The development of concrete bridges in the British Isles prior to 1940

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Structures and Buildings

Volumn 116, Issue 3-4, 1996, Pages 404-431

  Chrimes, M M ^a  

^a Institution of Civil Engineers

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION; ECONOMICS; ENGINEERING RESEARCH; HISTORY; REINFORCED CONCRETE; STANDARDS;

ECONOMIC BACKGROUND; NOTABLE BRIDGES; REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES;

CONCRETE BRIDGES;

BRIDGE; CONCRETE; REINFORCED CONCRETE;

UK;

EID: 0030210018     PISSN: 09650911     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1680/istbu.1996.28751     Document Type: Article

References (246)

1. There are local exceptions to this pattern. Surrey, for example, has a relatively large number of older twentieth century bridges. Some of these works are described in: ROBINSON W. P. A few descriptive notes on concrete roads in Surrey. Proc. Instn Mun. Engrs, 1928-9, 55, 229-235.
2. RINGS F. Reinforced concrete bridges. Batsford, London, 1913.
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4. HURST B. L. Concrete and the structural use of cements in England before 1890. Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs Structs & Bldgs, 1996, 116, 283-295.
5. CHRIMES M. M. Concrete foundations and substructure: a historical review. Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs Structs & Bldgs, 1996, 116, 344-372.
6. ECOLE [ROYALE] DES PONTS ET CHAUSSÉES. Collection lithographiques, Paris, 1827, Vol. 2.
7. CHRIMES M. M. Sir John Fowler - engineer or manager. Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs Civ. Engng, 97, Aug., 1993, 135-143.
8. Tests with expanded metal. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1908-9, 3, 265-267. [These tests were allegedly related to work on the Central Line.]
9. Early examples of reinforced concrete. Bldrs J., 1908, 20 May, 438-439.
10. BOSTICCO M. Early concrete bridges in Britain. Concrete, 1970, Sept., 363-366.
11. *11. WOOD-HILL A. and PAIN E. D. On the construction of a concrete railway viaduct. Instn Civ. Engrs Mins Proc., 1904-5, 160, 1-61.
12. 226 (Glenfinnan had expansion joints at the crown)
13. RENNIE G. On the employment of Rubble Béton, or concrete. Instn Civ. Engrs Mins Proc. 1857, 16, 427-431.
14. Coignet's artificial stone. Engineering, 1869, 8, 274, 277. [Coignet's work was widely publicized at the 1867 Paris exhibition. While there is no direct evidence of any influence on Fowler and his colleagues, it is a remarkable coincidence that Fowler's work followed the exhibition in the same year.]
15. COIGNET F. Bétons agglomèrés appliqués à l'art de construire. Paris, 1861. [Also Br. Pat. 2659, 1855.]
16. WAYSS G. A. Das System Monier. Berlin and Vienna, 1887.
17. KOENEN M. Für die Berechnung der Stärke der Monierschen Cementsplatts. Centralblatt der Bauverhaltung, 1886.
18. BEER W. The Monier system of construction, Instn Civ. Engrs Mins Proc., 1898, 133, 376-392.
19. DE COURCY J. W. The emergence of reinforced concrete 1750-1910. Struct. Engr, 1987, 65a, 315-322.
20. HAMILTON S. B. A note on the history of reinforced concrete in buildings. National Building Studies, Special report 24, 1956.
21. HAEGERMANN G. et al. Vom Caementium zum Zement, Vol. 1. Bauverlag, Wiesbaden, 1964.
22. *22. TAYLOR F. W. and THOMPSON S. E. Concrete: plain and reinforced. Wiley, New York, 1905-17, 1st, 2nd and 3rd edns.
23. LABRUM E. A. PHEW Newsl., 1996, 69, Mar., 4.
24. New Civ. Engr, 1996, 25 Jan., 4.
25. W. & T. PHILLIPS. Architectural iron construction. London, 1870. [Gives no clue to its application with concrete.]
26. *26. INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. Preliminary and interim report of the committee on reinforced concrete. ICE, London, 1910.
27. TWELVETREES W. N. Reinforced concrete bridges. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1906-7, 1, 171-180, 261-268, 341-319, 417-430. [Most examples are foreign, but Reedsmouth Bridge, Northumberland (1904), comprised a concrete slab reinforced with expanded metal and concrete-encased RSJs (pp. 174-5).]
28. *28. CHRISTOPHE P. Béton armé et ses applications. Beranger, Paris, 1902. [Describes many early bridges.]
29. *29. Much of what follows is taken from L. G. MOUCHEL AND PARTNERS. Mouchel-Hennebique ferro-concrete. Mouchel, London, 1909 (4th edn 1921).
30. Mouchel-Hennebique ferro-concrete. List of works 1897-1919. Mouchel, London, [1920]. [Dates are not always reliable.]
31. CUSACK P. François Hennebique: the specialist organisation and success of ferro-concrete, 1892-1909. Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1984-5, 56, 71-86.
32. Hennebique's work is recorded in the house journal Béton armé.
33. DAVIS A. J. Historic Shropshire bridges strengthened with ferro-concrete. Ferro-concrete, 1919, x, 249-262.
34. OTTER R. A. Civil engineering heritage: southern England. TTL, London, 1994, 149-150 (HEW 172). [This was essentially a repair to a brick arch design which had gone horribly wrong.]
35. Ferro-concrete bridge over the Sutton Drain, Hull. Engineering, 1903, 75, 14, 16.
36. Ferro-concrete bowstring bridge at Purfleet. Engineering, 1904, 78, 582-583.
37. Pont en béton armé} à Surfleet (sic). Génie Civil, 1905, 47, 221.
38. PLATT S. S. On some of the more recent municipal works of Rochdale. Proc. Instn Mun. Engrs, 1913, 39, 396-408;
39. CLAPHAM P. J. and YOUNG B. K. Supplementary load testing of Mellor Spodden concrete and bridges. Bridge Management, 3, 1996, 675-683.
40. LOWE W. E. Berw Bridge, Pontypridd. Ferro-concrete, 1910-1, 2, 211-215.
41. BREAR B. The new ferro-concrete bridge at Iron-bridge, Coalbrookdale. Ferro-concrete, 1910, 1, 19-23.
42. Ferroconcrete bridge at Longtown, Cumberland. Engineering, 1914, 98, 341, plate 23.
43. Ferroconcrete bridge in Crewe Park. Engineer, 1908, 105, 346-348.
44. *43. VON EMPERGER F. Handbuch für Eisenbetonbau, Vol. 3, Part 3: Bruckenbau. Ernst, Berlin, 1908, 216-217. [Lists 69 bridges with spans over 30 m, the largest being that over the Isar at Grunwald with two 70 m spans.] [Newby illustrates several Continental bridges.]
45. Information from Dr R. Cox (HEW 3208).
46. New reinforced concrete viaduct and bridges at Dover. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1922, 17, 399-406.
47. Progress during quarter of a century. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1926, 21, 111-149.
48. Reinforced concrete systems: XII. The Kahn trussed bar. Bldrs J. Concr. Steel Suppl., 1907, 27 March, 38-40.
49. GOULD M. Early Kahn bridges. PHEW Newsl., 1994, 61, March, 1-2.
50. [Other early bridges were those at Great Ayton (c. 1909-11), Wood-bridge (Guildford, 1912) and Wergins (1913). The first bridges with which Owen Williams was involved were Aberavon and Carlisle. The Kahn bridge at Farnworth is described in Engineering, 1912, 93, 286, 288.]
51. York Racecourse. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1908, 3, 487-489.
52. Hartlake Bridge. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1910, 5, 596-598.
53. Ferroconcrete bridge over the River Lagan. Engineer, 1913, 115, 493-494.
54. Ferroconcrete bridge over the River Wansbeck. Engineer, 1909, 108, 444-445.
55. STEINBERG H. E. Twenty-one years' development in reinforced concrete design. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1926, 21, 93-98.
56. The Considère system of reinforced concrete design. Considère, London [1912]. Also List of works, c. 1935.
57. *55. CONSIDÈRE A. Experimental researches on reinforced concrete. McGraw Hill, New York, 1906, 2nd edn.
58. Details of this are available on microfilm in the Concrete Archive at ICE. The first contract was awarded in 1910.
59. Other pre-World War I structures were at Dunblane Footbridge, Sale (widening, 1910), Pont Hiw (1910), Bexhill Railway Footbridge (1911), Pontycryft (1911), Holmwood Station (strengthening, 1911), Dorking Station, Debenham (1912), Biel (1912), Stavenston (1912) and Leeming (1913). Some foundation works for bridges were also supplied.
60. WORKMAN G. C. Some recent works in reinforced concrete. Concr. Inst. Trans., 1912, 4, 18-60.
61. EDMUND COIGNET & CO., Reinforced concrete construction, London, c. 1913. These included footbridges over railway tracks at Heigham-Hellesden (Norwich) and Erith and two walkways connecting warehouses. A 180 ft long beam and trestle road bridge in five spans (maximum span 40 ft) was erected at Mauld near Inverness, including concrete fenders in the piers. Two 27 ft span beam and slab bridges were erected at Saltley, Birmingham, almost certainly using parapet girders.
62. Reinforced concrete bridge at King's Cross Station. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1912, 7, 780-784.
63. Reinforced concrete bowstring bridge for the Powell Duffryn Coal Company. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1912, 7, 150-152,
64. Handbook of standard steel and reinforced concrete construction. D. G. Somerville & Co., London, 1908.
65. Reinforced concrete bridge at Bosmere, Suffolk. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1911, 16, 387-388.
66. *64. MARSH C. F. Reinforced concrete. Constable, London, 1904, 205-207, 377-408, 461-494.
67. MEIK C. S. Reinforced concrete in engineering structures. Proc. Instn Mun. Engrs, 1908-9, 35, 11-46. [Meik was the engineer for Purfleet Pier.]
68. OTTER R. A. (ed.) Civil engineering heritage: southern England. TTSL, London, 1994, 82 (HEW 1087).
69. Expanded steel for reinforced concrete construction. Surveyor, 1912, 41, 864-867.
70. Reinforced concrete bridge at Exmouth. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1910, 5, 845-846.
71. HUTTON S. Exmouth's decade of progress. Proc. Instn Mun. Engrs, 1912, 38, 235-2361.
72. Information from David Greenfield, MICE.
73. Candidate's circular, ICE Archives.
74. STEAD E. Reinforced concrete lining to bridges. Surveyor, 1911, 39, 865.
75. STONE R. M. Bridge building on Sedgemoor. Surveyor, 1912, 41, 864-867.
76. HEW reports on Donyatt North (HEW 1516) and Bottle Bridge (HEW 1515).
77. CAIN W. Theory of solid and braced elastic arches. Van Nostrand, New York, 1908, etc.
78. CAIN W. Theory of steel-concrete arches. Van Nostrand, New York, 2nd edn 1902, 5th edn 1909.
79. Ferro-concrete and the Local Government Board. Engineering, 1910, 89, 207.
80. Also Editorial, Concr. Constr. Engng, 1910, 5, 1.
81. JEFFREYS R. The King's Highway. Batchworth, London, 1949.
82. A reinforced concrete bridge. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1921, 16, 645-646.
83. GUERITTE T. J. A study of the views of M. Freyssinet, designer and constructor of the ferro-concrete viaduct at Elorn-Plougastel. Société des Ingénieurs Civils de France, British Section, 34th ordinary meeting, 1931.
84. Also reported in Struct. Engr.
85. KNIGHT H. S. L. Modern trends in road junction design. Rds Rd Constr., 1937, 15, 294-299.
86. *82. Williams work is described in detail in COTTAM D. Sir Owen Williams. Architectural Association, London, 1986.
87. *83. British bridges. Public Works Congress and Exhibition, London, 1933, 249.
88. [Hereafter referred to as British bridges.]
89. British bridges, 269.
90. Royal Tweed Bridge. Ferro-concrete, 1928, special issue. Mouchel, London.
91. Three new Thames bridges. Engineer, 1933, 156, 17.
92. Chiswick bridge: a new method of jacking open arches. Civ. Engng, 1932, June, 36.
93. The new bridge over the Thames at Chiswick. Engineering, 1932, 133, 665.
94. SCOTT W. L. Construction of Chiswick bridge. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1931, 26, 39-40;
95. SCOTT W. L. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1933, 28, July suppl., 32-46.
96. Twickenham bridge. Civ. Engng, 1933, Mar., 88-91.
97. SCOTT W. L. Twickenham Bridge. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1933, 28, July suppl., 14-20.
98. SOMERS T. P. M. George the Fifth bridge, Glasgow. Instn Civ. Engrs. Mins Proc., 1928-9, 227, 155-186.
99. *93. Road bridges in Great Britain. Concrete Publications, London, 1939, 93
100. (reprinted from Concr. Constr. Engng, Jan.-Apr. 1939).
101. [Hereafter referred to as Road bridges in Great Britain.]
102. WILLIAMS E. O. Montrose bridge. Engineer, 1931, June.
103. British bridges, 435.
104. MASON A. P. Alveley bridge: cantilevered centring. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1937, 32, 453-459.
105. BRC appear to have begun bridge work just before the First World War, with around 14 bridges built by 1923 (BRC structures, BRC, Manchester, 1923). Later BRC structures are described in The concrete way (1928-1933).
106. Road bridges in Great Britain, 26-29.
107. *99. CHETTOE C. S. and ADAMS H. C. Reinforced concrete bridge design. Chapman & Hall, London, 1933 (2nd edn 1938).
108. Road bridges in Great Britain, 45-46.
109. Road bridges in Great Britain, 105-107.
110. Road bridges in Great Britain, 137-141.
111. VON EMPERGER F. Handbuch fur̈ Eisenbetonbau, Vol. 3, Part 3: Bruckenbau. Ernst, Berlin, 1908.
112. SMITH E. C. Influence line diagrams for portal girder bridges. Struct. Engr, 1934, 12, 27-40.
113. [Refers to many Mouchel designs, Bottesford Bridge (1910) was a very rigid structure. Ferroconcrete, 1910, 2, 75-76.]
114. Rigid frame bridges. Cement and Concrete Association, London, c. 1937.
115. British bridges, 144.
116. The design and construction of a new canal bridge. Proc. Instn Mun. Engrs, 1930-1, 57, 21-35.
117. HEYWOOD R. Bridge activities in Lancashire. Proc. Instn Mun. Engrs, 1939-40, 66, 172-200.
118. Reinforced concrete bridge at Wisbech. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1930, 25, 609-611.
119. MCILMOYLE R. L. Reinforced concrete railway bridges. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1930, 25, 37-45.
120. The design of flat slabs was described in HILL, A. W. Reinforced concrete flat slab bridges. Rds Rd Constr., 1938, 16, 294-299.
121. MASON A. P. Rigid frame bridges in reinforced concrete. Struct. Engr, 1933, 11, 478-502.
122. LEEMING J. J. Some portal frames bridges in Oxfordshire. Struct. Engr, 1937, 15, 146-159, 307-402.
123. Aberuthven Bridge, Perth and Kinross. Road bridges in Great Britain, 151.
124. Bridge of Allan. Road bridges in Great Britain, 156-159.
125. Aboyne Bridge, Aberdeenshire. Road bridges in Great Britain, 88-89.
126. British bridges, 204-205 (Stow Bridge, 1925-6),
127. British bridges, 437 (Etive Bridge, 1931-2);
128. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1926, 21, 126 (Free Bridge, King's Lynn);
129. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1927, 22, 82 (Welney Bridge), 416 (Kirkcudbright Bridge).
130. Recent bridges by Sir Owen Williams. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1929, 24, 281-288.
131. BRUCE R. The Great North Road over the Grampians. Instn Civ. Engrs Mins Proc., 1930-1, 232, 113-130.
132. MARSH C. F. Reinforced concrete, Constable, London, 1904, 494, Fig. 468.
133. MORSCH E. Der Eisenbetonbau: Der Bruckenbau Eisenbeton. K. Wittner, Stuttgart, 1933, 5th edn.
134. PATTON Prof. Pfostenfackwerk. Zentbl. Bauwerwaltung, 1907, 558.
135. VON EMPERGER F. Handbuch fur̈ Eisenbetonbau, Vol. 3, Part 3: Bruckenbau. Ernst, Berlin, 1908, 255-257.
136. DONALD D. A. Glasgow-Edinburgh road (Newbridge Bridge). Proc. Inst. Mun. Engrs, 1930-1, 57, 1001-1006.
137. BUCKTON E. J. and CUEREL J. The new Waterloo bridge. Instn Civ. Engrs J., 1943, 20, 145-201.
138. PALMER P. H. Armoured or reinforced concrete. Proc. Instn Mun. Engrs, 1904-5, 31, 343-355.
139. [A letter to Ferro-concrete, 1909, 1, 132,
140. states the first 'ferroconcrete' footbridge was at Copnor near Portsmouth, over the joint L & SWR and LB & SCR line in 1902, but possibly built by Armco. It is possible other early bridges were reinforced with expanded metal (see ref. 134). This was certainly used for precast arched segments for three pinned arch footbridges before the First World War, Railw. Engr, 1914, 35, July, 209-213.]
141. Reigate Hill bridge. Ferro-concrete, 1912, 3, 30-31. [Records in Concrete Archive at ICE.]
142. Railway footbridge: Kew Gardens Station. Ferro-concrete, 1912, 3, 339-341. [Records in Concrete Archive at ICE.]
143. Railway bridge over Enfield Lock. Ferroconcrete, 1909, 1, 102-104.
144. INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. Engineering Conference, Section I: Railways; Section II: Harbours and docks. ICE, London, 1907.
145. BALL J. B. Tests of reinforced concrete structures on the Great Central Railway. Instn Civ. Engrs Mins Proc., 1915, 199, 123-132, 145-229.
146. BALL J. D. W. Reinforced concrete railway structures. Constable, London, 1913.
147. Railway underline bridges. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1929, 24, 91-92.
148. Progress during a quarter of a century. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1926, 21, 135.
149. Reconstruction of Trenance viaduct. Civ. Engng, 1939, July, 260-262.
150. Ferroconcrete railway structures. Railw. Engr, 1908, 29, 257-260.
151. Reinforced concrete viaducts at Valentine's Glen, Northern Ireland. Struct. Engr, 1933, 11, 199-232.
152. MCILMOYLE R. L. Reinforced concrete viaducts near Belfast. Struct. Engr, 1933, 11, 430-443.
153. FOLLENFANT H. G. A precast reinforced concrete underline railway bridge. Instn Civ. Engrs J., 1939, 7, 25-34. [See refs 141 and 145-148 below.]
154. Fabricated concrete railway work. Engineering, 1932, 133, 538-540.
155. Railway over-bridge, Oxshott. Ferro-concrete, 1909,1, 99-101. [This was apparently not precast, although girders at Enfield (ref. 129) were precast on staging above the line and lowered into position.]
156. Precast reinforced concrete footbridge. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1924, 19, 19-22.
157. [From Railway Gaz., 1923, 39, 580-582.]
158. Information from Dr R. Cox, Trinity College (HEW 3026).
159. Mizen Head Bridge. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1910, 5, 847-850. [Some reinforcement was expanded metal, and part was to Ridley and Cammell patents.]
160. Combination pre-cast and in-situ reinforced concrete bridge. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1923, 18, 169-175.
161. WILLS E. Some further notes on Chiswick. Proc. Instn. Mun. Engrs, 1921-2, 48, 707-9.
162. Limeworks railway bridge. Road bridges in Great Britain, 3-7.
163. Dog Lane Bridge, Neasden. Road bridges in Great Britain, 60-61.
164. WOLFF W. V. Reinforced concrete bridge at Kirkcudbright. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1927, 22, 414-420.
165. HUSBAND J. The aesthetic treatment of bridge structures. Instn Civ. Engrs Mins Proc., 1901, 145, 190, 221, 243.
166. The Cement Marketing Company's Everyday uses of Portland cement, five editions (1909-30) records the development of its various forms, colours and textures.
167. Stephen's Road Bridge, Bournemouth. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1922, 17, 523-524.
168. New Dorking to Reigate Road. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1927, 22, 375-376.
169. Reinforced concrete bridge at Hastings. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1922, 17, 537.
170. Colouring a concrete bridge. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1925, 20, 666.
171. Bridge in coloured concrete. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1927, 28, 36-37.
172. British bridges, 105.
173. British bridges, 474-475.
174. British bridges, 457.
175. British bridges, 437.
176. Reinforced concrete in 1926. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1927, 22, 68.
177. Abbey bridge, Leicester. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1931, 26, 1931, 249-250.
178. British bridges, 464-465.
179. MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT. The design of road bridges. Circular No. 224, Roads. Report on the Road Fund 1924-5, 43.
180. Report of the Road Fund, 1925-6, 19-20. [Reports on progress on the issue of the quality of bridge design.]
181. Concrete in 1926. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1927, 22, 1.
182. British bridges, 106-107.
183. British bridges, 192.
184. WELCH G. Viaduct and bridge at Barking. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1927, 22, 243-251. [This viaduct was designed by Mouchel's, with Ayrton responsible for the architectural treatment.]
185. Wadham Road viaduct. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1930, 25, 107-109.
186. VON EMPERGER F. Handbuch fur̈ Eisenbetonbau, Vol. 3, Part 3: Bruckenbau. Ernst, Berlin, 1908, ch. 1. [Other sources suggest Erlauch in 1873.]
187. MOLITOR D. A. Three-hinged masonry arches; long spans especially considered. ASCE Trans., 1898, 40, 31-85.
188. MARSH C. F. Reinforced concrete, 1904, 205-206.
189. New reinforced concrete bridge over the Thames. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1924, 19, 775-778.
190. STROYER R. N. Hinges in reinforced concrete structures. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1924, 19, 207-212.
191. CONSIDÈRE A. Spirally armoured concrete. Engineering, 1910, 89, 578-579.
192. Ferro-concrete bridge at Chateau Thierry. Engineering, 1910, 90, 327, 329.
193. *178. SCOTT W. L. Reinforced concrete bridges. Crosby Lockwood, London, 1925-31 (three editions).
194. SCOTT W. L. Secondary stresses in reinforced concrete arched bridges. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1924, 19, 9-11.
195. Chiswick bridge: lifting the arch. Rds Rd Constr., 1934, 12, 22. [The idea was taken from Freyssinet.]
196. VON EMPERGER F. Handbuch fur Eisenbetonbau, Vol. 3, Part 3: Bruckenbau. Ernst, Berlin, 1908, ch. 1.
197. SCOTT W. L. Reinforced concrete bridges. Crosby Lockwood, London, 1928, 331-333.
198. CHETTOE C. S. and ADAMS H. G. Reinforced concrete bridge design. Chapman & Hall, London, 1933, 344.
199. WOLFF C. V. Reinforced concrete bridge at Kirkcudbright. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1927, 22, 415-420.
200. HENDERSON W. British highway bridge loading. Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs, 1954, 3, 2, 325-373.
201. Wheel loads and tyre widths. Surveyor, 1911, 39, 556-559.
202. CONCRETE INSTITUTE. Loads on highway bridges; report of a joint committee. London, 1918 (2nd edn 1926 by Institution of Structural Engineers).
203. MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT. Standard load for highway bridges. MoT, London, June 1922.
204. MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT. Report on the Road Fund 1921-22. MoT, London, 1923.
205. Reinforced concrete road bridges. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1923, 18, 721-733.
206. WEAVER L. T. Fingringhoe bridge, Essex. Aluminous cement in bridge construction. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1924, 19, 213-216.
207. King George V Bridge, Glasgow. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1928, 23, 2.
208. Warwick Road Bridge, Stretford. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1925, 20, 510-512.
209. HAWKINS J. F. and MITCHELL C. G. General construction of bridges. Public Works, Roads and Transport Congress, 1923, 218-235.
210. WILLIAMS O. E. Beam and slab concrete highway bridges. Instn Mun. Engrs J., 1926;
211. repeated in Concr. Constr. Engng, 1926, 21, 359-363.
212. WILLIAMS O. E. Letter on the Bridge Stress Committee. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1929, 24, 180.
213. MASON A. P. The design of reinforced concrete arch ribs: an accurate shortcut method. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1924, 19, 143-150.
214. CARPENTER H. Design of arched bridges with fixed supports. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1930, 25, 612-622, 673-684.
215. MANNING G. P. Reinforced concrete arch design. Pitman, London, 1933
216. (originally published in Concr. Constr. Engng, 1930-1).
217. SCOTT W. L. Design of reinforced concrete slabs. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1930, 24, 167, 221, 293.
218. PIGEAUD. Recherches sur les plaques rectangulaires appuyées à leur pouvoir. Annls Ponts Chaussées, 1921, 5-47.
219. MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT. Standard loading for highway bridges. HMSO, London, 1931.
220. HARGREAVES G. H. The application of the equivalent loading curve for bridges. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1931, 26, 661-669.
221. SCOTT E. A. Tables for slabs designed to Ministry of Transport load and stress requirements. Struct. Engr, 1934, 12, 382-392.
222. WESTERGAARD H. M. Computation of stresses in bridge slabs due to wheel loads. Publ. Rds, 1930, 11, 1.
223. BS 153: British Standard Specification for Girder Bridges: Parts 1 & 2 (1922): materials and workmanship;
224. Parts 3, 4 & 5 (1923): loads and stresses, details of construction, erection; Parts 3, 4 & 5 (1923): appendix no. 1 (1925): tables of British Standard unit loadings; Parts 1 & 2 (1933); Parts 3, 4 & 5 (1937).
225. DSIR. Bridge Stress Committee. Report. HMSO, London, 1928.
226. GRIBBLE C. Impact in railway bridges with particular reference to the report of the Bridge Stress Committee. Instn Civ. Engrs Mins Proc., 1928-9, 228, 46-153.
227. INGLIS C. E. Impact in railway bridges. Instn Civ. Engrs Mins Proc., 1931-2, 234, 350-444.
228. FOXLEE, R. W. and GREET E. H. Hammer blow impact on the main girders of railway bridges. Instn Civ. Engrs Mins Proc., 1933-4, 237, 239-418.
229. CHETTOE C. S. Testing concrete bridges. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1931, 26, 5-7.
230. WALLBANK E. J. The performance of concrete in bridges. HMSO, London, 1989.
231. MALLETT G. P. Repair of concrete bridges. Thomas Telford, London, 1994.
232. W. H. THOMAS & PARTNERS. Free Bridge Jackfield. Condition report. March 1986, Ref 928/85/SJP/JM.
233. COGSWELL G. and HERBERT A. P. A25 Woodbridge (old) Guildford Bridge. Highw. Transpn, 1991, Sept., 7.
234. MACCRAITH S. Performance of an 80-year-old reinforced concrete bridge in an extreme environment. Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on corrosion of reinforcement in concrete construction, Society of Chemical Industry, 1990, 188.
235. Information from David Greenfield, MICE. The original bridge is described in: New reinforced concrete bridge at Taunton. Concr. Constr. Engng, 1923, 18, 20-24.
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237. PALMER J. and COGSWELL G. Bridge strengthening in practice. Bridge maintenance 2, 1993, 912-920.
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