Relative rates of formation of polychlorinated dioxins and furans from precursor and de novo reactions

Chemosphere

Volumn 33, Issue 10, 1996, Pages 1897-1904

  Altwicker, E R ^a  

^a Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

Dioxin furan ratio; Dioxins; Furans; Incinerator; Relative rates; Temperature effect

Indexed keywords

POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURAN;

AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; INCINERATION; REACTION TIME; SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT;

EID: 0030297639     PISSN: 00456535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0045-6535(96)00312-8     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. 1. L. Stieglitz and H. Vogg, "On Formation Conditions of PCDD/F in Fly Ash from Municipal Waste Incinerators", Chemosphere, 16, 1917-1922 (1987).
2. 2. E.R. Altwicker, "Dioxin/Furans in Incinerators - Laboratory and Modeling Studies and Technical Issues Remaining", Municipal Waste Combustion, Proceedings, Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., VIP-32, 202-213 (1993).
3. 3. M.S. Milligan, "Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of the Heterogeneous Formation of Polychlorinated Dioxins and Furans on Incinerator Fly Ash", Ph.D. Thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (1994).
4. 4a,b. M.S. Milligan and E.R. Altwicker, "Chlorophenol Reactions on Fly Ash, I. Adsorption/ Desorption Equilibria and Conversion to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins'" ibid., "Chlorophenol Reactions on Fly Ash, II. Equilibrium Surface Coverage and Global Kinetics", Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 225-229; 230-236 (1996).
5. 5. M.S. Milligan and E.R. Altwicker, The Catalytic Gasification of Carbon in Incinerator Fly Ash, Carbon, 31, 977-986, (1993).
6. 6. M.S. Milligan and E.R. Altwicker, "The Relationship Between the de novo Synthesis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans and Low Temperature Carbon Gasification in Fly Ash", Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 1595-1601 (1993).
7. 7. E.R. Altwicker and M.S. Milligan, Formation of Dioxins: Competing Rates Between Chemically Similar Precursors and de novo Reactions, Chemosphere, 27, 301-307 (1993).
8. 8. H. Huang and A. Buekens, "Engineering Interpretation of Some Kinetic Data of PCDD/F Formation". Organohalogen Compounds, 20, 425-429 (1994).
9. 9. J.G.P. Born, "On The Formation of Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Combustion Processes", Ph.D. Thesis, Leiden University. Leiden, The Netherlands (1992).
10. 10. L. Stieglitz, G. Zwick, J. Beck, H. Bautz, and W. Roth, "The Role of Paniculate Carbon in the de novo Synthesis of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and - Furans in Fly Ash", Chemosphere, 19, 283-290 (1989).
11. 11. R. Lujk, D.M. Akkerman, P. Slot, K. Olie, and F. Kaptejn, "Mechanism of Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Catalyzed Combustion of Carbon", Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 312-321 (1994).
12. 12. L.C. Dickson, D. Lenoir, and O. Hutzinger, "Quantitative Comparison of de novo and Precursor Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins Under Simulated Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Post Combustion Conditions", Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 1822-1828 (1992).
13. 13. F.W. Karasek and L.C. Dickson, "Model Studies of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin Formation During Municipal Refuse Incineration", Science, 237, 754-756 (1987).
14. 14. L.C. Dickson and F.W. Karasek, "Mechanism of Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins Produced on Municipal Incinerator Fly Ash From Reactions of Chlorinated Phenols", J. Chrom., 389, 127-137 (1987).
15. 15. S.B. Ghorishi and E.R Altwicker, "Rapid Formation of Polychlorinated Dioxins/Furans During the Heterogeneous Combustion of 1,2-Dichlorobenzene and 2,4-Dichlorophenol", Chemosphere, 32, 133-144 (1996).
16. 16. S.B. Ghorishi, "Formation of Combustion By-Products During Heterogeneous Oxidation of Hydrocarbons and Chemical Hydrocarbons in a Spouted Bed Combustor", Ph.D. Thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (1995).
17. 17. Fundamental Aspects of Dioxin (PCDD) and Furan (PCDF) Formation From Combustion, NYSERDA 858-ERER-MW-87, Energy Authority Report 92-3 (1992).
18. 18. L. Takacs, A. McQueen, and G.L. Moilanen, "Development of the Ammonia Injection Technology (AIT) for the Control of PCDD/PCDF and Acid Gases from Municipal Waste Incinerators", J. Air & Waste Mgt. Assoc., 43, 889-897 (1993).
19. 19. Oswego, Final Report, 90-10, Prepared by Radian Corp. of New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Albany, NY.
20. 20. E.R. Altwicker, J.S. Schonberg, R.K.N.V. Konduri, and M.S. Milligan, "Polychlorinated Dioxin/Furan Formation in Incinerators", Haz. Waste Haz. Matls., 7, 73-87 (1990).
21. 21. NITEP: The Environmental Characterization of RDF Combustion Technology, Mid-Connecticut Facility, EPS3/UP/7, EPA-600/R-94-140 (1994).