr KM, Sommer M, Kadonaga JT, Spector DH: In vivo and in vitro analysis of transcriptional activation mediated by the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early proteins, Mol Cell Biol 1993:13:1238-1250.
13. Schwartz R, Sommer MH, Scully A, Spcctor DH: Site-specific binding of the human cytomegalovirus IE2 86-kilodalton protein to an early gene promoter, J Virol 1994:68:5613- 5622.
14. Sommer MH, Scully AL, Spcctor DH: Trans-activation by the human cytomegalovirus IE2 86 kDa protein requires a domain that binds to both TBP and RB, J Virol 1994:68:6223-6231.
15. Staprans SI, Raben DK, Spcctor DH: Identification of sequence requirements and trims-acting functions necessary for regulated expression of a human cytomegalovirus early gene, J Virol 1988;62:3463-3473.
16. Staprans SI, Spcctor DH: 2.2-kilobase class of early transcripts encoded by cell-rclatcd sequences in human cytomegalovirus strain ADI69. J Virol 1986;57:591-602.
17. Wright DA, Spcctor DH: Posttranscriptional regulation of a class of human cytomegalovirus phosphoproteins encoded by an early transcription unit, J Virol 1989:63:3117-3127.
18. Wright DA, Staprans SI, Spcctor DH: Four phosphoproteins with common amino termini are encoded by human cytomegalovirus AD169. J Virol 1988;62:331-340.
19. DeMarchi JM: Posttranscriptional control of human cytomegalovirus gene expression, Virology 1983:124:390-402.
20. Hermiston TW, Malone CI, Witte PR, Slinski MF: Identification and characterization of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early region 2 gene that stimulates gene expression from an inducible promoter, J Virol 1987:61: 3214-3221.
21. Jahn G, Knust E, Schmolla H, Sarre T, Nelson JA, McDougall JK, Flcckcnstcin B: Predominant immediate-early transcripts of human cytomegalovirus AD 169, J Virol 1984:49:363-370.
22. Jahn G, Nelson JA, Plachter B, McDougall JK, Flcckcnstcin B: Transcription of a human cytomegalovirus DNA region which is capable of transforming rodent cells, UCLA Svmp Mol Cell Biol 1984:21:455-463.
23. Plachter B, Traupc B, Albrecht J, Jahn G: Abundant 5 kb RNA of human cytomegalovirus without a major translational reading frame, J Gen Virol 1988;69:2251 -2266.
24. Stenbcrg RM, Thomsen DR, Stinski MF: Structural analysis of the major immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus, J Virol 1984:49:190-199.
25. Stinski MF, Thomsen DR, Stenbcrg RM, Goldstein LC: Organization and expression of the immediate-early genes of human cytomegalovirus, J Virol 1983:46:1-14.
26. Wilkinson GWG, Akrigg A, Greenaway PJ: Transcription of immediate early genes of human cytomegalovirus strain AD 169, Virus Res 1984;1:101-116.
27. Akrigg A, Wilkinson GW, Oram JD: Thestruc-turc of the major immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169, Virus Res 1985;2:107-121.
28. Gibson W: Immediate-early proteins of human cytomegalovirus strains AD 169, Davis, and Towne differ in electrophoretic mobility, Virology 1981;112:350-354.
29. Gibson W: Synthesis, structure, and function of cytomegalovirus major nonvirion nuclear protein, UCLA Syrnp Mol Biol 1984:21:423-440.
30. Gibson W, Murphy T, Roby C: Cytomegalovirus-infected cells contain a DNA-binding protein, Virology 1981:111:251-262.
31. Stenbcrg RM, Witte PR, Stinski MF: Multiple spliced and unspliced transcripts from human cytomegalovirus immediate-early region 2 and evidence for a common initiation site within immediate-early region I. J Virol 1985:56: 665-675.
32. Samanicgo LA, Tevcthia MJ, Spector DJ: The human cytomegalovirus 86-kilodaiton imme-diatc-earlv 2 protein: Synthesis as a precursor polypeptide and interaction with a 75-kilodal-ton protein of probably viral origin, J Virol 1994,68:720-729.
33. Kerry JA, Schgal A, Barlow SW, Cavanaugh VJ, Fish K, Nelson JA, Stenberg RM: Isolation and characterization of a low-abundancc splice variant from the human cytomegalovirus major immcdiatc-carly gene region, J Virol 1995: 69:3868-3872.
34. Colbcrg-Polcy AM, Santomenna LD, Harlow PP, Benficld PA, Tenney DJ: Human cytomegalovirus US3 and UL36-38 immediate-early proteins regulate gene expression, J Virol 1992; 66:95-105.
35. Iskendcrian AC, Huang L, Reilly A, Stenberg RM, Anders DG: Four of eleven loci required for tiansicnl complementation of human cytomegalovirus DNA replication cooperate to activate expression of replication genes, J Virol 1996;70:383-392.
36. Kerry JA, Priddy MA, Jervey TY, Kohler CP, Staley TL, Vanson CD, Jones TR, iskendcrian AC, Anders DG, Stenberg RM: Multiple regulatory events influence expression of human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase (UL54) expression during viral infection, J Virol 1996: 70:373-382.
37. Stasiak PC, Mocarski ES: Transaclivation of the cytomegalovirus 1CP36 gene promoter requires the alpha gene product TRSI in addition to the IE I and IE2, J Virol 1992:66:1050-1058.
38. Rasmussen RD: Characterization of the late transcripts and viral DNA from a region of HCMV which contains cell-related sequences; PhD thesis, University of California, San Diego, 1988.
39. Weston K, Barrell BG: Sequence of the short unique region, short repeats, and part of the long repeats of human cytomegalovirus, J Mol Biol 1986;192:177-208.
40. Kouzaridcs T, Bankicr AT, Satchwcll AC, Preddy E, Barrell BG: An immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus encodes a potential membrane glycoprotein, Virology 1988:165: 151-164.
41. Tenney DJ, Colberg-Poley AM: Expression of lhe human cytomegalovirus UL36-38 immediate early region during permissive infection, Virology 1991;182:199-210.
42. Tenney DJ, Colberg-Poley AM: Human cytomegalovirus UL36-38 and US3 immediate-early genes: Temporally regulated expression of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and polysome-associated transcripts during infection, J Virol 1991:65: 6724-6734.
43. Barry PA, Pratt-Lowe E, Peterlin BM, Luciw PA: Cytomegalovirus activates transcription directed by the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type I, J Virol 1990: 64:2932-2940.
44. Bicgalkc BJ, Gcballc AP: Sequence requirements for activation of the HIV-1 LTR by human cytomegalovirus, Virology 1991:183: 381-385.
45. Chang C-P, Malone CL, Stinski MF: A human cytomegalovirus early gene has three inducible promoters that are regulated differentially at various times after infection, J Virol 1989:63: 281-290.
46. Davis MG, Kenney SC, Kamine J, Pagano JS, Huang E-S: Immediate-early gene region of human cytomegalovirus trans-activatcs the promoter ofhuman immunodeficiency virus, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:8642-8646.
47. Everett RD: A detailed analysis of an HSV-I early promoter: sequences involved in transactivation by viral immediate-early gene products arc not carly-genc specific, Nucleic Acids Res 1984;12:3037-3056.
48. Ghazal P, Young J, Giulctti E, DcMattei C, Garcia J, Gaynor R, Stenberg RM, Nelson JA: A discrete cis element in the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat mediates synergistic trans activation by cytomegalovirus immediatc-carlv proteins, J Virol 1991:65: 6735-6742.
49. Hagemcier C, Walker S, Caswell R, Kouzarides T, Sinclair J: The human cytomegalovirus 80-kilodalton but not the 72-kilodalton immediate-early protein transactivates heterologous promoters in a TATA box-dependent mechanism and interacts directly with TFIID. J Virol 1992:66:4452-4456.
50. Malone CL, Vcsole DH, Stinski MF: Transactivation of a human cytomegalovirus early promoter by gene products from the immediate-early gene IE2 and augmcntat ion by IEI: M ula-tional analysis of the viral proteins, J Virol 1990;64:1498-1506.
51. Paya CV, Virelizicr J-L, Michclson S: Modulation of T-cell activation through protein kinase C- or A-dependent signalling pathways syncr-gistically increases human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat induction by cytomegalovirus immediatc-earlv proteins, J Virol 1991;65:5477-5484.
52. Pizzomo MC, O’Harc P, Sha L, LaFcmina RL, Hayward GS: Trans-activation and autoregulation of gene expression by the immediate-early region 2 gene products ofhuman cytomegalovirus, J Virol 1988:62:1167-1179.
53. Rando RE, Srinivasan A, Fcingold J, Gonczol E, Plotkin S: Characterization of multiple molecular interactions between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human immunodeficiency vims type 1 (HIV-1), Virology 1990:176:87- 97.
54. Tevethia MJ, Spector DJ, Leisure KM, Stinski MF: Participation of two human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene regions in transcriptional activation of adenovirus promoters, Virology 1987:161:276-285.
55. Walker S, Hagemcier C, Sissons JGP, Sinclair JH: A 10-basc pair element of the human immunodeficiency vims type 1 long terminal repeat (LTR) is an absolute requirement for transactivation by the human cytomegalovirus 72-kilodalton IE I protein but can be compensated for by other LTR regions in transactivation by the 80-kilodallon IE2 protein, J Virol 1992:66:1543-1550.
56. Cherrington JM, Mocarski ES: Human cytomegalovirus IE 1 transactivates the a promoter-enhancer via an 18 base-pair repeat element, J Virol 1989;63:1435-1440.
57. Sambucetti LC, Cherrington JM, Wilkinson GWG, Mocarski ES: NF-kB activation of the cytomegalovirus enhancer is mediated by a viral transactivator and by T cell stimulation, EMBOJ 1989;8:4251-4258.
58. Cherrington JM, Khoury EL, Mocarski ES: Human cytomegalovirus IE2 negatively regulates a gene expression via a short target sequence near the transcription start site, J Virol 1991;65:887-896.
59. Liu B, Hermiston TW, Stinski MF: A m-acting element in the major immediate-early (IE) promoter of human cvtomegalovims is required for negative regulation by IE2, J Virol 1991;65: 897-903.
60. Pizzomo MC, Hayward GS: The IE2 gene products ofhuman cytomegalovirus specifically down-regulatc expression front the major immediate-early promoter through a target sequence located near the cap site, J Virol 1990: 64:6154-6165.
61. Pizzomo MC, Mullen M-A, Chang Y-N, Hayward GS: The functionally active IE2 imme-diate-carlv regulatory protein of human cytomegalovirus is an 80-kilodalton polypeptide that contains two distinct activator domains and a duplicated nuclear localization signal, J Virol 1991;65:3839-3852.
62. Hermiston TW, Malone CL, Stinski MF: Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early two-protein region involved in negative regulation of the major immediate-early promotor, J Virol 1990:64:3532-3536.
63. Stenberg RM, Fortney J, Barlow SW, Magrane BP, Nelson JA, Ghazal P: Promoter-specific trans activation and repression by human cytomegalovirus immcdiate-earlv proteins involves common and unique protein domains, J Virol 1990;64:1556-1565.
64. Huang L, Malone CL, Stinski MF: A human cytomegalovirus early promoter with upstream negative and positive m-acting elements: IE2 negates the effect of the negative element, and NF-Y binds to the positive element, J Virol 1994:68:2108-2117.
65. Huang L, Stinski MF: Binding of cellular repressor protein or the 1E2 protein to a m-acling negative regulatory element upstream of a human cytomegalovirus early promoter, J Virol 1995:69:7612-7621.
66. Winkler MS, Rice SA, Slamminger T: UL69 of human cytomegalovirus, an open reading frame with homology to ICP27 of herpes simplex virus, encodes a transactivator of gene expressio, J Virol 1994;68:3943-3954.
67. Caswell R, Hagemcier C, Chiou C-J, Havward G, Kouzarides T, Sinclair J: The human cytomegalovirus 86K immediate early (IE) 2 protein requires the basic region of the TATA-box binding protein (TBP) for binding, and interacts with TBP and transcription factor TF1IB via regions of 1E2 required for transcriptional regulation, J Gen Virol 1993:74:2691-2698.
68. Choi KS, Kim S-J, Kim S: The retinoblastoma gene product negatively regulates transcriptional activation mediated by the human cytomegalovirus IE2 protein, Virology 1995:208: 450-456.
69. Hagcmeicr C, Caswell R, Hayhurst G, Sinclair J, Kouzarides T: Functional interaction between the HCMV IE2 transactivator and the retinoblastoma protein, EMBO J 1994:13: 2897-2903.
70. Jupp R, Hoffmann S, Stenberg RM, Nelson JA, Ghazal P: Human cytomegalovirus 1E86 protein interacts with promoter-bound TATA-binding protein via a specific region distinct from the autorepression domain, J Virol 1993; 67:7539-7546.
71. Lukac DM, Manuppello JR, Alwine JC: Transcriptional activation by the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early proteins: Requirements for simple promoter structures and interactions with multiple components of the transcription complex, J Virol 1994:68:5184- 5193.
72. Speir E, Modali R, Huang E-S, Leon MB, Sahwl F, Finkel T, Epstein SE: Potential role of human cytomegalovirus and p53 interaction in coronary restenosis, Science 1994:265:391 - 394.
73. Spcctor DJ, Tevethia MJ: Protein-protein interactions between human cytomegalovirus lE2-580aa and pUL84 in lyrically infected cells, J Virol 1994:68:7549-7553.
74. Lang D, Gebert S, Arlt H, Slamminger T: Functional interaction between the human cytomegalovirus 86-kilodallon IE2 protein and the eellular transcription factor C’REB, J Virol 1995;69:6030-6037.
75. Chiou C-J, Zong J, Waheed I, Hayward GS: Identification and mapping of dimerization and DNA-binding domains in the C terminus of the IE2 regulatory protein of human cytomegalovirus, J Virol 1993:67:6201 -6214.
76. Furnari BA, Porna E, Kowalik TF, Huong S-M, Huang E-S: Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene 2 protein interacts with itself and with several novel cellular proteins, J Virol 1993;67:4981-4991.
77. Schwartz R, Helmich B, Spcctor DH: CREB and CREB-binding proteins play an important role in the IE2 86-kilodalton protein-mediated transactivation of the human cytomegalovirus 2.2-kilobase RNA Promoter, J Virol 1996:70: 6955-6966.
78. Lang D, Stamminger T: The 86-kilodalton IE-2 protein of human cytomegalovirus is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that interacts directly with the negative autoregulato-ry response clement located near the cap site of the IE-1/2 enhanccr-promotcr, J Virol 1995:67: 323-331.
79. Lang D, Stamminger T: Minor groove contacts are essential for an interaction of the human cytomegalovirus IE2 protein with its DNA target, Nucleic Acids Res 1994:22:3331-3338.
80. Macias MP, Stinski MF: An in vitro system for human cytomegalovirus immediate early 2 protein (IE-2)-mediatcd site-dependent repression of transcription and direct binding of IE2 to the major immediate-early promoter, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993:90:707-711.
81. Wu J, Jupp R, Stenberg RM, Nelson JA, Gha-zal P: Site-specific inhibition of RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly by human cytomegalovirus IE86 protein, J Virol 1993;67:7547-7555.
82. Jupp R, Hoffmann S, Depto A, Stenberg RM, Ghazal P, Nelson JA: Direct interaction of the human cytomegalovirus IE86 protein with the is repression signal does not preclude TBP from binding to the TATA box. J Virol 1993: 67:5595-5604.
83. Lee G, Wu J, Luu P, Ghazal P, Flores O: Inhibition of the association of RNA polymerase II with the prcinitiation complex by a viral transcriptional repressor, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996:93:2570-2575.
84. Arlt H, Lang D, Gcbert S, Stamminger T: Identification of binding sites for the 86-kilodalton 1E2 protein of human cytomegalovirus within an lE2-responsive viral early promoter, J Virol 1994;68:4117-4125.
85. Chang C-P, Vesolc DH, Nelson J, Oldsione MBA, Stinski MF: identification and expression of a human cytomegalovirus early glycoprotein, J Virol 1989:63:3330-3337.
86. Jenkins DE, Martens CL, Mocarski ES: Human cytomegalovirus late protein encoded by ie2: A transactivalor as well as a repressor of gene expression, J Gen Virol 1994:75:2337- 2348.
87. Baracchini E, Glezcr E, Fish K, Stenberg RM, Nelson JA, Ghazal P: An isoform variant of the cytomegalovirus immediate-early auto repressor functions as a transcriptional activator, Virology 1992:188:518-529.
88. Yeung KC, Stoltzfus CM, Stinski MF: Mutations of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early 2 protein defines regions and amino acid motifs important in transactivation of transcription from the H1V-I LTR promoter, Virology 1993:63:1435-1440.
89. C'hrivia JC, Kwok RPS, Lamb N, Hagiwara M, Montminy MR, Goodman RH: Phosphorylat-cd CREB binds specifically to the nuclear protein CBP, Nature 1993:365:855-859.
90. Kwok RPS, Lundblad JR, Chrivia JC, Richards JP, Bachingcr HP, Brennan RG, Roberts SGE, Green MR, Goodman RH: Nuclear protein CBP is a coactivator for the transcription factor CREB, Nature 1994:370:223-226.
91. Lundblad JR, Kwok RPS, Laurance ME, Harter ML, Goodman RH: Adenoviral El A-associ-ated protein p300 as a functional homologuc of the transcriptional co-activator CBP, Nature 1995:374:85-88.
92. Arany Z, Newsome D, Oldread E, Livingston DM, Eckner R: A family of transcriptional adaptor proteins targeted by the El A oncoprotein, Nature 1995;374:81-84.
93. Yamamoto KK, Gonzalez GA, Mcnzel P, Ri-vier J, Montminy MR: Characterization of a bipartite activator domain in transcription factor CREB, Cell 1990:60:611-617.
94. Pari GS, Anders DG: Eleven loci encoding trans-acting factors are required for transient complementation of human cytomegalovirus oriLvt-dependent DNA replication, J Virol 1993;67:6979-6988.
95. Kerry JA, Priddv MA, Stenberg RM: Identification of sequence elements in the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase gene promoter required for activation by viral gene products, J Virol 1994:68:4167-4176.
96. Kohler CP, Kerry JA, Carter M, Muzithras VZ, Jones TR, Stenberg RM: Use of recombinant virus to assess human cytomegalovirus early and late promoters in the context of the viral genome, J Virol 1994;68:6589-6597.
97. Greenaway PJ, Wilkinson GWG: Nucleotide sequence of the most abundantly transcribed early gene of human cytomegalovirus strain ADI 69, Virus Res 1987;7:17-31.
98. Spacte RR, Mocarski ES: Regulation of cytomegalovirus gene expression: a and C promoters are trans-activalcd by viral functions in permissive fibroblasts, J Virol 1985:56:135- 143.
99. Geballc AP, Mocarski ES: Translational control ofcytontegalovirus gene expression is mediated by upstream AUG codons, J Virol 1988:62:3334-3340.
100. Geballc AP, Spacte RR, Mocarski ES: A as-acting element within the 5' leader of a cytomegalovirus B transcript determines kinetic-class, Cell 1986;46:865-872.
101. Herendeen DR, Kassavctis GA, Barry J, Alberts BM, Gciduschck EP: Enhancement of bacteriophage T4 late transcription by components of the T4 DNA replication apparatus, Science 1989:245:952-958.
102. Herendeen DR, Kassavctis GA, Gciduschck EP: A transcriptional enhancer whose function imposes a requirement that proteins track along DNA, Science 1992:256:1298- 1303.
103. Cao J, Geballc AP: Analysis of the human cytomegalovirus gpUL4 (gp48) transcript leader translational signal by retroviral mutagenesis, Virology 1994;205:151-160.
104. Dcgnin CR, Schlciss MR, Cao J, Geballc AP: Translational inhibition mediated by a short upstream open reading frame in the human cytomegalovirus gpUL4 (gp48) transcript, J Virol 1993:67:5514-5521.
105. Schlciss M, Degnin CR, Geballc AP: Translational inhibition mediated an upstream reading frame within the cytomegalovirus gp48 gene transcript leader, J Virol 1991:65:6782-6789.
106. Cao J, Geballc AP: Translational inhibition by a human cytomegalovirus upstream open reading frame despite inefficient utilization of its AUG codon, J Virol 1995:69:1030- 1036.
107. Cao J, Geballc AP: Coding sequence-dependent ribosomal arrest at termination of translation, Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:603-608.
108. Tantashiro JC, Hock U, Spector DH: Construction of a cloned library of the EcoRI fragments from the human cytomegalovirus genome (strain ADI69), J Virol 1982:42:547- 557.