Science, power, bodies: The mobilization of nature as state formation

Journal of Historical Sociology

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 139-167

  Carroll, Patrick ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0030167182     PISSN: 09521909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6443.1996.tb00181.x     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Chandra Mukerji, 'Visualizations of Military Engineering in 17th Century France' (unpublished), 1.
2. Sharon Traweek, Beamtimes & Lifetimes: The World of High-Energy Physics (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).
3. For instance, Bruno Latour & Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Chandra Mukerji, A Fragile Power: Scientists and the State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Andrew Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, and Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991); Steven Shapin, 'History of Science and its Sociological Reconstructions', In History of Science 20: 157-211; David C. Lindberg & Robert S. Westman (eds.), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
4. For instance, Bruno Latour & Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Chandra Mukerji, A Fragile Power: Scientists and the State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Andrew Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, and Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991); Steven Shapin, 'History of Science and its Sociological Reconstructions', In History of Science 20: 157-211; David C. Lindberg & Robert S. Westman (eds.), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
5. For instance, Bruno Latour & Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Chandra Mukerji, A Fragile Power: Scientists and the State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Andrew Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, and Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991); Steven Shapin, 'History of Science and its Sociological Reconstructions', In History of Science 20: 157-211; David C. Lindberg & Robert S. Westman (eds.), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
6. For instance, Bruno Latour & Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Chandra Mukerji, A Fragile Power: Scientists and the State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Andrew Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, and Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991); Steven Shapin, 'History of Science and its Sociological Reconstructions', In History of Science 20: 157-211; David C. Lindberg & Robert S. Westman (eds.), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
7. For instance, Bruno Latour & Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Chandra Mukerji, A Fragile Power: Scientists and the State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Andrew Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, and Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991); Steven Shapin, 'History of Science and its Sociological Reconstructions', In History of Science 20: 157-211; David C. Lindberg & Robert S. Westman (eds.), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
8. For instance, Bruno Latour & Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Chandra Mukerji, A Fragile Power: Scientists and the State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Andrew Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, and Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991); Steven Shapin, 'History of Science and its Sociological Reconstructions', In History of Science 20: 157-211; David C. Lindberg & Robert S. Westman (eds.), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
9. For instance, Bruno Latour & Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Chandra Mukerji, A Fragile Power: Scientists and the State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Andrew Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, and Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991); Steven Shapin, 'History of Science and its Sociological Reconstructions', In History of Science 20: 157-211; David C. Lindberg & Robert S. Westman (eds.), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
10. Chandra Mukerji, 'The Political Mobilization of Nature in Seventeenth Century French Formal Gardens', Theory and Society 23: 651-677 (1994); A Fragile Power (1989).
11. Chandra Mukerji, 'The Political Mobilization of Nature in Seventeenth Century French Formal Gardens', Theory and Society 23: 651-677 (1994); A Fragile Power (1989).
12. Steven Shapin & Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985).
13. See Peter Alter, The Reluctant Patron: Science and the State in Britain 1850-1920 (Oxford: Berg, 1987); Philip Gummett, Scientists in Whitehall (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980); A. Hunter Depree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957); Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine & Politics in Ireland 1900-1970 (Dublin, 1987); Peter Kneen, Soviet Scientists and the State (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984); Arleen Marcia Tuchman, Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany: The Case of Baden 1815-1871 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); William McGucken, Scientists, Society, and State: The Social Relations of Science Movement in Great Britain 1931-1947 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984).
14. See Peter Alter, The Reluctant Patron: Science and the State in Britain 1850-1920 (Oxford: Berg, 1987); Philip Gummett, Scientists in Whitehall (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980); A. Hunter Depree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957); Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine & Politics in Ireland 1900-1970 (Dublin, 1987); Peter Kneen, Soviet Scientists and the State (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984); Arleen Marcia Tuchman, Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany: The Case of Baden 1815-1871 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); William McGucken, Scientists, Society, and State: The Social Relations of Science Movement in Great Britain 1931-1947 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984).
15. See Peter Alter, The Reluctant Patron: Science and the State in Britain 1850-1920 (Oxford: Berg, 1987); Philip Gummett, Scientists in Whitehall (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980); A. Hunter Depree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957); Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine & Politics in Ireland 1900-1970 (Dublin, 1987); Peter Kneen, Soviet Scientists and the State (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984); Arleen Marcia Tuchman, Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany: The Case of Baden 1815-1871 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); William McGucken, Scientists, Society, and State: The Social Relations of Science Movement in Great Britain 1931-1947 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984).
16. See Peter Alter, The Reluctant Patron: Science and the State in Britain 1850-1920 (Oxford: Berg, 1987); Philip Gummett, Scientists in Whitehall (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980); A. Hunter Depree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957); Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine & Politics in Ireland 1900-1970 (Dublin, 1987); Peter Kneen, Soviet Scientists and the State (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984); Arleen Marcia Tuchman, Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany: The Case of Baden 1815-1871 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); William McGucken, Scientists, Society, and State: The Social Relations of Science Movement in Great Britain 1931-1947 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984).
17. See Peter Alter, The Reluctant Patron: Science and the State in Britain 1850-1920 (Oxford: Berg, 1987); Philip Gummett, Scientists in Whitehall (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980); A. Hunter Depree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957); Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine & Politics in Ireland 1900-1970 (Dublin, 1987); Peter Kneen, Soviet Scientists and the State (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984); Arleen Marcia Tuchman, Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany: The Case of Baden 1815-1871 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); William McGucken, Scientists, Society, and State: The Social Relations of Science Movement in Great Britain 1931-1947 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984).
18. See Peter Alter, The Reluctant Patron: Science and the State in Britain 1850-1920 (Oxford: Berg, 1987); Philip Gummett, Scientists in Whitehall (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980); A. Hunter Depree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957); Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine & Politics in Ireland 1900-1970 (Dublin, 1987); Peter Kneen, Soviet Scientists and the State (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984); Arleen Marcia Tuchman, Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany: The Case of Baden 1815-1871 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); William McGucken, Scientists, Society, and State: The Social Relations of Science Movement in Great Britain 1931-1947 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984).
19. See Peter Alter, The Reluctant Patron: Science and the State in Britain 1850-1920 (Oxford: Berg, 1987); Philip Gummett, Scientists in Whitehall (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980); A. Hunter Depree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957); Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine & Politics in Ireland 1900-1970 (Dublin, 1987); Peter Kneen, Soviet Scientists and the State (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984); Arleen Marcia Tuchman, Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany: The Case of Baden 1815-1871 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); William McGucken, Scientists, Society, and State: The Social Relations of Science Movement in Great Britain 1931-1947 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984).
20. For instance, Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991 [1985]); Claude Denis, 'The Genesis of American Capitalism: an Historical Inquiry into State Theory', In Journal of Historical Sociology 2:4 (1989); Derek Sayer, The Violence of Abstraction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Colin Gordon (ed.) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings, 1972-1977 (New York: Pantheon, 1980); L.D. Kritzman (ed.), Michel Foucault: Politics, Philosophy, Culture - Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984 (New York: Routledge, 1988); Paul Rabinow (ed.), The Foucault Reader (New York: Pantheon, 1984); Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: An Introduction (NY: Vintage, 1990) ; Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Middlesex: Peregrine, 1979).
21. For instance, Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991 [1985]); Claude Denis, 'The Genesis of American Capitalism: an Historical Inquiry into State Theory', In Journal of Historical Sociology 2:4 (1989); Derek Sayer, The Violence of Abstraction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Colin Gordon (ed.) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings, 1972-1977 (New York: Pantheon, 1980); L.D. Kritzman (ed.), Michel Foucault: Politics, Philosophy, Culture - Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984 (New York: Routledge, 1988); Paul Rabinow (ed.), The Foucault Reader (New York: Pantheon, 1984); Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: An Introduction (NY: Vintage, 1990) ; Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Middlesex: Peregrine, 1979).
22. For instance, Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991 [1985]); Claude Denis, 'The Genesis of American Capitalism: an Historical Inquiry into State Theory', In Journal of Historical Sociology 2:4 (1989); Derek Sayer, The Violence of Abstraction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Colin Gordon (ed.) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings, 1972-1977 (New York: Pantheon, 1980); L.D. Kritzman (ed.), Michel Foucault: Politics, Philosophy, Culture - Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984 (New York: Routledge, 1988); Paul Rabinow (ed.), The Foucault Reader (New York: Pantheon, 1984); Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: An Introduction (NY: Vintage, 1990) ; Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Middlesex: Peregrine, 1979).
23. For instance, Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991 [1985]); Claude Denis, 'The Genesis of American Capitalism: an Historical Inquiry into State Theory', In Journal of Historical Sociology 2:4 (1989); Derek Sayer, The Violence of Abstraction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Colin Gordon (ed.) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings, 1972-1977 (New York: Pantheon, 1980); L.D. Kritzman (ed.), Michel Foucault: Politics, Philosophy, Culture - Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984 (New York: Routledge, 1988); Paul Rabinow (ed.), The Foucault Reader (New York: Pantheon, 1984); Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: An Introduction (NY: Vintage, 1990) ; Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Middlesex: Peregrine, 1979).
24. For instance, Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991 [1985]); Claude Denis, 'The Genesis of American Capitalism: an Historical Inquiry into State Theory', In Journal of Historical Sociology 2:4 (1989); Derek Sayer, The Violence of Abstraction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Colin Gordon (ed.) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings, 1972-1977 (New York: Pantheon, 1980); L.D. Kritzman (ed.), Michel Foucault: Politics, Philosophy, Culture - Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984 (New York: Routledge, 1988); Paul Rabinow (ed.), The Foucault Reader (New York: Pantheon, 1984); Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: An Introduction (NY: Vintage, 1990) ; Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Middlesex: Peregrine, 1979).
25. For instance, Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991 [1985]); Claude Denis, 'The Genesis of American Capitalism: an Historical Inquiry into State Theory', In Journal of Historical Sociology 2:4 (1989); Derek Sayer, The Violence of Abstraction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Colin Gordon (ed.) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings, 1972-1977 (New York: Pantheon, 1980); L.D. Kritzman (ed.), Michel Foucault: Politics, Philosophy, Culture - Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984 (New York: Routledge, 1988); Paul Rabinow (ed.), The Foucault Reader (New York: Pantheon, 1984); Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: An Introduction (NY: Vintage, 1990) ; Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Middlesex: Peregrine, 1979).
26. For instance, Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991 [1985]); Claude Denis, 'The Genesis of American Capitalism: an Historical Inquiry into State Theory', In Journal of Historical Sociology 2:4 (1989); Derek Sayer, The Violence of Abstraction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Colin Gordon (ed.) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings, 1972-1977 (New York: Pantheon, 1980); L.D. Kritzman (ed.), Michel Foucault: Politics, Philosophy, Culture - Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984 (New York: Routledge, 1988); Paul Rabinow (ed.), The Foucault Reader (New York: Pantheon, 1984); Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: An Introduction (NY: Vintage, 1990) ; Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Middlesex: Peregrine, 1979).
27. For instance, Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991 [1985]); Claude Denis, 'The Genesis of American Capitalism: an Historical Inquiry into State Theory', In Journal of Historical Sociology 2:4 (1989); Derek Sayer, The Violence of Abstraction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Colin Gordon (ed.) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings, 1972-1977 (New York: Pantheon, 1980); L.D. Kritzman (ed.), Michel Foucault: Politics, Philosophy, Culture - Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984 (New York: Routledge, 1988); Paul Rabinow (ed.), The Foucault Reader (New York: Pantheon, 1984); Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: An Introduction (NY: Vintage, 1990) ; Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Middlesex: Peregrine, 1979).
28. I should note that I am speaking only to the notion of 'modern western states'. Theorists and historians disagree on the periodization of the formation of such states. I tend to locate their emergence in the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, but see them only being fully formed in the late ninteenth to early twentieth centuries.
29. Philip Corrigan, Social Forms/Human Capacities: Essays in Authority and Difference (London: Routledge 1990). I am particularly grateful for conversations with Professor Corrigan on the problems of contra/diction and dichotomy, and on the difficulties of finding a way beyond dualism.
30. Mukerji, 'Political Mobilization of Nature' (1994), 656.
31. See Charles Cameron, A Manual of Hygiene, Public and Private (Dublin, 1874), 228.
32. See John Law, Modernity, Myth and Materialism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993); Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987); Michel Callon, John Law, & Arie Rip (eds.), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986).
33. See John Law, Modernity, Myth and Materialism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993); Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987); Michel Callon, John Law, & Arie Rip (eds.), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986).
34. See John Law, Modernity, Myth and Materialism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993); Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987); Michel Callon, John Law, & Arie Rip (eds.), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986).
35. Michel Foucault, 'The Confession of the Flesh', in Gordon, Power/ Knowledge (1980), 194.
36. Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women(1991), 200. Haraway uses this phrase to describe bodies as objects of knowledge. I extend it to describe mobile actors who generate such knowledge.
37. Bruno Latour, 'Drawing Things Together', In Michael Lynch and Steve Woolgar (eds), Representation in Scientific Practice (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1990).
38. See Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women (1991). Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
39. See Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women (1991). Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
40. Only so much is possible in a single paper, and there are many limitations to this one. Major forces, for instance, 'capitalism' and 'resistance', are not addressed at all. Rather than treating such issues in a cursory and therefore unsatisfactory manner, I leave them out of the present narrative entirely. No complete account of modern state formation would be adequate, however, without references to such forces. But I believe the approach I am proposing is such that these forces can be fully integrated into the analysis. Working out how precisely to do this is central to my current research.
41. Quoted in Oliver MacDonagh, A New History of Ireland v. 5 (Oxford: Clarenton Press, 1989), 206.
42. See Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science (London, 1857-1875).
43. William Petty, The Political Anatomy of Ireland (London, 1691 [1672]), 7-8.
44. For an early example see William Petty, Severed Essays in Political Arithmetick (London, 1699); An Essay Concerning the Multiplication of Mankind etc. (London, 1686); John Graunt [& William Petty], Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality etc. (London, 1662).
45. For an early example see William Petty, Severed Essays in Political Arithmetick (London, 1699); An Essay Concerning the Multiplication of Mankind etc. (London, 1686); John Graunt [& William Petty], Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality etc. (London, 1662).
46. For an early example see William Petty, Severed Essays in Political Arithmetick (London, 1699); An Essay Concerning the Multiplication of Mankind etc. (London, 1686); John Graunt [& William Petty], Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality etc. (London, 1662).
47. J.P. Frank, A System of Complete Medical Police 6 vols. Edited with an Introduction by Erna Lesky (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, [1779-1819] 1976), 12.
48. Frank, Medical Police (1976), v.
49. Frank, Medical Police (1976), 8.
50. Frank, Medical Police (1976), 100.
51. Frank, Medical Police (1976), ix.
52. Michel Foucault, 'Omnes et Singulatim: Towards a Criticism of Political Reason', In Kritzman, Michel Foucault: Politics, Philosophy, Culture (1988).
53. Quoted in George Rosen, 'The Fate of the Concept of Medical Police 1780-1890', in Centaurus 5-2: 97-113, (1957), 107. See also John Roberton, Medical Police: or, the Causes of Disease, with the Means of Protection: and Rules for Diet, Regimen, etc. (Edinburgh, 1809); James Black, 'Lectures on Public Hygiene and Medical Police', in Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal (1844); W. Strange, 'On the Formation of a System of National Medical Police and Public Hygiene etc.', in London Medical Gazette n.s. II: 452-57 (1846); W. Strange, The Health and Sickness of Town Populations, considered with reference to proposed Sanitary Legislation, and to the Establishment of a Comprehensive System of Medical Police and District Dispensaries etc. (London, 1846); Louis Eisberg, 'The Domain of Medical Police', in American Medical Monthly (1862); David Hosack, Observations on the Means of Improving the Medical Police of the City of New York (1820).
54. Quoted in George Rosen, 'The Fate of the Concept of Medical Police 1780-1890', in Centaurus 5-2: 97-113, (1957), 107. See also John Roberton, Medical Police: or, the Causes of Disease, with the Means of Protection: and Rules for Diet, Regimen, etc. (Edinburgh, 1809); James Black, 'Lectures on Public Hygiene and Medical Police', in Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal (1844); W. Strange, 'On the Formation of a System of National Medical Police and Public Hygiene etc.', in London Medical Gazette n.s. II: 452-57 (1846); W. Strange, The Health and Sickness of Town Populations, considered with reference to proposed Sanitary Legislation, and to the Establishment of a Comprehensive System of Medical Police and District Dispensaries etc. (London, 1846); Louis Eisberg, 'The Domain of Medical Police', in American Medical Monthly (1862); David Hosack, Observations on the Means of Improving the Medical Police of the City of New York (1820).
55. Quoted in George Rosen, 'The Fate of the Concept of Medical Police 1780-1890', in Centaurus 5-2: 97-113, (1957), 107. See also John Roberton, Medical Police: or, the Causes of Disease, with the Means of Protection: and Rules for Diet, Regimen, etc. (Edinburgh, 1809); James Black, 'Lectures on Public Hygiene and Medical Police', in Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal (1844); W. Strange, 'On the Formation of a System of National Medical Police and Public Hygiene etc.', in London Medical Gazette n.s. II: 452-57 (1846); W. Strange, The Health and Sickness of Town Populations, considered with reference to proposed Sanitary Legislation, and to the Establishment of a Comprehensive System of Medical Police and District Dispensaries etc. (London, 1846); Louis Eisberg, 'The Domain of Medical Police', in American Medical Monthly (1862); David Hosack, Observations on the Means of Improving the Medical Police of the City of New York (1820).
56. Quoted in George Rosen, 'The Fate of the Concept of Medical Police 1780-1890', in Centaurus 5-2: 97-113, (1957), 107. See also John Roberton, Medical Police: or, the Causes of Disease, with the Means of Protection: and Rules for Diet, Regimen, etc. (Edinburgh, 1809); James Black, 'Lectures on Public Hygiene and Medical Police', in Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal (1844); W. Strange, 'On the Formation of a System of National Medical Police and Public Hygiene etc.', in London Medical Gazette n.s. II: 452-57 (1846); W. Strange, The Health and Sickness of Town Populations, considered with reference to proposed Sanitary Legislation, and to the Establishment of a Comprehensive System of Medical Police and District Dispensaries etc. (London, 1846); Louis Eisberg, 'The Domain of Medical Police', in American Medical Monthly (1862); David Hosack, Observations on the Means of Improving the Medical Police of the City of New York (1820).
57. Quoted in George Rosen, 'The Fate of the Concept of Medical Police 1780-1890', in Centaurus 5-2: 97-113, (1957), 107. See also John Roberton, Medical Police: or, the Causes of Disease, with the Means of Protection: and Rules for Diet, Regimen, etc. (Edinburgh, 1809); James Black, 'Lectures on Public Hygiene and Medical Police', in Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal (1844); W. Strange, 'On the Formation of a System of National Medical Police and Public Hygiene etc.', in London Medical Gazette n.s. II: 452-57 (1846); W. Strange, The Health and Sickness of Town Populations, considered with reference to proposed Sanitary Legislation, and to the Establishment of a Comprehensive System of Medical Police and District Dispensaries etc. (London, 1846); Louis Eisberg, 'The Domain of Medical Police', in American Medical Monthly (1862); David Hosack, Observations on the Means of Improving the Medical Police of the City of New York (1820).
58. Quoted in George Rosen, 'The Fate of the Concept of Medical Police 1780-1890', in Centaurus 5-2: 97-113, (1957), 107. See also John Roberton, Medical Police: or, the Causes of Disease, with the Means of Protection: and Rules for Diet, Regimen, etc. (Edinburgh, 1809); James Black, 'Lectures on Public Hygiene and Medical Police', in Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal (1844); W. Strange, 'On the Formation of a System of National Medical Police and Public Hygiene etc.', in London Medical Gazette n.s. II: 452-57 (1846); W. Strange, The Health and Sickness of Town Populations, considered with reference to proposed Sanitary Legislation, and to the Establishment of a Comprehensive System of Medical Police and District Dispensaries etc. (London, 1846); Louis Eisberg, 'The Domain of Medical Police', in American Medical Monthly (1862); David Hosack, Observations on the Means of Improving the Medical Police of the City of New York (1820).
59. Quoted in George Rosen, 'The Fate of the Concept of Medical Police 1780-1890', in Centaurus 5-2: 97-113, (1957), 107. See also John Roberton, Medical Police: or, the Causes of Disease, with the Means of Protection: and Rules for Diet, Regimen, etc. (Edinburgh, 1809); James Black, 'Lectures on Public Hygiene and Medical Police', in Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal (1844); W. Strange, 'On the Formation of a System of National Medical Police and Public Hygiene etc.', in London Medical Gazette n.s. II: 452-57 (1846); W. Strange, The Health and Sickness of Town Populations, considered with reference to proposed Sanitary Legislation, and to the Establishment of a Comprehensive System of Medical Police and District Dispensaries etc. (London, 1846); Louis Eisberg, 'The Domain of Medical Police', in American Medical Monthly (1862); David Hosack, Observations on the Means of Improving the Medical Police of the City of New York (1820).
60. Rosen, 'The Fate of the Concept of Medical Police' (1957), 107.
61. H. Aubrey Husband, The Student's Hand-Book of Forensic Medicine and Medical Police (1879).
62. See, 'Essays in State Medicine', in The Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science XXII: 146-50 (1856); 'Public Health in Ireland' in Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science 119-37 (1874); The Quarterly Journal of Public Health and Record of Medicine I (1855); Cameron, A Manual of Hygiene (1874).
63. See, 'Essays in State Medicine', in The Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science XXII: 146-50 (1856); 'Public Health in Ireland' in Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science 119-37 (1874); The Quarterly Journal of Public Health and Record of Medicine I (1855); Cameron, A Manual of Hygiene (1874).
64. See, 'Essays in State Medicine', in The Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science XXII: 146-50 (1856); 'Public Health in Ireland' in Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science 119-37 (1874); The Quarterly Journal of Public Health and Record of Medicine I (1855); Cameron, A Manual of Hygiene (1874).
65. See, 'Essays in State Medicine', in The Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science XXII: 146-50 (1856); 'Public Health in Ireland' in Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science 119-37 (1874); The Quarterly Journal of Public Health and Record of Medicine I (1855); Cameron, A Manual of Hygiene (1874).
66. R.V. Comerford, 'Ireland 1850-70, Post-famine and Mid-Victorian', in A New History of Ireland v.5 (1989), 390. See also Kevin Boyle, 'Police in Ireland before the Union', in Irish Jurist (1972-73); Brian Griffin, 'The Irish Police 1836-1914: A Social History' (Ph.D: Loyola University, Chicago, 1990); Stanley Palmer, Police & Protest in England and Ireland 1770-1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
67. R.V. Comerford, 'Ireland 1850-70, Post-famine and Mid-Victorian', in A New History of Ireland v.5 (1989), 390. See also Kevin Boyle, 'Police in Ireland before the Union', in Irish Jurist (1972-73); Brian Griffin, 'The Irish Police 1836-1914: A Social History' (Ph.D: Loyola University, Chicago, 1990); Stanley Palmer, Police & Protest in England and Ireland 1770-1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
68. R.V. Comerford, 'Ireland 1850-70, Post-famine and Mid-Victorian', in A New History of Ireland v.5 (1989), 390. See also Kevin Boyle, 'Police in Ireland before the Union', in Irish Jurist (1972-73); Brian Griffin, 'The Irish Police 1836-1914: A Social History' (Ph.D: Loyola University, Chicago, 1990); Stanley Palmer, Police & Protest in England and Ireland 1770-1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
69. R.V. Comerford, 'Ireland 1850-70, Post-famine and Mid-Victorian', in A New History of Ireland v.5 (1989), 390. See also Kevin Boyle, 'Police in Ireland before the Union', in Irish Jurist (1972-73); Brian Griffin, 'The Irish Police 1836-1914: A Social History' (Ph.D: Loyola University, Chicago, 1990); Stanley Palmer, Police & Protest in England and Ireland 1770-1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
70. Quoted in W.E. Vaughan, 'Ireland c. 1870', In A New History of Ireland v.5 (1989). I rely on Vaughan for this list of police activities.
71. Vaughan, 'Ireland c. 1870' (1989), 767.
72. Vaughan, 'Ireland c. 1870' (1989), 768.
73. Vaughan, 'Ireland c. 1870' (1989), 767.
74. Erna Lesky, The Vienna Medical School of the 19th Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), 87.
75. John H. Griscom, Anniversary Discourse before the New York Academy of Medicine (New York, 1855), 54.
76. Henry G. Clark, Superiority of Sanitary Measures over Quarantines (Boston, 1852), 8.
77. Michel Foucault, 'The Politics of Health in the Eighteenth Century', in Rabinow, Foucault Reader (1984), 275.
78. J.L. McCracken, 'The Social Structure and Social Life, 1714-60', in A New History of Ireland v.4 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), 50.
79. Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic, An Archaeology of Medical Perception (New York: Vintage, 1994).
80. Foucault, 'The Politics of Health' (1984), 278.
81. First Report of the Philanthropic Society (London, 1788).
82. Oliver MacDonagh, 'Ideas and Institutions, 1830-45', In A New History of Ireland v.5 (1989), 209.
83. MacDonagh, 'Ideas and Institutions; (1989), 209.
84. Quoted in L.M. Cullen, An Economic History of Ireland since 1660 (1972), 109-10.
85. See, on this apparent contradiction, Corrigan and Sayer, The Great Arch (1991).
86. Barrington, Health, Medicine & Politics (1987).
87. I am not suggesting that relief measures during the famine were adequate; they clearly were not. It is not possible to go into that issue here. I will simply add that the interventions which I refer to were motivated not by a concern for the 'welfare' of 'the people', but by a concern to 'secure' the 'population'. For some of the more dogmatic adherents of laissez faire the latter was to be achieved by not deploying wholesale economic assistance in times of distress.
88. E.g., 37 & 38 Vict., Cap. 93: An Act to amend the Law relating to Public Health in Ireland (1874).
89. Irish University Press Series of British Parliamentary Papers (IUP) Health, Food & Drugs, v. 3.
90. IUP Famine, Ireland, v.8, 51. Italics in original.
91. IUP Famine, Ireland, v. 8, 51-2.
92. Anon., 'On Domestic Economy', In Journal of Social Progress (Dublin, 1854), 26.
93. 'On Domestic Economy' (1854), 28-31.
94. On the history and specificity of the 'Irish Convict System' see Patrick Carroll, 'Reform and Rehabilitation: The Origins of Corrective Incarceration in Ireland 1763-1870' (Masters: St. Patrick's College Maynooth, 1991).
95. Quoted in May Carpenter, Reformatory Prison Discipline as Developed by the Rt. Hon. Sir Walter Crofton in the Irish Convict Prisons (London, 1872), 15.
96. Quoted in, First Report of the Directors of Convict Prisons in Ireland, (1855), 3.
97. Carpenter, Reformatory Prison Discipline (1872), 67.
98. Carpenter, Reformatory Prison Discipline (1872), 80.
99. Carpenter, Reformatory Prison Discipline (1872), 69.
100. Carpenter, Reformatory Prison Discipline (1872), 74.
101. Head Schoolmaster's Report, Spike Island, In Second Report of Directors of Convict Prisons in Ireland, (1856), 40-1.
102. Carpenter, Reformatory Prison Discipline (1872), 86.
103. Carpenter, Reformatory Prison Discipline (1872), 23.
104. David Arnold, The Colonial Prison: Power, Knowledge, and Penology in Nineteenth Century India', in Subaltern Studies VIII: Essays in Honour of Ranajit Guha (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994), 179. I would like to thank Jill Didur for bringing this work to my attention.
105. First Report of the Directors (1855), 57.
106. Third Report of the Directors of Convict Prisons in Ireland, (1857), 11-12. See also John Blake, Defects in the Moral Treatment of Insanity in the Public Lunatic Asylums of Ireland (Dublin: John Fowler, 1862).
107. Third Report of the Directors of Convict Prisons in Ireland, (1857), 11-12. See also John Blake, Defects in the Moral Treatment of Insanity in the Public Lunatic Asylums of Ireland (Dublin: John Fowler, 1862).
108. John Howard, The State of the Prisons (1784 [1777]), 8.
109. Jeremiah Fitzpatrick, An Essay on Gaol-abuses etc. (Dublin, 1784).
110. Jeremiah Fitzpatrick, Thoughts on Penitentiaries (Dublin, 1790).
111. Oliver MacDonagh, The Inspector-General: Sir Jeremiah Fitzpatrick and the Politics of Social Reform (London, 1981), 81.
112. Foucault, History of Sexuality Vol. 1 (1990), 135-9.
113. Awly P. Banon, 'Observations of Hermaphroditism, Illustrated by a Remarkable Case', in Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science XIV: 66-87 (1852), 67.
114. Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: The Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990).
115. Banon, 'Hermaphroditism' (1852), 79-80.
116. For instance, Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women (1991); Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989); Emily Martin, The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989).
117. For instance, Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women (1991); Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989); Emily Martin, The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989).
118. For instance, Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women (1991); Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989); Emily Martin, The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989).
119. Banon, 'Hermaphroditism' (1852), 82.
120. Banon, 'Hermaphroditism' (1852), 84.
121. Banon, 'Hermaphroditism' (1852), 78. Italics in original.
122. See, for instance, Rachel Harrison and Frank Mort, 'Patriarchal Aspects of Nineteenth Century State Formation: Property Relations, Marriage and Divorce, and Sexuality', in Philip Corrigan (ed.), Capitalism, State Formation and Marxist Theory: Historical Investigations (London: Quartet Books, 1980).
123. Foucault, Discipline and Punish (1979).
124. Foucault, The History of Sexuality (1990), 140.
125. For instance, Anon., 'Educational Experiments in Ireland', in Dublin University Magazine (March, 1857); Anon., 'National, Factory, and Reformatory Schools', in Irish Quarterly Review (Dec. 1854; March 1855).
126. For instance, Anon., 'Educational Experiments in Ireland', in Dublin University Magazine (March, 1857); Anon., 'National, Factory, and Reformatory Schools', in Irish Quarterly Review (Dec. 1854; March 1855).
127. Anon., 'Our Juvenile Criminals: the Schoolmaster and the Gaoler', in the Irish Quarterly Review (1854), 27.
128. Gustave Beaumont and Alexis de Tocqueville, On the Penitentiary System in the Unites States and its Application to France (Southern Illinois University Press, 1964), 81.
129. Mary Carbery, The Farm by Lough Gur, (Cork, 1937), 10. Maynooth Commission, (1855); T.J. Clarke, Glimpses of an Irish Felons Prison Life, (Dublin, 1922), 3.
130. Mary Carbery, The Farm by Lough Gur, (Cork, 1937), 10. Maynooth Commission, (1855); T.J. Clarke, Glimpses of an Irish Felons Prison Life, (Dublin, 1922), 3.
131. Mary Carbery, The Farm by Lough Gur, (Cork, 1937), 10. Maynooth Commission, (1855); T.J. Clarke, Glimpses of an Irish Felons Prison Life, (Dublin, 1922), 3.
132. Walter MacDonald, Reminiscences of a Maynooth Professor, (1925), 37.
133. Carbery, The Farm by Lough Gur (1937), 99-100.
134. Clark, Glimpses of an Irish Felon's Life (1922), 6.
135. Carbery, The Farm by Lough Gur, (1937), 100.
136. Carbery, The Farm by Lough Gur, (1937), 104.
137. Foucault, Discipline and Punish (1979), 151.
138. Jeremy Bentham, Panopticon, or Inspection House etc. (Dublin, 1791).
139. Anon., 'Prisons and Prisoners', in the Dublin University Magazine, (July, 1856), 50.
140. Carbery, The Farm by Lough Gur (1937), 136.
141. James Haughton, 'Education, the Surest Preventative of Crime', in the Journal of the Dublin Statistical Society (July 1856), 325.
142. First Report Directors of Convict Prisons (1855), 16.
143. 'Governor's Report, Spike Island', in First Report Directors of Convict Prisons (1855), 23.
144. Lecturer's Report, Intermediate Prisons, in Ninth Report Directors of Convict Prisons (1863), 55.
145. E.B. Whately et al, Observations on the Treatment of Convicts in Ireland (1861), 38.
146. Lecturer's Report (1863), 55.
147. Head School-master's Report, Philipstown, in Second Report of Directors of Convict Prisons in Ireland (1856), 125.
148. Foucault, Discipline and Punish (1979), 182-3.
149. Lecturer's Report, in Fifth Report of Directors of Convict Prisons in Ireland (1859), 131.
150. G.W. Hastings, (ed.), Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science 1861 (London, 1862); Michael Stenson, Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, 2 vols. (Sussex, 1976).
151. G.W. Hastings, (ed.), Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science 1861 (London, 1862); Michael Stenson, Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, 2 vols. (Sussex, 1976).
152. Hastings, 'Aims of the Association', in Transactions (1862), xlix.
153. Freemans Journal (August 21, 1861).
154. Mary Carpenter, 'On the Connexion of Voluntary Effort with Government Aid', in Transactions (1862), 440.
155. Jonathan Pim, An Address Delivered at the Opening of the Thirtieth Session of the Statistical Society of Ireland, being a Review of the Economic and Social Progress of Ireland since the Famine (Dublin, 1876).