Current therapies and future directions in osteoporosis management

Pharmacological Research

Volumn 34, Issue 5-6, 1996, Pages 237-245

  Sibilia, Valeria ^a   Netti, Carmela ^a  

^a Chemother/M ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; CALCIUM; FLUORIDE; IPRIFLAVONE; VITAMIN D;

BONE ATROPHY; BONE MASS; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; OSSIFICATION; OSTEOCLAST; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0030295363     PISSN: 10436618     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/phrs.1996.0094     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. 1. Wasnich RD. Bone mass measurement: prediction of risk. Am J Med 1993; 95: 6-10.
2. 2. Wasnich RD, Ross PD, Heilbrun LK, Vogel JM. Prediction of postmenopausal fracture risk with use of bone mineral measurements. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153: 745-51.
3. 3. Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston CC. Baseline measurement of bone mass predicts fracture in white women. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 355-61.
4. 4. Ross PD, Davis JW, Vogel JM, Wasnich RD. A critical review of bone mass and the risk of fractures in osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 1990; 46: 149-61.
5. 5. Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Browner W, Cauley J, Ensrud K, Genant HK, Palermo L, Scott J, Vogt TM. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. Lancet 1993; 341: 72-5.
6. 6. Nevitt MC, Johnell P, Black DM, Ensrud K, Genant HK, Cummings SR. Bone mineral density predicts non-spine fractures in very elderly women. Osteoporosis Int 1994; 4: 325-31.
7. 7. Hansen MA, Overgaard K, Riis BJ, Christiansen C. Role of peak bone mass and bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 12-year study. Br Med J 1991; 303: 961-4.
8. 8. Delmas PD. Biochemical markers of bone turnover for the clinical assessment of metabolic disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1990; 19: 1-18.
9. 9. Fledelius C, Riis BJ, Overgaard K, Christiansen C. The diagnostic validity of urinary free pyridinolines to identify women at risk of osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 1994; 54: 381-4.
10. 10. Frost HM. Tetracycline-based histological analysis of bone remodelling. Calcif Tissue Int 1969; 3: 211-37.
11. 11. Parfitt AM. Osteonal and hemi-osteonal remodeling: the spatial and temporal framework for signal traffic in adult human bone. J Cell Biochem 1994; 55: 273-86.
12. 12. Marcus R. Skeletal aging. Understanding the functional and structural basis of osteoporosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1991; 2: 53-8.
13. 13. Reeve J, Zanelli JM. Mechanisms of osteoporosis. In: Edwards C, Lincoln D eds. Recent advances in endocrinology and metabolism. Churchill Livingstone, 1992, pp. 115-32.
14. 14. Manolagas CS and Jilka R. Bone marrow, cytokines and bone remodeling. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 305-11.
15. 15. Rubin CT, Bain SD, McLeod KJ. Suppression of the osteogenic response in the aging skeleton. Calcif Tissue Int 1992; 50: 306-13.
16. 16. Ziegler R, Scheidt-Nave C, Scharla S. Pathophysiology of osteoporosis: unresolved problems and new insights. J Nutr 1995; 125: 20335-75.
17. 17. Riggs BL, Melton LJ. Involutional osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 26: 1676-84.
18. 18. Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of hip fractures in elderly people. J Bone Min Res 1994; 9: S148.
19. 3 supplementation. Br Med J 1994; 308: 1081-2.
20. 20. Seino Y, Ishizuka S, Shima M, Tanaka H. Vitamin D in bone formation. Osteoporosis Int. 1993; 3: S196-8.
21. 3. Endocrinology 1990; 126: 2088-94.
22. 22. Ziegler R. Economic aspects of the treatment of osteoporosis. In: Proceedings of the 10th Int Congress of Endocrinology, San Francisco, June 1996; 2: 33-3.
23. 23. Recker R, Saville P, Heaney R. The effect of estrogens and calcium carbonate on bone loss in postmenopausal women. Ann Int Med 1977; 87: 649-55.
24. 24. Lindsay R. Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis with ovarian hormones. Ann Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae 1988; 77: 219-33.
25. 25. Christiansen C, Lindsay R. Estrogen, bone loss and preservation. Osteoporosis Int 1990; 1: 7-13.
26. 26. Riggs BL, Melton LJ. The prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. N Eng J Med 1992; 327: 620-7.
27. 27. Lyndsay R, Thome JF. Estrogen treatment of patients with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 290-5.
28. 28. Lufkin EG, Wahner HW, O'Fallon WM, Hodgonson SF, Kotowicz MA, Lane AW, Judd HL, Caplan RH, Riggs BL. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with transdermal estrogen. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 1-9.
29. 29. Ettinger B, Grady D, The waning effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1192-3.
30. 30. Turner RT, Riggs BL, Spelsberg TC. Skeletal effects of estrogen. Endocrine Rev 1994; 15: 275-300.
31. 31. Prince RL. Counterpoint: estrogen effects on calcitropic hormones and calcium homeostasis. Endocrine Rev 1994; 15: 301-9.
32. 32. Turner CH. Editorial: Do estrogens increase bone formation? Bone 1991; 12: 305-6.
33. 33. Studd J, Savvas M, Waston N, Garnett T, Fogelman I, Cooper D. The relationship between plasma estradiol and the increase in bone density in postmenopausal women after treatment with subcutaneous hormone implants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163: 1474-9.
34. 34. Judd HL, Meldrum DR, Deftos LJ, Henderson BE. Estrogen replacement therapy: indications and complications. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98: 195-205.
35. 35. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, Fox CS, Black D, Ettinger B, Ernster VL, Cummings SR. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 1016-37.
36. 36. Weinstein L. Efficacy of continuous estrogen-progestin regimen in the menopausal patient. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 929-32.
37. 37. Clisham PR, de Ziegler D, Lozano K, Judd HL. Comparison of continuous versus sequential estrogen and progestin therapy in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 241-6.
38. 38. Tikkanen MJ, Nikkila EA, Kuusi T, Sipinen SU. High-density lipoprotein-2 and hepatic lipase: reciprocal changes produced by estrogen and norgestrel. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 54: 1113-7.
39. 39. Miller VT, Muesing RA, LaRosa JC, Stoy DB, Phillips EA, Stillman RJ. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen with and without three different progestogens on lipoproteins, high-density lipoprotein subfractions, and apolipoprotein A-I. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 235-40.
40. 40. Haarbo J, Hassager C, Jensen SB, Riis BJ, Christiansen C. Serum lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins during postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy combined with either 19-nortestosterone derivatives or 17-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives. Am J Med 1991; 90: 584-9.
41. 41. Lafferty FW, Fiske ME. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement: a long-term cohort study. Am J Med 1994; 97: 66-77.
42. 42. Lyritis GP, Karpathios S, Basdekis K, Grigoriou O, Katostaras T, Paspati I, Stamatopoulos T, Siampalioti G, Lyritis PG. Prevention of post-oophorectomy bone loss with Tibolone. Maturitas 1995; 22: 247-53.
43. 43. Draper MW, Flowers DE, Huster WJ, Neild JA. Effects of raloxifene (LY139481 HCI) on biochemical markers of bone and lipid metabolism in health postmenopausal women. 4th Inter Symposium on Osteoporosis, Hong Kong, 1993; 119-21.
44. 44. Eppenberger U, Wosikowski K, Kung W. Pharmacologic and biological properties of droloxifene, a new antiestrogen. Am J Clin Oncol 1991; 14: S5-14.
45. 45. Black LJ, Sato M, Rowley ER, Magee DE, Bekele A, Williams DC, Cullinam GJ, Bendele R, Kauffman RF, Bensch WR et al. Raloxifene (LY139481) prevents bone loss and reduces serum cholesterol without causing uterine hypertrophy in ovariectomized rats. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 63-9.
46. 46. Sato M, Kim J, Short LL, Slemenda CW, and Bryant HU. Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of raloxifene effects on tibiae from ovariectomized aged rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 272: 1252-9.
47. 47. Ke HZ, Simmons HA, Pirie CM, Crawford DT, Thompson DD. Droloxifene, a new estrogen antagonist/agonist, prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 2435-41.
48. 48. Yang NAN, Bryant HU, Hardikar S, Sato M, Galvin RJS, Glasebrook AL, Termine JD. Estrogen and raloxifene stimulate transforming growth factor-β3 gene expression in rat bone: a potential mechanism for estrogen-or raloxifene-mediated bone maintenance. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 2075-84.
49. 49. Jung A, Bisaz S, Fleisch H. The binding of pyrophosphate and two diphosphonates on hydroxyapatite crystals. Calcif Tissue Res 1973; 11: 269-80.
50. 50. Fogelman I, Pearson DW, Bessent RG, Tofe AJ, Francis MD. A comparison of skeletal uptake of three diphosphonates by whole body retention. J Nucl Med 1981; 22: 880-3.
51. 51. Fleisch H, Russell RGG, Francis MD. Diphosphonates inhibit hydroxyapatite dissolution in vitro and bone resorption in tissue culture and in vivo. Science 1969; 165: 1262-4.
52. 52. Boonekamp PM, Van Der Wee-Pals LJA, Van Wijk-van-Lennep MML, Thesing CW, Vijvoet OLM. Two models of action of Biphosphonates on osteoclastic resorption of mineralized matrix. Bone Mineral 1986; 1: 27-39.
53. 53. Sato M, Grasser W, Endo N, Akins R, Simmons H, Thompson D, Golub E, Rodan A. Bisphosphonate action: aledronate localization in rat bone and effects on osteoclast ultrastructure. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 2095-105.
54. 54. Selander K, Lehenkari P, Vaananen H. K. The effects of bisphosphonates on the resorption cycle of isolated osteoclasts. Calcif Tissue Int 1994; 55, 368-75.
55. 55. Fleisch H, Russel RGG, Bisaz S, Muhlbauer RC, Williams DA. The inhibitory effect of diphosphonates on the formation of calcium phosphate crystals in vitro and on aortic and kidney calcification in vivo. Eur J Clin Invest 1970; 1: 12-8.
56. 56. Meyer JL, Nancollas GH. The influence of multidentate organic phosphonates on the crystal growth of hydroxyapatite. Calcif Tissue Res 1973; 13: 295-303.
57. 57. Sahni M, Guenther HL, Fleisch P, Collin P, Martin TJ. Bisphosphonates act on rat bone resorption through the mediation of osteoblasts. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2004-11.
58. 58. Vitte C, Fleish H, Guenther HL. Bisphosphonates induce osteoblasts to secrete an inhibitor of osteoclastmediated resorption. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 2324-33.
59. 59. Shinoda H, Adamek G, Felix R, Fleisch H, Schenk R, Hagan P. Structure-activity relationship of various bisphosphonates. Calcif Tissue Int 1983; 35: 87-90.
60. 60. Sietsema WK, Ebetino FH, Salvanio AM, Bevan JA. Antiresorptive dose-response relationship across three generation of bisphosphonates. Drugs Under Exp Clin Res 1989; 215: 389-96.
61. 61. Van Beek E, Hoekstra M, Van De Ruit M, Löwik C, Papapoulos S. Structural requirements for bisphosphonates actions in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: 1875-82.
62. 62. Reid IR, Wattie DJ, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Stapleton JP, Cornish J. Continuous therapy with Pamidronate, a potent bisphosphonates, in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1595-9.
63. 63. Kanis JA, Gertz BJ, Singer F, Ortolani S. Rationale for the use of Alendronate in osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Int. 1995; 5: 1-13.
64. 64. Harris ST, Watts NB, Jackson RD, Genant HK, Wasnich RD. Four-year study of intermittent cyclic etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: three years of blinded therapy followed by one year of open therapy. Am J Med 1993; 95: 557-67.
65. 65. Marcus R. Cyclic etidronate: has the rose lost its bloom? Am J Med 1993; 95: 555-6.
66. 66. Flora L, Hassing GS, Parfitt AM, Villanueva AR. Comparative skeletal effects of two diphosphonates in dogs. Metab Bone Dis Rel Res 1980; 2: 389-407.
67. 67. Flora L, Hassing GS, Cloyd GG, Bevan JA, Parfitt AM, Villaneuva AR. The longterm skeletal effects of EHDP in dogs. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res 1981; 4: 289-300.
68. 68. Miller PD, Ericksen AL. Longterm intermittent cyclical etidronate (ICT) for postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO). Calcif Tissue Int 1995; 56: S493.
69. 69. Garnero P, Shih WJ, Gineyts E, Karpf DB, Delmas PD. Comparison of new biochemical markers of bone turnover in late postmenopausal osteoporotic women in response to alendronate treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1693-700.
70. 70. Gertz BJ, Shao P, Hanson DA, Quan H, Harris ST, Genant HK, Chestnut CH, Eyre DR. Monitoring bone resorption in early postmenopausal women by an immunoassay for cross-linked collagen peptides in urine. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: 135-42.
71. 71. Reid IR, Wattie DJ, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Stapleton JP, Cornish J. Continuous therapy with pamidronate, a potent bisphosphonate, in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1595-9.
72. 72. Valkema R, Vismans F-JFE, Papapoulos SE, Pauwels EKJ, Bijvoet OLM. Maintained improvement in calcium balance and bone mineral content in patients with osteoporosis treated with the bisphosphonate APD. Bone Mineral 1989; 5: 183-92.
73. 73. Home WC, Shyu JF, Chakraborty M, Baron R. Signal transduction by calcitonin. Multiple ligands, receptors and signaling pathways. TEM 1994; 5: 395-401.
74. 74. Zaidi M, Datta HK, Moonga BS, MacIntyre I. Evidence that the action of calcitonin on rat osteoclasts is mediated by two G protein acting via separate post-receptor pathways. J Endocrinol 1990; 126: 473-81.
75. 75. Reginster JY. Calcitonin for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis Am J Med 1993; 95: S44-7.
76. 76. Reginster JY, Franchimont P. Side-effects of synthetic salmon calcitonin given by intranasal spray compared with intramuscular injection. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1985; 3: 155-7.
77. 77. Overgaard K, Agnusdei D, Hansen HA, Maioli E, Christiansen C, Gennari C. Dose-response bioactivity of salmon calcitonin in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72: 344-9.
78. 78. Reginster JY. Management of high turnover osteoporosis with calcitonin. Bone 1992; 13: 537-40.
79. 79. Rico H, Hernandez ER, Revilla M, Gomez-Castresana F. Salmon calcitonin reduces vertebral fractures rate in postmenopausal crush fracture syndrome. Bone Miner 1992; 16: 131-8.
80. 80. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Gullberg B. Evidence for efficacy of drugs affecting bone metabolism in preventing hip fracture. Br Med J 1992; 305: 1124-8.
81. 81. Christiansen C, Overgaard K, Hansen MA. The effect of treatment with calcitonin on osteoporotic fracture rate. Proc Int Symp Osteoporosis 1993; IV: 359-61.
82. 82. Gruber HE, Ivey JL, Baylink DJ, Matthews H, Nelp WB, Sisom K, Chesnut CHIII. Long-term calcitonin therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Metabolism 1984; 33: 295-303.
83. 83. Levy F, Muff R, Dotti-Sigrist S, Dambacher MA, Fisher JA. Formation of neutralizing antibodies during intranasal synthetic salmon calcitonin treatment of Paget's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67: 541-5.
84. 84. Muff R, Dambacher MA, Fisher JA Formation of neutralizing antibodies during intranasal synthetic salmon calcitonin treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Int 1991; 1: 72-5.
85. 85. Bouizar Z, Rostene WH, Milhaud G. Down-regulation of rat kidney calcitonin receptors by salmon calcitonin infusion evidenced by autoradiography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 5125-8.
86. 86. Reginster JY, Meurmans L, Deroisy R, Jupsin I, Biquet I, Albert A, Franchimont P. A 5-year controlled randomized study of prevention of postmenopausal trabecular bone loss with nasal salmon calcitonin and calcium. Eur J Clin Invest 1994; 24: 565-9.
87. 87. Overgaard K, Riis BJ. Nasal salmon calcitonin in osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 1994; 55: 79-81.
88. 88. Rico H, Revilla M, Hernandez ER, Villa LF, Alvarez de Buego M. Total and regional bone mineral content and fracture rates in postmenopausal osteoporosis treated with salmon calcitonin: a prospective study. Calcif Tissue Int 1995; 56: 181-5.
89. 3[H]-thymidine incorporation and alkaline phosphatase activity in human osteoblas line cells. Calcif Tissue Int 1991; 48: 297-301.
90. 90. Pecile A, Ferri S, Braga PC, Olgiati VR. Effects of intracerebroventricular calcitonin in the conscious rabbit. Experientia 1975; 31: 332-3.
91. 91. Gennari C, Agnusdei D, Camporeale A. Use of calcitonin in the treatment of bone pain associated with osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 1991; 49 (S2): 9-13.
92. 92. Eriksen EF, Mosekilde L, Melsen F. Effects of sodium fluoride, calcium phosphate and vitamin D2 on bone balance and remodelling in osteoporotics. Bone 1985; 6: 381-90.
93. 93. Marie PJ, De Vernejoul MC, Lomri A. Stimulation of bone formation in osteoporosis patients treated with fluoride associated with increased DNA synthesis by osteoblastic cells in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1992; 7: 103-13.
94. 94. Hansson T, Roos B. The effect of fluoride and calcium on spinal bone mineral content: a controlled, prospective (3 years) study. Calcif Tissue Int 1987; 40: 315-7.
95. 95. Kanis JA. Treatment of symptomatic osteoporosis with fluoride. Am J Med 1993; 95: S53-61.
96. 96. Parley JR, Wergedal JE, Baylink DJ. Fluoride directly stimulates proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of boneforming cells. Science 1983; 222: 330-2.
97. 97. Bonjour JP, Caverzasio J, Rizzoli R. Effect of fluoride on bone cells. Res Clin Forums 1993; 15: 9-12.
98. 98. Grynpas MD, Cheng PT. Fluoride reduces the rate of dissolution of bone. Bone Miner 1988; 5: 1-9.
99. 99. Bellows CG, Heersche JNM, Aubin JE. The effects of fluoride on osteoblast progenitors in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1991; 5: S101-5.
100. 100. Lees S, Hanson DB. Effect of fluoride dosage on bone density, sonic velocity, and longitudinal modulus of rabbit femurs. Calcif Tissue Int 1992; 50: 88-92.
101. 101. Riggs BL, Hodgson SA, O'Fallon WM, Chao EY, Wahner HW, Muhs JM, Cedel SL, Melton LJIII. Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 802-9.
102. 102. Kleerekoper M, Peterson EL, Phillips E, Nelson DA, Schork MA, Tilley BC, Parfitt AM. A radomized trial of sodium fluoride as a treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Int 1991; 1: 155-61.
103. 103. Mamelle N, Dusan R, Guillaume M, Martin JL, Gaucher A, Prost A, Zeigler G, Netter P. Risk-benefit ratio of sodium fluoride treatment in primary vertebral osteoporosis. Lancet 1988; 2: 361-5.
104. 104. Mamelle N, Meunier PJ, Netter P. Fluoride and vertebral fractures. Lancet 1990; 336: 243.
105. 105. Pak CYC, Sakhaee K, Piziak V, Peterson RD, Breslan NA, Boyd P, Poindexter JR, Herzog J, Heard-Sakhaee A, Haynes S. Slow-release sodium fluoride in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 625-32.
106. 106. Zerwekh JE, Hagler HK, Sakhaee K, Gottschalk F, Peterson RD, Pak CYC. Effect of slow-release sodium fluoride on cancellous bone histology and connectivity in osteoporosis. Bone 1994; 15: 691-9.
107. 107. Zerwekh JE, Antich PP, Sakhaee K, Prior J, Gonzales J, Gottschalk F, Pak CYC. Lack of deleterious effect of slowrelease sodium fluoride treatment on cortical bone histology and quality in osteoporosis patients. Bone Miner 1992; 18: 65-76.
108. 108 Pak CYC, Zerwekh JE, Antich P. Anabolic effects of fluoride on bone. TEM 1995; 6: 229-34.
109. 109. Agnusdei D, Zacchei F, Bigazzi S, Cepollaro C, Nardi P, Montagnani M, Gennari C. Metabolic and clinical effects of ipriflavone in established post-menopausal osteoporosis. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1989; 15: 97-104.
110. 110. Caiaffa E, La Sorsa G, Grimaldi P, Pansini A, De Michele MT, Bufalino L, Cantini L, Gardini F. Evaluation of effects of a new anti-osteoporotic (ipriflavone) on signs and symptoms in the early stages of the treatment of postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis. Arch Med Int 1990; 42: 125-35.
111. 111. Agnusdei D, Adami S, Cervetti R, Crepaldi G, Di Munno O, Fantasia L, Isaia GC, Letizia G, Ortolani S, Passeri M, Serni V, Vecchiet L, Gennari C. Effects of ipriflavone on bone mass and calcium metabolism in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone Miner 1992; 19: S43-8.
112. 112. Gambacciani M, Spinetti A, Piaggesi L, Cappagli B, Taponeco F, Manetti P, Weiss C, Teti GC, La Commare P, Facchini V. Ipriflavone prevents the bone loss mass reduction in premenopausal women treated with gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone agonists. Bone Miner 1994; 26: 19-26.
113. 113. Katai Y, Kawase T, Nakano T, Mikuni-Takagaki Y, Saito S. Effect of ipriflavone and estrogen on the differentiation and proliferation of osteogenic cells. Calcif Tissue Int 1992; 51: S11-5.
114. 114. Cheng SL, Zhang SF, Nelson TL, Warlow PM, Civitelli R. Stimulatory of human osteoblasts differentiation and function by ipriflavone and its metabolites. Calcif Tissue Int 1994; 55: 356-62.
115. 115. Notoya K, Yoshida K, Taketomi S, Yamazaki I, Kumegawa M. Inhibitory effects of ipriflavone on osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and new osteoclast formation in long-term cultures of mouse unfractionated bone cells. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 53: 206-9.
116. 116. Albanese CB, Cudd A, Argentine L, Zambonin-Zallone A, MacIntyre I. Ipriflavone directly inhibits osteoclastic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 199: 930-6.
117. 117. Azria M, Behhar C, Cooper S. Lack of effect of ipriflavone on osteoclast motility and bone resorption in vitro and in vivo studies. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 52: 16-20.
118. 118. Passeri M, Biondi D, Dall'Aglio E, Pedrazzoni M, Bufalino L, Castiglione GN, Di Peppe C, Abate G. Effects of 2-year therapy with ipriflavone in elderly women with established osteoporosis. Ital J Min Electrolyte Metab 1995; 9: 137-44.
119. 119. Dresner-Pollak R, Rosenblatt M. Blockade of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption through occupancy of the integrin receptor: a potential approach to the therapy of osteoporosis. J Cell Biochem 1994; 56: 323-30.
120. 120. Ghiron LJ, Thompson JL, Holloway L, Hintz RL, Butterfield GE, Hoffman AR, Marcus R. Effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1 and growth hormone on bone turnover in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10: 1844-52.
121. 121. Dempster DW, Cosman F, Parisien M, Shen V, Linsday R. Anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on bone. Endocrine Rev 1993; 14: 690-709.
122. 122. Riggs BL. Formation-stimulating regimens other than sodium fluoride. Am J Med 1993; 95: S625-85.
123. 123. Lau KLW, Nakade O, Barr B, Taylor AK, Houchin K, Baylink DJ. Phenytoin increases markers of osteogenesis for the human species in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 2347-53.
124. 124. Canalis E, Centrella M, Burch W, McCarthy TL. Insulin like growth factor I mediates selective anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone in bone culture. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 60-5.
125. 125. Rodan GA. Perspective: mechanical loading, estrogen deficiency and the coupling of bone formation to bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 1991; 6: 527-30.
126. 126. Lindsay R, Cosman F, Nieves J, Demster DW, Shen VA. Controlled trial of the effect of 1-34 hPTH in estrogen treated osteoporotic women. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8: S130.