Characterization of Growth Parameters Needed as Inputs for Pig Growth Models

Journal of Animal Science

Volumn 74, Issue 8, 1996, Pages 2021-2036

  Schinckel, A P ^a   De Lange, C F M ^b  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Growth; Growth Traits; Models; Pigs

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BODY WEIGHT; DIET; EATING; ENERGY METABOLISM; FAT INTAKE; FEMALE; GENETICS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; MALE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN INTAKE; REVIEW; STANDARD; SWINE;

ANIMALS; BODY WEIGHT; DIET; DIETARY FATS; DIETARY PROTEINS; EATING; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEMALE; MALE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; SWINE;

EID: 0030208979     PISSN: 00218812     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2527/1996.7482021x     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Akridge, J. T., B. W. Brorsen, L. D. Whipker, J. C. Forrest, C. H. Kuei, and A. P. Schinckel. 1992. Evaluation of alternative techniques to determine pork carcass value. J. Anim. Sci. 70:18.
2. Anugwa, F.O.I., V. H. Varel, J. S. Dickson, W. G. Pond, and L. P. Krook. 1989. Effects of dietary fiber and protein concentration on growth, feed efficiency, visceral organ weight and large intestine microbial populations of swine. J. Nutr. 119:879.
3. ARC. 1981. The Nutrient Requirements of Pigs. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, England.
4. Bark, L. J., T. S. Stahly, and G. L. Cromwell. 1988. Energy intake of pigs from high and low lean growth genotypes. J. Anim. Sci. 66(Suppl. 1):136 (Abstr.).
5. Bikker, P. 1994. Protein and lipid accretion in body components of growing pigs. Effects of body weight and nutrient intake. Ph.D. thesis. Wageningen Agric. Univ., Wageningen, The Netherlands.
6. Black, J. L. 1995. Modeling energy metabolism in the pig - critical evaluation of a simple reference model. In: P. J. Moughan, M.W.A. Verstegen, and M. I. Visser-Reyneveld, ed.) Proc. of the IVth International Workshop on Modeling Nutrient Utilization in the Pig. p 59. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
7. Black, J. L., R. G. Campbell, I. H. Williams, K. J. James, and G. T. Davies. 1986. Simulation of energy and amino acid utilization in the pig. Res. Dev. Agric. 3:121.
8. Black, J. L., G. T. Davies, H. R. Bray, and R. P. Chappie. 1995. Modeling the effect of genotype, environment and health on nutrient utilization. In: A. Danfaer and P. Lescoat (ed.) Proc. 4th Int. Workshop on Modeling Nutrient Utilization in Farm Animals. p 85. Nat. Inst. of Anim. Sci., Tjele, Denmark.
9. Brandt, H. 1987. Development and genetic aspects of feed intake in three breeds of pigs at German test stations and measures to prevent further deterioration. Pig News Info. 8(1):29.
10. Brannaman, J. L., L. L. Christian, M. F. Rothschild, and E. A. Kline. 1984. Predication equation for estimating lean quality in 15 to 50 kg pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 59:991.
11. Branscheid, W., and E. Sack. 1988. Comparison of objective grading devices among extremely different breeds. Pigs News Info. 9: 129.
12. Bridges, T. C., U. W. Turner, E. M. Smith, T. S. Stahly, and O. J. Loewer. 1986. A mathematical procedure for estimating animal growth and body composition. Trans. ASAE. 29:1342.
13. Brown, J. E., H. A. Fitzburgh, Jr., and T. C. Cartwright. 1976. A comparison of nonlinear models for describing weight-age relationships in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 42:810.
14. Cameron, N. D., and M. K. Curran. 1994. Selection for components of efficient lean growth in pigs. 4. Genetic and phenotypic parameter estimates and correlated responses in performance traits with ad-libitum feeding. Anim. Prod. 59:281.
15. Campbell, R. G. 1988. Nutritional constraints to lean tissue accretion in farm animals. Nutr. Res. Rev. 1:233.
16. Campbell, R. G., and M. R. Taverner. 1988. Genotype and sex effects on the relationship between energy intake and protein deposition in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 66:676.
17. Campbell, R. G., M. R. Taverner, and D. M. Curic. 1983. The influence of feeding level from 20 to 45 kg live weight on the performance and body composition of female and entire male pigs. Anim. Prod. 36:193.
18. Campbell, R. G., M. R. Taverner, and D. M. Curic. 1984. Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth body composition and rate of protein deposition of pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg. Anim. Prod. 38:233.
19. Campbell, R. G., M. R. Taverner, and D. M. Curic. 1985a. The influence of feeding level on the protein requirement of pigs between 20 and 45 kg liveweight. Anim. Prod. 40:489.
20. Campbell, R. G., M. R. Taverner, and D. M. Curic. 1985b. Effects of sex and energy intake between 48 and 90 kg live weight on protein deposition in growing pigs. Anim. Prod. 40:497.
21. Chapple, R. P. 1993. Effect of stocking arrangements on pig performance. In: E. S. Batterham (ed.) Manipulating Pig Production IV. p 87. Australian Pig Science Association, Attwood, Victoria, Australia.
22. Christian, L. L., K. L. Strock, and J. P. Carlson. 1980. Effects of protein, breed cross, sex and slaughter weight on swine performance and carcass traits merit. J. Anim. Sci. 51:51.
23. Cleveland, E. R., P. J. Cunningham, and E. R. Peo, Jr. 1982. Selection for lean growth in swine. J. Anim. Sci. 54:719.
24. Cleveland, E. R., R. K. Johnson, R. W. Mandigo, and E. R. Peo, Jr. 1983. Index selection and feed intake restriction in swine. II. Effect on energy utilization. J. Anim. Sci. 56:570.
25. Conniffe, D., and M. A. Moran. 1972. Double sampling with regression in comparative studies of carcass composition. Biometrics 28:1011.
26. Cromwell, G. L., T. R. Cline, J. D. Crenshaw, T. D. Crenshaw, R. C. Ewan, C. R. Hamilton, A. J. Lewis, D. C. Mahan, E. R. Miller, J. E. Pettigrew, L. F. Tribble, and T. L. Veum. 1993. The dietary protein and(or) lysine requirements of barrows and gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 71:1510.
27. Curtis, S. E., C. J. Heidenreich, and T. G. Martin. 1967. Relationship between body weight and chemical composition of pigs at birth. J. Anim. Sci. 26:749.
28. de Greef, K. H. 1992. Prediction of production; Nutrition induced tissue partitioning in growing pigs. Ph.D. Thesis. Wageningen Agric. Univ., Wageningen, The Netherlands.
29. de Haer, L.C.M. 1992. Relevance of eating pattern for selection of growing pigs. Ph.D. Thesis. Res. Inst. For Anim. Prod. (IVO-DLO), Schnoord, Zeist, The Netherlands.
30. de Lange, C.F.M., S. Mohn, and M. Nyachoti. 1995. Partitioning of energy and protein intake in grower-finisher pigs. In M. Ivan (ed.) Anim. Sci. Res and Dev. Proc. 1996 Can. Soc. of Anim. Sci. p 339. Ottawa, Canada.
31. de Lange, C.F.M., J. F. Patience, D. MacDonald, and R. A. Petracek. 1993. Effects of group size and gender on feed intake and growth curves in growing-finishing pigs. Proc. VII World Conf. Anim. Prod. Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta, Canada 3:228.
32. de Lange, C.F.M., and H.W.E. Schreurs. 1995. Principles of model application. In: P. J. Moughan, M.W.A. Versiegen, and M. I. Visser-Reyneveld (ed.) Modeling Growth in the Pig. p 187. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
33. Efron, B. 1982. The jackknife, the bootstrap and other resampling plans. CBMS-NSF Conference Series in Applied Mathematics. Soc. Indust. Appl. Math., Philadelphia, PA.
34. Ellis, M., W. O. Smith, R. Henderson, C. T. Whittemore, and R. Laird. 1983. Comparative performance and body composition of control and selection lines of large white pig. 2. Feed to appetite for a fixed time. Anim. Prod. 36:407.
35. Emmans, G. C. 1995. Energy systems and the prediction of energy and feed intakes. In: P. J. Moughan, M.W.A. Verstegen, and M. I. Visser-Reyneveld (ed.) Modeling Growth in the Pig. p 115. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
36. Emmans, G. C., and I. Kyriazakis. 1989. The prediction of the rate of food intake in growing pigs. In: J. M. Forbes, M. A. Varley, T.L.J. Lawrence, H. Davies, and M. C. Dikethly (ed.) The Voluntary Food Intake of Pigs. Occas. Publ. no. 13, p 110. Br. Soc. Anim. Prod., Edinburgh, Scotland.
37. Engel, B., and P. Wastra. 1991. Increasing precision or reducing expense in regression experiments by using information from a concomitant variable. Biometrics 47:13.
38. Ferguson, N. S., and R. M. Gous. 1993. Evaluation of pig genotypes. 1. Theoretical aspects of measuring genetic parameters. Anim. Prod. 56:233.
39. Ferrell, C. L. 1988. Contribution of visceral organs to animal energy expenditure. J. Anim. Sci. 66 (Suppl. 3):23.
40. Ferrell, C. L., and S. G. Cornelius. 1984. Estimation of body composition of pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 58:903.
41. Fitzhugh, H. A., Jr. 1976. Analysis of growth curves and strategies for altering their shape. J. Anim. Sci. 42:1036.
42. Forbes, J. M., M. A. Varley, T.L.J. Lawrence, H. Davies, and M. C. Dikethly (ed.). 1989. The Voluntary Food Intake of Pigs. Occas. Publ. no. 13, Br. Soc. Anim. Prod., Edinburgh, Scotland.
43. Forrest, J. C., C. H. Kuei, M. W. Orcutt, A. P. Schinckel, J. R. Stouffer, and M. D. Judge. 1989. A review of potential new methods of on-line pork carcass evaluation. J. Anim. Sci. 67: 2164.
44. Fowler, V. R., M. Bichard, and A. Pease. 1976. Objectives in pig breeding. Anim. Prod. 23:365.
45. Fowler, S. H., and M. E. Ensminger. 1960. Interactions between genotype and plane of nutrition in selection for rate of gain in swine. J. Anim. Sci. 19:434.
46. Friesen, K. G., J. C. Nelssen, R. D. Goodband, M. D. Tokach, A. P. Schinckel, and M. E. Einstein. 1996. The use of growth curves for assessing the response to dietary lysine by high-lean gain gilts. Anim. Sci. 62:159.
47. Friesen, K. G., J. L. Nelssen, A. P. Schinckel, R. D. Goodband, M. D. Tokach, and M. E. Einstein. 1994. A novel approach for assessing the response to dietary lysine by high-lean growth gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 71(Suppl. 2):56 (Abstr.).
48. Goll, D.G. 1991. Role of proteinase and protein turnover in muscle growth and meat quality. Recip. Meat Conf. Proc. 44:25.
49. Gresham, J. D., S. R. McPeake, J. K. Bernard, and H. H. Henderson. 1992. Commercial adaptation of ultrasonography to predict pork carcass composition from live animal and carcass measurements. J. Anim. Sci. 70:631.
50. Gresham, J. D., S. R. McPeake, J. K. Bernard, M. J. Riemann, R. W. Wyatt, and H. H. Henderson. 1994. Prediction of live and carcass characteristics of market hogs by use of a single longitudinal ultrasonic scan. J. Anim. Sci. 72:1409.
51. Gu, Y., A. P. Schinckel, T. G. Martin, J. C. Forrest, C. H. Kuei, and L. E. Watkins. 1992. Genotype and treatment biases in estimation of carcass lean of swine. J. Anim. Sci. 70:1708.
52. Halter, H. M., C. Wenk, and A. Schurch. 1980. Effect of feeding level and feed composition on energy utilization, physical activity and growth performance of piglets. In: L. E. Mount (ed.) Energy Metabolism. p 195. Butterworths, London, England.
53. Henken, A. M., W. van der Hel, H. A. Brandsma, and M.W.A. Verstegen. 1991. Differences in energy metabolism and protein retention of limit-fed growing pigs of several breeds. J. Anim. Sci. 69:1443.
54. Jongbloed, A. W., and N. P. Lenis. 1991. Nutrition as a means to reduce environmental pollution by pigs. Proc. 42nd Annual Meeting of EAAP, Berlin, Germany.
55. Kanis, E. 1988. Food intake capacity in relation to breeding and feeding of growing pigs. Thesis. Univ. of Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
56. Kanis, E. 1990. New approaches to improve growth and food efficiency in pigs. Proc. 4th World Cong. on Genetic Appl. to Livest. Prod. 16:256.
57. Kanis, E., and W. J. Koops. 1990. Daily gain, food intake and food efficiency in pigs during the growing period. Anim. Prod. 50: 353.
58. Kennedy, B. W., J.H.J. van der Werf, and T.H.E. Meuwissen. 1993. Genetic and statistical properties of residual feed intake. J. Anim. Sci. 72:3239.
59. Klasing, K. C., B. J. Johnstone, and B. N. Benson. 1991. Implications of an immune response on growth and nutrient requirements of chicks. In: W. Haresign, and D.J.A. Cole (ed.) Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. pp 135-147. Univ. of Nottingham Press, Nottingham, U.K.
60. Koong, L. J., J. A. Nienaber, and H. J. Mersmann. 1983. Effects of plane of nutrition on organ size and fasting heat production in genetically lean and obese pigs. J. Nutr. 113:1626.
61. McLaren, D. G., J. Novakofski, D. F. Parrett, L. L. Lo, S. D. Singh, K. R. Neumann, and F. K. McKeith. 1990. A study of operator effects on ultrasonic measures of fat depth and longissimus muscle area in cattle, sheep, and pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 69:54.
62. McPhee, C. P. 1981. Selection for efficient lean growth in a pig herd. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 32:681.
63. McPhee, C. P. 1985. Experiments on selection for efficiency of lean growth in pigs. Proc. 5th Conf. Australian Assoc. Anim. Breed. Genet. p 310. Sydney, Australia.
64. Millar, T. R., M. A. Martin, P. V. Preckel, and A. P. Schinckel. 1990. Impact of ractopamine use on hog slaughter weight, feeding period, and returns with a lean-value pricing system. Purdue Agric. Econ. Rep. 8:13.
65. Mitchell, G., C. Smith, M. Makowes, and P.J.W.N. Bird. 1982. An economic appraisal of pig improvement in Great Britain. Anim. Prod. 35:215.
66. Moughan, P. J. 1989. Simulation of the daily partitioning of lysine in the 50 kg liveweight pig - A factorial approach to estimating amino acid requirements for growth and maintenance. Res. Dev. Agric. 6:7.
67. Moughan, P. J. 1992. The development of swine growth models and their potential in practical swine production. Proc. NPPC Lean Growth Modeling Symp. p 29. NPPC, Des Moines, IA.
68. Moughan, P. J., R. T. Kerr, and W. C. Smith. 1995. The role of simulation models in the development of economically-optimal feeding regimens for the growing pig. In: P. J. Moughan, M.W.A. Verstegen, and M. I. Visser-Reyneveld (ed.) Modeling Growth in the Pig. p 209. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
69. Moughan, P. J., W. C. Smith, and G. Pearson. 1987. Description and validation of a model simulating growth in the pig (20-90 kg liveweight). N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 30:481.
70. Moughan, P. J., and M.W.A. Verstegen. 1988. The modeling of growth in the pig. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 36:145.
71. Mrode, R. A., and B. W. Kennedy. 1993. Genetic variation in measures of food efficiency and their genetic relationships with growth rate and backfat. Anim. Prod. 56:225.
72. Noblet, J., and Y. Henry. 1991. Energy evaluation systems in pig diets. In: E. S. Batterham (ed.) Manipulating Pig Production III. p 87. Australian Pig Science Association, Attwood, Victoria, Australia.
73. Noblet, J., X. S. Shi, and S. Dubois. 1993. Energy cost of standing activity in sows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 34:127.
74. Nossaman, D. A., L. F. Miller, S. E. Mills, and A. P. Schinckel. 1991. Interaction of somatotropin and genotype on the requirement for energy in two lines of finishing pigs. J. Nutr. 121:223.
75. NPPC. 1991. Procedures to evaluate market hogs. National Pork Producers Council, Des Moines, IA.
76. NPPC. 1994. Fat-free lean index users guide. National Pork Producers Council, Des Moines, IA.
77. NPPC. 1995. Genetic evaluation terminal line program results. National Pork Producers Council, Des Moines, IA.
78. NRC. 1986. Predicting feed intake of food producing animals. National Academic Press, Washington, DC.
79. NRC. 1988. Nutrient requirements of swine. National Academic Press, Washington, DC.
80. Orcutt, M. W., J. C. Forrest, M. D. Judge, A. P. Schinckel, and C. H. Kuei. 1990. Practical means for estimating pork carcass composition. J. Anim. Sci. 68:3987.
81. Palmer, G. Y., A. P. Schinckel, and M. E. Einstein. 1993. Evaluation of lean growth of seven genotypes of swine. J. Anim. Sci. 71(Suppl. 1):244 (Abstr.).
82. Parks, J. R. 1982. A Theory of Feeding and Growth in Animals. Springer Verlag, New York.
83. Planella, J., and G. L. Cook. 1991. Accuracy and consistency of prediction of pig carcass lean concentration from P2 fat thickness and sample joint dissection. Anim. Prod. 53:345.
84. Pomar, C., D. L. Harris, and F. Minvielle. 1991. Computer simulation model of swine production systems: I. Modeling the growth of young pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 69:1468.
85. Quiniou, N., J. Noblet, J. van Milgen, and J. Y. Dourmad. 1995. Effect of energy intake on performance, nutrient and tissue gain and protein and energy utilization in growing boars. Anim. Sci. 61:133.
86. Rae, W., S.D.M. Jones, and B. W. Kennedy. 1985. Pork carcass grading: The magnitude of breed and sex biases in the prediction of meat yield from a single fat measurement. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 65:619.
87. Rao, D. S., and K. J. MacCracken. 1991. Effect of energy intake on protein and energy metabolism of boars of high genetic potential for lean growth. Anim. Prod. 52:499.
88. Schinckel, A. P. 1991. Optimizing lean growth in swine - a genetic perspective. Proc. Can. Annu. Conf. for Feed Manufacturers, Guelph, Ontario.
89. Schinckel, A. P. 1993. Statistical method to reduce subpopulation or treatment biases. Proc. 3rd Lean Growth Trial Update, West Lafayette, IN.
90. Schinckel, A. P. 1994a. Nutrient requirements of modern pig genotypes. In: P. C. Garnsworthy, and D.J.A. Cole (ed.) Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. p 133. Univ. of Nottingham Press, Nottingham, U.K.
91. Schinckel, A. P. 1994b. The minimum number of traits for an accurate description of growth. In: Proc. 5th World Cong. on Genetics Appl. Livest. Prod. Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, Canada. 19:177.
92. Schinckel, A. P., E. P. Berg, J. R. Wagner, W. F. Chen, and J. C. Forrest. 1995a. A method to reduce genotype and sex bias in prediction equations estimating pork carcass value. J. Anim. Sci. 73(Suppl. 1):162 (Abstr.).
93. Schinckel, A. P., and M. E. Einstein. 1995. Development of maximum commercially achievable growth curves and amino acid requirements. In: Maximizing Grow-Finish Performance Proc. 1995 Amer. Assoc. of Swine Pract., Omaha, NE.
94. Schinckel, A. P., P. V. Preckel, and M. E. Einstein. 1996. Prediction of daily protein accretion rates of pigs from estimates of fat-free lean gain between 20 and 120 kilograms live weight. J. Anim. Sci. 74:498.
95. Schinckel, A. P., N. H. Williams, and M. E. Einstein. 1995b. Concepts of pig growth. Agric. Res. Bull. No. 992. Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
96. Shields, R. G., Jr., D. C. Mahan, and P. L. Graham. 1983. Changes in swine body composition from birth to 145 kg. J. Anim. Sci. 57:43.
97. Shoup, M., W. Chen, J. C. Forrest, A. P. Schinckel, and D. Meisinger. 1991. Effects of recombinant porcine somatotropin, slaughter weight, and genotype on carcass lean gain, fat gain, and lean gain efficiency. J. Anim. Sci. 70(Suppl. 1):304 (Abstr.).
98. Smith, B. S., W. R. Jones, J. D. Hough, D. L. Huffman, W. B. Mikel, and D. R. Mulvaney. 1992. Prediction of carcass characteristics by real-time ultrasound in barrows and gilts slaughtered at three weights. J. Anim. Sci. 70:2304.
99. Smith, C., and V. R. Fowler. 1978. The importance of selection criteria and feeding regimes in the selection and improvement in pigs. Livest. Prod. Sci. 5:415.
100. Stahly, T. S. 1989. Nutrition and Nutrition Management Effects on Swine Carcass Composition. Proc. 1989. National Feed Ingred. Inst., Chicago, IL.
101. Stahly, T. S., G. L. Cromwell, and D. Terhune. 1991. Responses of high, medium and low lean growth genotypes to dietary amino acid regimen. J. Anim. Sci. 69 (Suppl. 1):364 (Abstr.).
102. Stant, E. G., Jr., T. G. Martin, M. D. Judge, and R. B. Harrington. 1968. Physical separation and chemical analysis of the porcine carcass at 23, 46, 68 and 91 kilograms liveweight. J. Anim. Sci. 27:636.
103. Stouffer, J. R., and J. R. Westervelt. 1977. A review of ultrasonic applications in animals science. J. Clin. Ultrasound 5:124.
104. Stranks, M. H., B. C. Cooke, C. B. Fairbairn, N. G. Fowler, P. S. Kirby, K. J. McCracken, C. A. Morgan, F. G. Palmer, and D. G. Peers. 1988. Nutrient allowances for growing pigs. Res. Dev. Agric. 5:77.
105. Sun, F., T. Kuczek, and A. P. Schinckel. 1993b. Multivariate double sampling in the estimation of swine growth curves. Proc. 3rd Lean Growth Trial Update, West Lafayette, IN.
106. Sun, F., A. P. Schinckel, M. E. Einstein, L. Yuan, and R. Rardin. 1993a. Solution and testing of a three-parameter growth curve in a two stage procedure. Proc. 3rd Lean Growth Trial Update, West Lafayette, IN.
107. Swantek, P. M., J. D. Crenshaw, M. J. Marchello, and H. C. Lukaski. 1992. Bioelectrical impedance: A nondestructive method to determine fat-free mass of live market swine and pork carcasses. J. Anim. Sci. 70:169.
108. Technisch Model Varkensvoeding (TMV). 1994. Proefstation voor de varkens houderij, Rosmalen, The Netherlands.
109. Tess, M. W., G. L. Bennett, and G. E. Dickerson. 1983. Simulation of genetic changes in life cycle efficiency of pork production. I. A bioeconomic model. J. Anim. Sci. 56:336.
110. ™ Pork Production Simulator. Proc. NPPC Lean Growth Modeling Symp. p 175. NPPC, Des Moines, IA.
111. Varga, G. A., and H. F. Tyrrell. 1989. Effect of prior rate of gain and end weight on energy metabolism, visceral organ mass and body composition of Angus x Hereford steers. In: Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals. EEAAP Publ. No. 43. p 287. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
112. Verstegen, M.W.A., A.M. Henken, and W. van der Hell. 1987. Influence of some environmental, animal and feeding factors on energy metabolism in growing pigs. In: M.W.A. Verstegen and A.M. Henken (ed.) Energy Metabolism in Farm Animals, Effects of Housing Stress and Disease. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Hingham, MA.
113. Wagner, J. R. 1992. Genotype and sex biases in the estimation of pork carcass composition. M.S. Thesis. Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
114. Wagner, J. R., A. P. Schinckel, W. Chen, J. C. Forrest, and B. L. Coe. 1995. Body composition of swine during growth and development. J. Anim. Sci. 73 (Suppl. 1):141 (Abstr.).
115. Wagner, J. R., A. P. Schinckel, and J. C. Forrest. 1993. Genotype and sex biases in the estimation of pork carcass composition. Proc. National Swine Improv. Fed. p 47. St. Louis, MO.
116. Walstra, P. 1980. Growth and carcass composition from birth to maturity in relation to feeding level and sex in Dutch Landrace pigs. Thesis. Agric. Univ. Wageningen, The Netherlands.
117. Watt, D. L., J. A. DeShazer, R. C. Ewan, R. L. Harold, D. C. Mahan, and G. D. Schwab. 1987. NCCI/Swine: Housing, nutrition, and growth simulation model. Appl. Agric. Res. 2:218.
118. Webb, A. J. 1989. Genetics of feed intake in the pigs. In: The Voluntary Feed Intake of Pig. Occas. Publ. no. 13, p 41. Br. Soc. Animal Prod., Edinburgh, Scotland.
119. Webb, A. J., and M. K. Curran. 1986. Selection regime by production system interaction in pig improvement: A review of possible causes and solutions. Livest. Prod. Sci. 14:41.
120. White, B. R., Y. H. Lan, F. K. McKeith, J. Novakofski, M. B. Wheeler, and D. G. McLaren. 1995. Growth and body composition of Meishan and Yorkshire barrows and gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 73:738.
121. Whittemore, C. T. 1983. Development of recommended energy and protein allowances for growing pigs. Agric. Syst. 11:159.
122. Whittemore, C. T. 1986. An approach to a pig growth modeling. J. Anim. Sci. 63:615.
123. Whittemore, C. T., and R. H. Fawcett. 1976. Theoretical aspects of a flexible model to simulate protein and lipid growth in pigs. Anim. Prod. 22:87.
124. Whittemore, C. T., J. C. Kerr, and N. D. Cameron. 1995. An approach to prediction of feed intake in growing pigs using simple body measurements. Agric. Syst. 47:235.
125. Whittemore, C. T., J. B. Tullis, and G. C. Emmans. 1988. Protein growth in pigs. Anim. Prod. 46:437.
126. Williams, N. H. 1994. Impact of genetic and environmental factors on the growth of the young pig. Proc. Am. Assoc. Swine Pract., Chicago, IL. p 185.
127. Williams, N. H., T. R. Cline, A. P. Schinckel, and D. J. Jones. 1994. The impact of ractopamine, energy intake, and dietary fat on finisher pig growth performance and carcass merit. J. Anim. Sci. 72:3152.
128. Woltman, M. D., A. C. Clutter, and D. S. Buchanan. 1995. Effect of divergent selection for postweaning average daily gain on front-end structural soundness of market-weight pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1940.
129. Woltman, M. D., A. C. Clutter, D. S. Buchanan, and H. G. Dolezal. 1992. Growth and carcass characteristics of pigs selected for fast or slow gain in relation to feed intake and efficiency. J. Anim. Sci. 70:1049.