Mineral paragenesis of the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa

Ore Geology Reviews

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 405-428

  Gutzmer, Jens ^a   Beukes, Nicolas J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Kalahari manganese field; Manganese ores; Mineralogy; Paragenetic sequence; South Africa

Indexed keywords

KALAHARI MANGANESE DEPOSIT; MANGANESE; MINERAL PARAGENESIS; PROTEROZOIC; TRANSVAAL SUPERGROUP;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0030433024     PISSN: 01691368     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-1368(96)00011-X     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. 2O, a new mineral of the lawsonite group. Eur. J. Mineral., 4: 17-22.
2. 3+-rich silicates from the Wessels Mine, Kalahari, South Africa. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt., 73: 349-355.
3. 10]. Am. Mineral., 78: 1088-1093.
4. Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A., 1984. Directory of Geological Terms, 3rd Ed. Anchor Books, New York, 571 pp.
5. Beukes, N.J., 1983. Palaeoenvironmental setting of iron formations in the depositional basin of the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. In: A.F. Trendall and R.C. Morris (Editors), Iron Formations: Facts and Problems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 131-209.
6. Beukes, N.J. and Gutzmer, J., 1996. A volcanic-exhalative origin for the world's largest (Kalahari) manganese field, A discussion of a paper by Cornell and Schütte. Miner. Deposita, 31: 242-245.
7. Beukes, N.J. and Smit, A., 1987. New evidence for thrust faulting in Griqualand West, South Africa: Implications for stratigraphy and the age of red beds. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr., 90: 378-394.
8. Beukes, G., De Bruiyn, H. and Van der Westhuizen, W., 1993. Gaudefroyite from the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Monatsh.: 385-392.
9. Beukes, N.J., Burger, A.M. and Gutzmer, J., 1995. Fault controlled hydrothermal alteration of Palaeoproterozoic manganese ore in Wessels mine, Kalahari manganese field. S. Afr. J. Geol., 98: 430-451.
10. Boardman, L.G., 1941. The Black Rock manganese deposit in the South-Eastern Kalahari. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr., 44: 51-62.
11. Boardman, L.G., 1964. Further geological data on the Postmasburg and Kuruman manganese ore deposits, Northern Cape Province. In: S.H. Haughton (Editor), Geology of Some Ore Deposits in South Africa. Geol. Soc. S. Afr., Johannesburg, pp. 415-440.
12. Boström, K., Rydell, H. and Joensuu, O., 1979. Långban - an exhalative sedimentary deposit? Econ. Geol., 74: 1002-1011.
13. Burger, A.M., 1994. Fault controlled hydrothermal alteration of Palaeoproterozoic manganese ore in Wessels mine, Kalahari manganese field. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, RAU, Johannesburg, 138 pp.
14. Cornell, D.H. and Schütte, S.S., 1995. A volcanic-exhalative origin for the world's largest (Kalahari) manganese field. Mineral. Deposita, 30: 146-151.
15. 2O mineral from the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Am. Mineral., 77: 1292-1300.
16. 3OH)(OH), a new acid nesosilicate from the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa: Crystal structure and description. Am. Mineral., 78: 1082-1087.
17. De Bruiyn, H., Van der Westhuizen, W. and Beukes, G., 1994. Gageite from the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Monatsh.: 193-204.
18. De Villiers, P.R., 1960. Manganese Deposits of the Union of South Africa. Geol. Surv. S. Afr., Pretoria, Handbook 2, 280 pp.7
19. De Villiers, P.R., 1970. The geology and mineralogy of the Kalahari-manganese field, north of Sishen, Cape Province. Geol. Surv. S. Afr., Memoir 59, Pretoria, 84 pp.
20. De Villiers, J.E., 1983. The manganese deposits of Griqualand West, South Africa: Some mineralogic aspects. Econ. Geol., 78: 1108-1118.
21. De Waal, S.A. and Hiemstra, S.A., 1968. Ramsdellite from the Hotazel mine, Northern Cape Province, Report 288. NIM, Johannesburg, 9 pp.
22. Dixon, R.D., 1989. Sugilite and associated metamorphic silicate minerals from Wessels mine, Kalahari manganese field. Geol. Surv. S. Afr., Pretoria, Bulletin 93, 47 pp.
23. Dunn, P.J., Brummer, J.J. and Belsky, H., 1980. Sugilite, a second occurrence: Wessels Mine, Kalahari manganese field. Republic of South Africa. Can. Mineral., 18: 37-39.
24. Eitel, W., 1966. Silicate Science, Vol. IV: Hydrothermal Silicate Systems. Academic Press, New York, 617 pp.
25. Evans, A.M., 1992. Erzlagerstättenkunde, 2nd Ed. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 356 pp.
26. Frondel, C. and Baum, J.L., 1974. Structure and mineralogy of the Franklin Zinc-Iron-manganese deposit, New Jersey. Econ. Geol., 69: 157-180.
27. 10], a new mineral from the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa: description and crystal structure. Mineral. Mag., 58: 663-670.
28. Grobbelaar, W.S., Burger, M.A., Pretorius, A.I., Marais, W. and van Niekerk, U.M., 1995. Stratigraphic and structural setting of the Griqualand West ant the Olifantshoek Sequences at Black Rock, Beeshoek and Rooinekke mines, Griqualand West, South Africa. Mineral. Deposita, 30: 152-161.
29. Guilbert, J.M. and Park, Jr., C.F., 1989. The Geology of Ore Deposits. Freeman, New York, 985 pp.
30. Gutzmer, J., 1993. Hydrothermale Alteration von Manganerzen der Nchwaning Mine, Kalahari Manganerzfeld, Südafrika. Unpublished Diplom-thesis, TU Clausthal, 161 pp.
31. Gutzmer, J. and Beukes, N.J., 1995. Fault controlled metasomatic alteration of Early Proterozoic sedimentary manganese ores in the Kalahari manganese field. South Africa. Econ. Geol., 90: 823-844.
32. Gutzmer, J. and Cairncross, B., 1993. Recent mineral discoveries from the Wessels mine. Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Mineral. Rec., 23: 365-368.
33. Gutzmer, J., Kleyenstüber, A.S.E., Beukes, N.J. and Burger, A.M., 1995. Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Mineral. Mag., 59: 703-716.
34. 2 from the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt., 75: 123-133.
35. Kleyenstüber, A.S.E., 1984. The mineralogy of the manganese-bearing Hotazel Formation, of the Proterozoic Transvaal Sequence in Griqualand West, South Africa. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr., 87: 257-272.
36. Kleyenstüber, A.S.E., 1985. A regional mineralogical study of the manganese-bearing Voëlwater Subgroup in the Northern Cape Province. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, RAU, Johannesburg, 328 pp.
37. Kleyenstüber, A.S.E., 1993. Some significant characteristics of the manganese ores and some of the minerals occurring in the Proterozoic Kalahari maganese field, South Africa. Resour. Geol., 17: 2-11.
38. Miyano, T. and Beukes, N.J., 1987. Physicochemical environments for the formation of quartz-free manganese oxide ores from the Early Proterozoic Hotazel Formation, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Econ. Geol., 82: 706-718.
39. Moore, P.B., 1971. Mineralogy and chemistry of Långban-type deposits in Bergslagen, Sweden. Mineral. Rec., 4: 154-172.
40. Nel, C.J., 1985. Die mineralogie en geochemie van die Mamatwanertsliggam, Kalaharimangaanveld, Transvaal Supergroup. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, RAU, Johannesburg, 119 pp.
41. Nel, C.J., Beukes, N.J. and De Villiers, J.P.R., 1986. The Mamatwan manganese mine of the Kalahari manganese field. In: C.R. Annhaeusser and S. Maske (Editors), Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa, Vol. 1. Geol. Soc. S. Afr., Johannesburg, pp. 963-978.
42. Nicholson, K., 1992. Contrasting mineralogical-geochemical signatures of manganese oxides: Guides to metallogenesis. Econ. Geol., 87: 1253-1264.
43. 2O, a new pyroxene-related chain silicate from the Nchwaning mine, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Am. Mineral., 80: 377-386.
44. Peacor, D.R., Dunn, P.J. and Duggan, M., 1983. Sturmanite, a ferric iron, boron analogue of ettringite. Can. Mineral., 21: 705-709.
45. 2O, a new mineral from South Africa: A link between gyrolite-family and concentional phyllosilicate minerals? Am. Mineral., 75: 923-927.
46. Pienaar, H.S., 1982. Gem-quality friedelite from the Kalahari manganese field near Kuruman, South Africa. Gems Gemol., 18: 221-224.
47. Taljaardt, J.J., 1982. Major manganese ore fields, Republic of South Africa. Unpublished report. SAMANCOR, Johannesburg, 11 pp.
48. Thomas, R.J., Agenbacht, A.L.D., Cornell, D.H. and Moore, J.M., 1994. The Kibaran of southern Africa: Tectonic evolution and metallogeny. Ore Geol. Rev., 9: 131-160.
49. Von Bezing, L., 1992. The rare minerals of the Kalahari manganese field. SA mineral collectors symposium, RAU, p. 32.
50. Von Bezing, L. and Gutzmer, J., 1994a. Das Kalahari Manganerzfeld und seine Mineralien (Teil 1). Miner. Welt, 4(4): 24-46.
51. Von Bezing, L. and Gutzmer, J., 1994b. Das Kalahari Manganerzfeld und seine Mineralien (Teil 2). Miner. Welt, 4(5): 41-59.
52. Von Bezing, L., Dixon, R.D., Pohl, D. and Cavallo, G., 1991. The Kalahari manganese field: An Update. Mineral. Rec., 24: 10-27.
53. Wilson, W.E. and Dünn, P.J., 1978. Famous mineral localities: The Kalahari manganese field. Mineral. Rec., 22: 137-153.