Cadmium whole-lake experiment at the experimental lakes area: An anachronism?

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

Volumn 53, Issue 8, 1996, Pages 1862-1870

  Malley, D F ^a  

^a FRESHWATER INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CADMIUM; FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM; LAKE WATER QUALITY; POLLUTION; WHOLE LAKE EXPERIMENT; WHOLE-LAKE EXPERIMENT;

CANADA, ONTARIO, EXPERIMENTAL LAKES AREA;

EID: 0030301966     PISSN: 0706652X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/f96-116     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Biesinger, K.E., and Christensen, G.M. 1972. Effects of various metals on survival, growth, reproduction, and metabolism of Daphnia magna. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29: 1691-1700.
2. Bird, G.A., Rosentreter, M.J., and Schwartz, W.J. 1995. Deformities in the menta of chironomid larvae from the Experimental Lakes Area, Ontario. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 52: 2290-2295.
3. Borgmann, U., Ralph, K.M., and Norwood, W.P. 1989. Toxicity test procedures for Hyalella azteca, and chronic toxicity of cadmium and pentachlorophenol to H. azteca, Gammarus fasciatus, and Daphnia magna. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18: 756-764.
4. Borgmann, U., Norwood, W.P., and Babirad, I.M. 1991. Relationship between chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium in Hyalella azteca. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 1055-1060.
5. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 1995. Protocol for the derivation of Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Report No. CCME EPC-98E. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Ottawa, Ont.
6. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 1996a: Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for Cadmium. Appendix XXI in CCREM 1987. Technical Secretariat, Task Group on Water Quality Guidelines, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Ottawa, Ont. In press.
7. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 19966. Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for Cadmium. Final draft. Technical Secretariat, Task Group on Water Quality Guidelines, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Ottawa, Ont.
8. Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers. 1987. Canadian Water Quality Guidelines, including Appendices. Task Force on Water Quality Guidelines, Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers, Ottawa, Ont.
9. Canadian Network of Toxicology Centres. 1994. A heavy metal target. CNTC News. Fall-winter issue. Canadian Network of Toxicology Centres, Saskatoon, Guelph, Montreal, p. 3.
10. Chan, W.H., Tang, A.J.S., Chung, D.H.S., and Lusis, M.A. 1986. Concentration and deposition of trace metals in Ontario - 1982. Water Air Soil Pollut. 29: 373-389.
11. Chang, P.S.S., and Malley, D.F. 1995. Effects of cadmium on Zooplankton of soft, fresh waters: testing predictions from laboratory and in situ mesocosms through whole-lake experimentation. In Harmonizing human life with lakes: toward the sustainable use of lakes and reservoirs. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Conservation and Management of Lakes-Kasumigaura '95, 23-27 October 1995, Tsukuba and Tsuchiura, Japan. Vol. 2. pp. 1091-1094.
12. Chapman, G.S. 1978. Toxicities of cadmium, copper, and zinc to four juvenile stages of chinook salmon and steelhead. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107: 841-847.
13. Cleugh, T.R., and Hauser, B.W. 1971. Results of the initial survey of the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 28: 129-137.
14. Currie, R.S. 1993. Bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants to aquatic invertebrates in littoral mesocosms. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.
15. Cusimano, R.F., Brakke, D.F., and Chapman, G.A. 1986. Effects of pH on the toxicities of cadmium, copper, and zinc to steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: 1497-1503.
16. Dutton, M.D., Stephenson, M., and Klaverkamp, J.F. 1993. A mercury saturation assay for measuring metallothionein in fish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12: 1193-1202.
17. Environment Canada. 1994. Canadian Environmental Protection Act priority substances list supporting document: cadmium and its compounds. Unpublished final draft. Eco-Health Branch, Ecosystem Science Evaluation Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
18. Environment Canada and Health Canada. 1994. Canadian Environmental Protection Act priority substances list assessment report: cadmium and its compounds. Environment Canada and Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
19. Findlay, D.L., Kasian, S.E.M., and Schindler, E.U. 1996. Long-term effects of low cadmium concentrations on a natural phytoplankton community. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 1903-1912.
20. Franzin, W.G., McFarlane, G.A., and Lutz, A. 1979. Atmospheric fallout in the vicinity of a base metal smelter at Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13: 1513-1522.
21. Gaudet, C.L., Keenleyside, K.A., Kent, R.A., Smith, S.L., and Wong, M.P. 1995. How should numerical criteria be used? The Canadian approach. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 1: 19-28.
22. Gordon, C.J., Fogelson, L., and Highfill, J.W. 1990. Hypothermia and hypometabolism: sensitive indices of whole-body toxicity following exposure to metallic salts in the mouse. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 29: 185-200.
23. Hamilton, S.J., Mehrle, P.M., and Jones, J.R. 1987. Evaluation of metallothionein measurement as a biological indicator of stress from cadmium in brook trout. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 116: 551-560.
24. Holoka, M.H., and Hunt, R.V. 1996. Automated addition of toxicant to a whole lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 1871-1875.
25. Holoka, M.H., and Lawrence, S.G. 1987. Perturbations in zooplankton communities in a continuously flowing impoundment system incubated in situ. Can J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44(Suppl. 1): 154-162.
26. Lag, M., and Hegeland, K. 1987. Effects of cadmium and other metals on ciliary activity of mouse trachea organ culture. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 60: 318-320.
27. Lawrence, S.G., and Holoka, M.H. 1987. Effects of low concentrations of cadmium on the crustacean Zooplankton community of an artificially acidified lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44(Suppl. 1): 163-172.
28. Lawrence, S.G., and Holoka, M.H. 1991. Response of crustacean Zooplankton impounded in situ to cadmium at low environmental concentrations. Verh. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 24: 2254-2259.
29. Lawrence, S.G., Holoka, M.H., Hunt, R.V., and Hesslein, R.H. 1996. Multi-year experimental additions of cadmium to a lake epilimnion and resulting water column cadmium concentrations. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 1876-1887.
30. Lithner, G. 1989. Some fundamental relationships between metal toxicity in freshwater, physico-chemical properties and background levels. Sci. Total Environ. 87-88: 365-380.
31. Malley, D.F., and Chang, P.S.S. 1991. Early observations on the Zooplankton community of a Precambrian Shield lake receiving experimental additions of cadmium. Verh. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 24: 2248-2253.
32. Malley, D.F., and Mills, K.H. 1992. Whole-lake experimentation as a tool to assess ecosystem health, response to stress and recovery: the Experimental Lakes Area experience. J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health, 1: 159-174.
33. Malley, D.F., Chang, P.S.S., and Hesslein, R.H. 1989. Whole lake addition of cadmium-109: radiotracer accumulation in the mussel population in the first season. Sci. Total Environ. 87-88: 397-417.
34. Malley, D.F., Klaverkamp, J.F., Brown, S.B., and Chang, P.S.S. 1993a. Increase in metallothionein in freshwater mussels Anodonta grandis grandis exposed to cadmium in the laboratory and the field. Water Pollut. Res. J. Can. 28: 253-273.
35. Malley, D.F., Williams, P.C., Stainton, M.P., and Hauser, B.W. 1993b. Application of near-intrared reflectance spectroscopy in the measurement of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in seston from oligotrophic lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 1779-1785.
36. Malley, D.F., Williams, P.C., and Stainton, M.P. 1996a. Rapid measurement of suspended C, N, and P from Precambrian Shield lakes using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Water Res. 30: 1325-1332.
37. Malley, D.F., Williams, P.C., Hauser, B., and Hall, J. 1996b. Prediction of organic C, N, and P in freshwater sediments using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. In Near infrared spectroscopy: the future waves. Edited by A.M.C. Davies and P. Williams. NIR Publications, Chichester, U.K. pp. 691-699.
38. Marshall, J.S. 1978. Population dynamics of Daphnia galeata niendotae as modified by chronic cadmium stress. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 461-469.
39. Marshall, J.S., and Mellinger, D.L. 1980. Dynamics of cadmium-stressed plankton communities. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 403-414.
40. McCarter, J.A., and Roch, M. 1983. Hepatic metallothionein and resistance to copper in juvenile coho salmon. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, 74: 133-137.
41. Nriagu, J.O. 1980. Production, uses, and properties of cadmium. In Cadmium in the environment. Part I. Ecological cycling. Edited by J.O. Nriagu. John Wiley & Sons, Toronto, Ont. pp. 35-70.
42. Nriagu, J.O. 1989. A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals. Nature (London), 338: 47-49.
43. Nriagu, J.O., and Pacyna, J.M. 1988. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature (London), 333: 134-139.
44. Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy. 1992. Guidelines for the protection and management of aquatic sediment in Ontario. PIBS 1962. Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, Toronto, Ont.
45. Persaud, D., Jaagumagi, R., and Hayton, A. 1992. Guidelines for the protection and management of aquatic sediment in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Water Resources Branch, Toronto, Ont.
46. Reeder, S.W., Demayo, A., and Taylor, M.C. 1979. Guidelines for surface water quality. Vol. 1. Inorganic chemical substances: cadmium. Environment Canada, Inland Waters Directorate, Water Quality Branch, Ottawa, Ont.
47. Roch, M., McCarter, J.A., Matheson, A.T., Clark, M.J.R., and Olafson, R.W. 1982. Hepatic metallothionein in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) as an indicator of metal pollution in the Campbell River system. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39: 1596-1601.
48. Rombough, P.J., and Garside, E.T. 1982. Cadmium toxicity and accumulation in eggs and alevins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Can. J. Zool. 60: 2006-2014.
49. Royal Society of Canada. 1984. Long-range transport of airborne pollutants in North America. Review for the Government of Canada. Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
50. Schindler, D.W. 1988. Experimental studies of chemical Stressors on whole lake ecosystems. Verh. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 23: 11-41.
51. Smith, S.L., MacDonald, D.D., Keenleyside, K.A., and Gaudet, C.L. 1996. The development and implementation of Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines. In Developments and progress in sediment quality assessment: rationale, challenges, techniques and strategies. Edited by M. Munawar and G. Dave. Ecovision World Monogr. Ser. In press.
52. Stephenson, M., and Mackie, G.L. 1988. Total cadmium concentrations in the water and littoral sediments of central Ontario lakes. Water Air Soil Pollut. 38: 121-136.
53. Stephenson, M., and Turner, M.A. 1993. A field study of cadmium dynamics in periphyton and in Hyalella azteca (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Water Air Soil Pollut. 68: 341-361.
54. Stephenson, M., Klaverkamp, J., Motycka, M., Baron, C., and Schwartz, W. 1996a. Coring artifacts and contaminant inventories in lake sediment. J. Paleolimnol. 15: 99-106.
55. Stephenson, M., Motycka, M.F., and Laverock, M.J. 1995. Recycling of Cd from sediment to water in an experimentally contaminated lake. Extended abstract. In International Conference on Heavy
56. Metals in the Environment, Hamburg, Germany, 18-22 September 1995. Vol. 1. Edited by R.-D. Wilken, U. Förstner, and A. Knöchel. CEP Consultants Ltd., 43 Manor Place, Edinburgh EH3 7EB, U.K. pp. 260-263.
57. 109Cd in Lake 382, Experimental Lakes Area, Canada. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 1888-1902.
58. Stewart-Pinkham, S.M. 1991. Detecting ambient cadmium toxicity in an ecosystem. In Plants for toxicity assessment. Vol. 2. Edited by J.W. Gorsuch, W.R. Lower, W. Wang, and M.A. Lewis. ASTM STP 1115. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa. pp. 161-171.
59. Taylor, R.M., Watson, G.D., and Alikhan, M.A. 1995. Comparative sub-lethal and lethal acute toxicity of copper to the freshwater crayfish, Cambarus robustus (Cambaridae, Decapoda, Crustacea) from an acidic metal-contaminated lake and a circumneutral uncontaminated stream. Water Res. 29: 401-408.
60. Wagemann, R., and Regehr, G. 1992. User's guide to model for aquatic chemical speciation software package: MACS80 (version 5/1990-VAX and MS-DOS)®. 3rd ed. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 1848.
61. Wagemann, R., Regehr, G., and Lypka, R. 1990. Compiler listing for chemical speciation program MACS80. Vers. 4.1 for Microsoft FORTRAN, Vers. 5 for MS-DOS. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 818.
62. Wagemann, R., Capel, M.J., Hesslein, R., and Stephenson, M. 1994. Sediment-water distribution coefficients and speciation of cadmium in a Canadian Shield lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 1951-1958.
63. Winge, D., Krasno, J., and Colucci, W.V. 1973. Cadmium accumulation in rat liver: correlation between bound metal and pathology. In Trace element metabolism in animals. Vol. 2. Edited by W.O. Hoekstra, J.W. Suttee, H.E. Ganther, and W. Mertz. University Park Press, Baltimore, Md. pp. 500-501.
64. Wong, P.T.S. 1987. Toxicity of cadmium to freshwater microorganisms, phytoplankton, and invertebrates. In Cadmium in the aquatic environment. Edited by J.O. Nriagu and J.B. Sprague. John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 117-138.
65. Yeats, P.A., and Bewers, J.M. 1987. Evidence for anthropogenic modification of global transport of cadmium. In Cadmium in the aquatic environment. Edited by J.O. Nriagu and J.B. Sprague. John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 19-34.