Fabrication and characterization of high-speed polyurethane-disperse red 19 integrated electrooptic modulators for analog system applications

IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 289-298

  Shi, Yongqiang ^a,b,d,g   Wang, Wenshen ^a,c,f,h   Bechtel, James H ^{a,i,j,k,l,m,n}   Chen, Antao ^b,d,o,p,q   Garner, Sean ^b,d,f,p,r   Kalluri, Srinath ^b,d,s,t   Steier, William H ^{b,d,f,u,v,w,x,y,z}   Chen, Datong ^c,f   Fetterman, Harold R ^c,f   Dalton, Larry R ^d   Yu, Luping ^e  

^a TACAN Corporation   (United States)

^b University of Southern California ^*

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^f IEEE

^g ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^h TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY   (China)

ⁱ MIAMI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^k HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^l GM Research Lab   (United States)

^m Harvard University ^*  (United States)

ⁿ OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA   (United States)

^o BEIJING INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (China)

^p Optical Society of America ^*

^q Chinese Acad Electronics Info T

^r STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^s UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL   (United States)

^t Department of Electrical Engineering

^u UNIVERSITY OF EVANSVILLE   (United States)

^v UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^w LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES   (United States)

^x USC Jt Service Electronics Program

^y Natl Ctr Intgd Photonic Technol

^z America Optical Society

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURE; ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT TESTING; ELECTRONICS PACKAGING; INTEGRATED OPTOELECTRONICS; OPTICAL COMMUNICATION; POLYURETHANES; SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO; SYSTEM STABILITY; VOLTAGE CONTROL;

CARRIER TO NOISE RATIO; FIBER OPTIC ANALOG TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS; INSERTION LOSS; MACH-ZEHNDER MODULATORS; ON OFF RATIO; OPTICAL POWER HANDLING CAPABILITY; POLYMERIC ELECTROOPTIC MODULATORS; VOLTAGE STABILITY;

MODULATORS;

EID: 0030156168     PISSN: 1077260X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/2944.577380     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. D. G. Girton, S. L. Kwiatkowski, G. F. Lipscomb, and R. S. Lytel, "20 GHz electro-optic polymer Mach-Zehnder modulator," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 58, pp. 1730-1732, 1991.
2. C. C. Teng, "Traveling-wave polymeric optical intensity modulator with more than 40 GHz of 3-dB electrical bandwidth," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 60, pp. 1538-1540, 1992.
3. R. S. Moshrefzadeh, K. M. White, C. V. Francis, M. W. Kleinschmit, S. K. Mohapatra, G. T. Boyd, R. C. Williams, K. H. Hahn, and D. W. Dolfi, "High speed optical intensity modulator in a novel polymeric material," in Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications, OSA Tech. Dig. Ser.. Washington DC: Op. Soc. Amer., vol. 17, 1993, pp. 325-328.
4. W. Wang, D. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, Y. Shi, W. H. Steier, and L. R. Dalton, "Traveling wave electro-optic modulator using crosslinked nonlinear optical polymer," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 65, pp. 929-931, 1994.
5. W. Wang, D. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, Y. Shi, W. H. Steier, and L. R. Dalton, "40 GHz polymer electrooptic phase modulators," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 638-640, 1995.
6. W. Wang, D. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, Y. Shi, W. H. Steier, L. R. Dalton, and P. D. Chow, "Optical heterodyne detection of 60 GHz electro-optic modulation from polymer waveguide modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 67, pp. 1806-1808, 1995.
7. P. R. Ashley and R. J. Gulotty, "EO polymer devices for fiber optical gyroscope applications," Polymer Preprints, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 215-216, 1994.
8. Y. Shi, W. J. Swafford, J. H. Bechtel, W. H. Steier, W. Wang, D. Chen, and H. R. Fetterman, "Active polymer waveguide device for CATV and data link application: Challenges and expectations," Polymer Preprints, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 223, 1994.
9. J. F. Cites, P. R. Ashley, and R. Leavitt, "Integration of nonlinear optical polymer waveguides with InGaAs p-i-n photodiodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 68, pp. 1452-1454, 1996.
10. S. Kalluri, M. Ziari, A. Chen, V. Chuyanov, W. H. Steier, D. Chen, B. Jalali, H. R. Fetterman, and L. R. Dalton, "Monolithic integration of waveguide polymer electrooptic modulators on VLSI circuitry," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 644-646, 1996.
11. K. Wong, A. K. Jen, V. P. Rao, K. J. Drost, and R. M. Mininni, "Experimental and theoretical studies of heterocyclic nonlinear optical materials," in Proc. SPIE, 1993, vol. 1775, pp. 74-84.
12. V. P. Rao, K. Wong, A. K. Jen, and R. M. Mininni, "Optimization of second-order nonlinear optical properties of push-pull conjugated chromophores using heteroaromatics," in Proc. SPIE, 1993, vol. 2025, pp. 156-161.
13. Y. Shuto, S. Tomaru, M. Hikita, and M. Amano, "Optical intensity modulators using diazo-substituted polymer channel waveguides," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 31, pp. 1451-1460, 1995.
14. M. Ahlheim, M. Barzoukas, P. Bedworth, M. Blanchard-Desce, A. Fort, Z. Hu, S. R. Marder, J. W. Perry, C. Runser, M. Staehelin, and B. Zesset, "Chromophores with strong heterocyclic acceptors: A poled polymer with a large electro-optic coefficient," Science, vol. 271, p. 335, 1996.
15. S. Ermer, W. W. Anderson, T. E. Van Eck, D. G. Girton, J. A. Marley, A. Harwit, S. M. Lovejoy, and D. S. Leung, "Progress toward practical polymer electro-optic devices," in Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications, OSA Tech. Dig. Washington DC: Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 21, 1995, pp. 285-288.
16. M. Chen, L. R. Dalton, L. P. Yu, Y. Shi, and W. H. Steier, "Thermosetting polyurethanes with stable and large second order optical nonlinearity," Macromolecules, vol. 25, pp. 4032-4035, 1992.
17. Y. Shi, W. H. Steier, M. Chen, L. Yu, and L. R. Dalton, "Thermosetting nonlinear optical polymer: Polyurethane with Disperse Red 19 side groups," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 60, pp. 2577-2579, 1992.
18. R. Ulrich and H. P. Weber, "Solution-deposited thin films as passive and active light guides," Appl. Opt., vol. 11, pp. 428-434, 1972.
19. S. Kalluri, S. Garner, M. Ziari, W. H. Steier, Y. Shi, and L. R. Dalton, "Simple two slit interferometry electro-optic coefficient measurement technique and efficient coplanar electrode poling of polymer thin films," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 69, pp. 275-277, 1996.
20. Y. Shi, Ph.D dissertation, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1992.
21. A. Yariv, Introduction to Optical Electronics. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976, ch. 9.
22. A. Chen, K. Kaviani, A. Remple, S. Kalluri, W. H. Steier, Y. Shi, Z. Liang, and L. R. Dalton, "Optimized oxygen plasma etching of polyurethane based electro-optic polymer for low loss optical waveguide fabrication," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 143, pp. 3648-3651, 1996.
23. C. C. Teng, M. Mortazavi, and G. K. Boudoughian, "Origin of the poling induced optical loss in a nonlinear optical polymer waveguide," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 66, pp. 667-669, 1995.
24. W. H. Steier, S. Kalluri, A. Chen, S. Garner, V. Chuyanov, M. Ziari, Y. Shi, H. R. Fetterman, B. Jalali, W. Wang, D. Chen, and L. R. Dalton, "Applications of electro-optic polymers in photonics," in MRS Symp. Proc., 1995, vol. 413, pp. 147-157.
25. M. Mortazavi, K. Song, H. Yoon, and I. McCulloch, "Optical power handling of nonlinear polymers," Polymer Preprints, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 198-199, 1994.
26. Y. Shi, D. J. Olson, J. H. Bechtel, S. Kalluri, W. H. Steier, W. Wang, D. Chen, and H. R. Fetterman, "Photo excitation stability and bias stability of electro-optic polymer modulators for broadband analog transmission systems," in Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications, OSA Tech. Dig. Washington DC: Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 21, 1995, p. 325.
27. Y. Shi, D. J. Olson, J. H. Bechtel, S. Kalluri, W. Steier, W. Wang, D. Chen, and H. R. Fetterman, "Photoinduced molecular alignment relaxation in poled electro-optic polymer thin films," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 68, pp. 1040-1042, 1996.
28. Y. Shi, W. Wang, and J. H. Bechtel, unpublished test results.
29. 3 optical intensity modulators," Opt. Eng., vol. 34, pp. 3284-3293, 1995.
30. L. Altwegg, "Properties of polymeric Mach-Zehnder modulators," Opt. Eng., vol. 34, pp. 2651-2656, 1995.
31. C. Xu, B. Wu, L. R. Dalton, Y. Shi, P. M. Ranon, and W. H. Steier, "Novel double-end cross-linkable chromophores for second-order nonlinear optical materials," Macromolecules, vol. 25, pp. 6714-6715, 1992.