Differential genetic mediation of sensitivity to morphine in genetic models of opiate antinociception: Influence of nociceptive assay

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

Volumn 276, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 532-544

  Mogil, Jeffrey S ^a,d   Kest, Benjamin ^c   Sadowski, Bogdan ^b   Belknap, John K ^a  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INSTITUTE OF GENETICS AND ANIMAL BREEDING   (Poland)

^c WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^d PORTLAND VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

KAPPA OPIATE RECEPTOR; MORPHINE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT;

ANALGESIA; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BODY TEMPERATURE; C57BL MOUSE; DBA MOUSE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG POTENTIATION; GENOTYPE; MALE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MOUSE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; SPINAL CORD;

ANALGESIA; ANALGESICS, OPIOID; ANIMALS; BODY TEMPERATURE; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; GENOTYPE; MALE; MICE; MICE, INBRED C57BL; MICE, INBRED DBA; MORPHINE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; SPINAL CORD;

EID: 0030088064     PISSN: 00223565     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. ABBOTT, F. V., FRANKLIN, K. B. J., LUDWICK, R. J. AND MELZACK, R.: Apparent lack of tolerance in the formalin test suggests different mechanisms for morphine analgesia in different types of pain. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 15: 637-640, 1981.
2. ABBOTT, F. V., MELZACK, R. AND LEBER, B. F.: Morphine analgesia and tolerance in the tail-flick and formalin tests: Dose-response relationships. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 17: 1213-1219, 1982a.
3. ABBOTT, F. V., MELZACK, E. AND SAMUEL, C.: Morphine analgesia in the tail-flick and formalin pain tests is mediated by different neural systems. Exp. Neurol. 75: 644-651, 1982b.
4. ABBOTT, F. V. AND MELZACK, R.: Brainstem lesions dissociate neural mechanisms of morphine analgesia in different kinds of pain. Brain Res. 251: 149-155, 1982.
5. ABBOTT, F. V. AND MELZACK, R.: Dissociation of the mechanisms of stimulation-produced analgesia in tests of tonic and phasic pain. Adv. Pain Res. Ther. 5: 401-409, 1983.
6. ALBE-FESSARD, D., GIAMBERARDINO, M. A. AND RAMPIN, O.: Comparison of different animal models of chronic pain. Adv. Pain Res. Ther. 13: 11-25, 1990.
7. ANDERSEN, E.: Periaqueductal gray and cerebral cortex modulate responses of medial thalamic neurons to noxious stimulation. Brain Res. 375: 30-36, 1986.
8. ANDERSON, R., NESS, T. J. AND GEBHART, G. F.: A distension control device useful for quantitative studies of hollow organ sensation. Physiol Behav. 41:635-638, 1987.
9. ANKIER, S. I.: New hot plate tests to quantify antinociceptive and narcotic antagonist actions. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 27: 1-4, 1974.
10. BAILEY, D. W.: Recombinant-inbred strains: An aid to finding identity, linkage and function of histocompatibility and other genes. Transplantation 11: 325-327, 1971.
11. BARAN, A., SHUSTER, L., ELEFTHERIOU, B. E. AND BAILEY, D. W.: Opiate receptors in mice: Genetic differences. Life Sci. 17: 633-640, 1975.
12. BAUMEISTER, A. A., NAGY, M , HEBERT, G., HAWKINS, M. F., VAUGHN, A. AND CHATELLIER, M. O.: Further studies of the effects of intranigral morphine on behavioral responses to noxious stimuli Brain Res. 525: 115-125, 1990.
13. BEECHER, H. K.: Measurement of Subjective Responses, Oxford University Press, New York, 1959.
14. BELKNAP, J. K., HALTLI, N. R., GOEBEL, D. M. AND LAMÉ, M.: Selective breeding for high and low levels of opiate-induced analgesia m mice. Behav. Genet. 13: 383-396, 1983.
15. BELKNAP, J. K., DANIELSON, P. W., LAURSEN, S. E. AND NOORDEWIER, B.: Selective breeding for levorphanol-induced antinociception on the hot-plate assay: Commonalities in mechanism of action with morphine, pentazocine, ethylketocyclazocine, U-50488H and clonidine in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 241: 477-481, 1987.
16. 3H/HeJ inbred mouse strains. Physiol. Behav. 46: 69-74, 1989.
17. BELKNAP, J. K., MOGIL, J. S , HELMS, M. L., RICHARDS, S. P., O'TOOLE, L A., BERGESON, S E. AND BUCK, K. J : Localization to proximal Chromosome 10 of a locus influencing morphine-induced analgesia in crosses derived from C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mouse strains. Life Sci. 57:PL117-124, 1995.
18. BELKNAP, J. K. AND CRABBE, J. C.: Chromosome mapping of gene loci affecting morphine and amphetamine responses in BXD recombinant inbred mice. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 654: 311-323, 1992.
19. BELKNAP, J. K. AND O'TOOLE, L. A.: Studies of genetic differences in response to opioid drugs. In The Genetic Basis of Alcohol and Drug Actions, ed. by R. A Harris and J. C. Crabbe, pp. 225-252, Plenum Press, New York, 1991.
20. BENTLEY, G. A., NEWTON, S H. AND STARR, J.: Evidence for an action of morphine and the enkephalins on sensory nerve endings in the mouse peritoneum. Br. J. Pharmacol. 73: 325-332, 1981.
21. BODNAR, R. J., KELLY, D. D., STEINER, S. S. AND GLUSMAN, M.: Stress-produced analgesia and morphine-produced analgesia: Lack of cross-tolerance. Pharmacol Biochem. Behav. 8: 661-666, 1978.
22. BRASE, D. A., LOH, H. H. AND WAY, E. L.: Comparison of the effects of morphine on locomotor activity, analgesia and primary and protracted physical dependence in six mouse strains. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 201: 368-374, 1977.
23. COOPER, B. Y., VIERCK, C. J. AND YEOMANS, D. C.: Selective reduction of second pain sensations by systemic morphine in humans. Pain 24: 93-116, 1986.
24. D'AMOUR, F. E. AND SMITH, D. L.: A method for determining loss of pain sensation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 72: 74-79, 1941.
25. DENNIS, S. G., CHOINIERE, M AND MELZACK, R.: Stimulation-produced analgesia in rats: Assessment with two pain tests and correlation with self-stimulation. Exp. Neurol. 68: 295-309, 1980a.
26. DENNIS, S. G., MELZACK, R., GUTMAN, S. AND BOUCHER, F.: Pain modulation by adrenergic agents and morphine as measured by three pain tests. Life Sci. 26: 1247-1259, 1980b.
27. DENNIS, S. G. AND MELZACK, R.: Comparison of phasic and tonic pain in animals. In Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, ed. by J. J. Bonica, vol. 3, pp. 747-760, Raven Press, New York, 1979.
28. DENNIS, S. G. AND MELZACK, R.: Pain modulation by 5-hydroxytryptaminergic agents and morphine as measured by three pain tests. Exp. Neurol. 69: 260-270, 1980.
29. DEVOR, M. AND RABER, P.: Heritability of symptoms in an experimental model of neuropathic pain. Pain 42: 51-67, 1990.
30. DUBUISSON, D. AND DENNIS, S. G.: The formalin test: A quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats. Pain 4: 161-174, 1977.
31. EDDY, N. B. AND LEIMBACH, D.: Synthetic Analgesics II. Diethienylbutenyl- and dithienylbutylamines. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 107: 385-393, 1953.
32. EIDELBERG, E., ERSPAMER, R., KREINICK, C. J. AND HARRIS, J.: Genetically determined differences in the effects of morphine on mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 32: 329-336, 1975.
33. FALCONER, D. S., Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989.
34. FIELDS, H. L., EMSON, P. C., LEIGH, B. K., GILBERT, R. F. T. AND IVERSEN, L. L.: Multiple opiate receptor sites on primary afferent fibres. Nature 284: 351-353, 1980.
35. FRISCHKNECHT, H.-R., SIEGFRIED, B. AND WASER, P. G.: Opioids and behavior. Genetic aspects. Experientia 44: 473-481, 1988.
36. GOLDSTE, A AND SHEEHAN, P.: Tolerance to opioid narcotics. I. Tolerance to the "running fit" caused by levorphanol in the mouse. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 169: 175-184, 1969.
37. GWYNN, G. J. AND DOMINO, E. F.: Genotype-dependent behavioral sensitivity to mu vs. kappa opiate agonists. II. Antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 231: 312-316, 1984.
38. HAMMOND, D. L.: Inference of pain and its modulation from simple behaviors. In Advances in Pain Research and Therapy: Issues in Pain Management, ed. by C. R Chapman and J. D. Loeser, pp. 69-91, Raven Press, New York, 1989.
39. HARRIS, R. A. AND CRABBE, J. C.: Genetic animal models: a user's guide. In Neuromethods, Vol. 24: Animal Models of Drug Addiction, ed. by A. Boulton, G. Baker and P. H. Wu, pp. 65-94, Humana Press, New York, 1992.
40. HAYASHI, G. AND TAKEMORI, A. E.: The type of analgesic-receptor interaction involved in certain analgesic assays. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 16: 63-66, 1971.
41. HAYES, A. G., SKINGLE, M AND TYERS, M. B.: Antinociceptive profile of dynorphin in the rat. Life Sci. 33: suppl. 1, 657-660, 1983
42. HOROWITZ, G. P. AND DUDEK, B. C.: Behavior pharmacogenetics. In Behavior Genetics: Principles and Applications, ed. by J. L. Fuller and E. C. Simmel, pp. 117-154, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1983.
43. HUNSKAAR, S., FASMER, O. B. AND HOLE, K.: Formalin pain in mice, a useful technique for evaluating mild analgesics. J. Neurosci. Meth. 14:69-76, 1985.
44. INGRAM, D. K. AND CORFMAN, T. P.: An overview of neurobiological comparisons in mouse strains. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 4: 421-435, 1980.
45. IRWIN, S., HOUDE, R. W., BENNETT, D. R., HENDERSHOT, L. C. AND SEEVERS, M. H.: The effects of morphine, methadone and meperidine on some reflex responses of spinal animals to nociceptive stimulation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 101: 132-143, 1951.
46. JACOB, J.: Some effects of morphine adaptive and learning behavior. In Psychopharmacological Methods, ed. by Z. Votava, J. Horvath and M. Vinar, pp. 70-79, Macmillan Press, New York, 1963.
47. JANSSEN, P. A. J., NIEMEGEERS, C. J. E. AND DONY, J. G. H.: The inhibitory effect of fentanyl and other morphine-like analgesics on the warm water induced tail withdrawal reflex. Arzneim. Forsch. 13: 502-507, 1963.
48. JUDSON, B. A. AND GOLDSTEIN, A.: Genetic control of opiate-induced locomotor activity in mice J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 206: 56-60, 1978.
49. JUNIEN, J. L. AND WETTSTEIN, J. G.: Role of opioids in peripheral analgesia. Life Sci. 51: 2009-2018, 1992.
50. KAVALIERS, M. AND HIRST, M.: Daily rhythms of analgesia in mice: Effects of age and photopenod. Brain Res 279: 387-393, 1983.
51. KEST, B., MOGIL, J. S., STERNBERG, W. F., LIEBESKIND, J. C. AND SADOWSKI, B.: Evidence for the up-regulation of kappa opiate mechanisms in mice selectively bred for high analgesia. Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 36: 249-253, 1993.
52. KOSTER, R., ANDERSON, M. AND D. E. BEER, E. J.: Acetic acid for analgesic screening. Fed. Proc. 18: 412, 1959.
53. KOZAK, C. A., FILIE, J., ADAMSON, M. C., CHEN, Y. AND YU, L., Murine chromosomal location of the μ and κ opioid receptor genes. Genomics 21: 659-661, 1994.
54. LAI, Y.-Y. AND CHAN, S. H. H.: Shortened pain response time following repeated algesiometric tests in rats. Physiol. Behav. 28: 1111-1113, 1982.
55. LASAGNA, L. AND BEECHER, H. K.: The optimal dose of morphine. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 156: 230-234, 1954.
56. LEVINE, J. D. AND TAIWO, Y. O.: Involvement of the mu-opiate receptor in peripheral analgesia. Neuroseience 32: 571-575, 1989.
57. LING, G. S. F. AND PASTERNAK, G. W.: Spinal and supraspinal analgesia in the mouse: the role of subpopulations of opioid binding sites. Brain Res. 71: 152-156, 1983.
58. LOPEZ, R., YOUNG, S. L. AND COX, V. C.: Analgesia for formalin-induced pain by lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Brain Res. 563: 1-6, 1991.
59. MAREK, P., YIRMIYA, R AND LIEBESKIND, J. C.: Strain differences in the magnitude of stress-induced analgesia correlate with brain opiate receptor concentration. Brain Res. 447: 188-190, 1988.
60. MAREK, P., PAGE, G. G., BEN-ELIYAHU, S. AND LIEBESKIND, J. C : NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 blocks non-opioid stress-induced analgesia. I. Comparison of opiate receptor-deficient and opiate receptor-rich strains of mice. Brain Res. 551: 293-296, 1991.
61. MAREK, P., MOGIL, J. S., STERNBERG, W. F., PANOCKA, I. AND LIEBESKIND, J. C.: N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 blocks non-opioid stress-induced analgesia. II. Comparison across three swim stress paradigms in selectively bred mice. Brain Res. 578: 197-203, 1992a.
62. MAREK, P., VACCARINO, A. L., SADOWSKI, B. AND LIEBESKIND, J. C.: A comparison of nociceptive responses using two methods of hot-plate measurements: Absolute temperature threshold versus reflex latency. Soc Neurosci. Abstr. 18: 1026, 1992b.
63. MAREK, P., MOGIL, J S., BELKNAP, J. K., SADOWSKI, B. AND LIEBESKIND, J. C.: Levorphanol and swim stress-induced analgesia in selectively bred mice: evidence for genetic commonalities. Brain Res. 608: 353-357, 1993.
64. MATTHIES, B. K. AND FRANKLIN, K. B. J.: Formalin pain is expressed in decerebrate rats but not attenuated by morphine. Pain 51: 199-206, 1992.
65. MCLAUGHLIN, C. R. AND DEWEY, W. L.: A comparison of the antinociceptive effects of opioid agonists in neonatal and adult rats in phasic and tonic nociceptive tests. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 49: 1017-1023, 1994.
66. MICZEK, K. A. AND THOMPSON, M. L.: Analgesia resulting from defeat in a social confrontation: the role of endogenous opioids in brain. In Modulation of Sensorimotor Activity during Alterations in Behavioral States, ed. by R. Bandler, pp. 431-456, Alan R. Liss, New York, 1984.
67. MILLAN, M. J.: Multiple opioid systems and pain Pain 27: 303-347, 1986.
68. MILLAN, M. J.: Kappa-opioid receptor-mediated antinociception in the rat. I. Comparative actions of mu- and kappa-opioids against noxious thermal, pressure and electrical stimuli. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251: 334-341, 1989.
69. MILLAN, M. J., CZLONKOWSKI, A., LIPKOWSKI, A. AND HERZ, A.: Kappa-opioid receptor-mediated antinociception in the rat. II. Supraspinal in addition to spinal sites of action. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251: 342-350, 1989.
70. MOGIL, J. S., SHOMER, M., CHANG, W.-C., KAO, B. AND LIEBESKIND, J. C.: Inverse genetic correlation between morphine analgesia and hyperlocomotion in mice selectively bred for stress-induced analgesia. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 19: 1786, 1993.
71. MOGIL, J. S., MAREK, P., O'TOOLE, L. A., HELMS, M. L., SADOWSKI, B., LIEBESKIND, J. C. AND BELKNAP, J. K.: Mu-opiate receptor binding is up-regulated in mice selectively bred for high stress-induced analgesia. Brain Res. 653: 16-22, 1994.
72. MOGIL, J. S., FLODMAN, P., SPENCE, M. A , STERNBERG, W. F., KEST, B., SADOWSKI, B., LIEBESKIND, J. C. AND BELKNAP, J. K.: Oligogenic determination of morphine analgesic magnitude: A genetic analysis of selectively bred mouse lines. Behav. Genet. 25: 397-406, 1995a.
73. MOGIL, J. S., MAREK, P., FLODMAN, P., SPENCE, M. A., STERNBERG, W. F., KEST, B., SADOWSKI, B. AND LIEBESKIND, J. C.: One or two genetic loci mediate high opiate analgesia in selectively bred mice. Pain 60: 125-135, 1995b.
74. MOGIL, J. S., STERNBERG, W. F., BALIAN, H., LIEBESKIND, J. C. AND SADOWSKI, B.: Opioid and non-opioid swim stress-induced analgesia: a parametric analysis in mice. Physiol. Behav. 59: 123-132, 1996.
75. MORGAN, M. M., SOHN, J.-H. AND LIEBESKIND, J. C.: Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter inhibits nociception at the supraspinal as well as spinal level. Brain Res. 502: 61-66, 1989.
76. MOSKOWITZ, A. S., LIEBESKIND, J. C. AND BUTCHER, L. L.: Distribution of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the mouse brain: Strain comparisons. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 6: 616, 1985a.
77. MOSKOWITZ, A. S., TERMAN, G. W., CARTER, K. R., MORGAN, M J. AND LIEBESKIND, J. C.: Analgesic, locomotor and lethal effects of morphine in the mouse: Strain comparisons. Brain Res. 361: 46-51, 1985b.
78. 2, and delta opioid binding in the central nervous system of C57BL/6BY and CXBK (opioid receptor-deficient) mice. Brain Res. 360: 108-116, 1985.
79. MURAKI, T., OIKE, N., SHIBATA, Y. AND NOMOTO, T.: Analgesic effect of μ- and κ-opioid agonists in beige and CXBK mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 43: 210-212, 1991.
80. MUKAKI, T. AND KATO, E.: Genetic analysis of hypothermia induced by morphine in two strains of inbred mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 27: 87-91, 1987.
81. NESS, T J. AND GEBHART, G. F.: Interactions between visceral and cutaneous nociception in the rat. I. Noxious cutaneous stimuli inhibit visceral nociceptive neurons and reflexes. J. Neurophysiol. 66: 20-28, 1991a.
82. NESS, T. J. AND GEBHAET, G. F.: Interactions between visceral and cutaneous nociception in the rat. II. Noxious visceral stimuli inhibit cutaneous nociceptive responses and reflexes. J. Neurophysiol. 66: 29-39, 1991b.
83. O'CALLAGHAN, J P. AND HOLTZMAN, S. G.: Quantification of the analgesic activity of narcotic antagonists by a modified hot-plate procedure. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 192: 497-505, 1975.
84. OLIVERIO, A., CASTELLANO, C. AND ELEFTHERIOU, B. E.: Morphine sensitivity and tolerance: a genetic investigation in the mouse. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 42: 219-224, 1975.
85. OLIVERIO, A. AND CASTELLANO, C.: Genotype-dependent sensitivity and tolerance to morphine and heroin: Dissociation between opiate-induced running and analgesia in the mouse. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 39: 13-22, 1974.
86. OLSON, G. A., OLSON, R. D. AND KASTIN, A. J.: Endogenous opiates: 1989. Peptides 11: 1277-1304, 1990.
87. PANOCKA, I., MAREK, P. AND SADOWSKI, B.: Inheritance of stress-induced analgesia in mice. Selective breeding study. Brain Res. 397: 152-155, 1986a.
88. PANOCKA, I., MAREK, P. AND SADOWSKI, B.: Differentiation of neurochemical basis of stress-induced analgesia in mice by selective breeding. Brain Res. 397: 156-160, 1986b.
89. PARSONS, C. G. AND HEADLEY, P. M : Spinal antinociceptive actions of μ- and κ-opioids: The importance of stimulus intensity in determining 'selectivity' between reflexes to different modalities of noxious stimulus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 98: 523-532, 1989.
90. PASTERNAK, G. W.: Pharmacological mechanisms of opioid analgesics. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 16: 1-18, 1993.
91. PAUL, D., BODNAR, E. J., GISTRAK, M. A. AND PASTERNAK, G. W.: Different μ receptor subtypes mediate spinal and supraspinal analgesia in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 168: 307-314, 1989.
92. PICK, C. G., CHENG, J., PAUL, D. AND PASTERNAK, G. W.: Genetic influences in opioid analgesic sensitivity in mice. Brain Res. 566: 295-298, 1991.
93. PICK, C. G., NEJAT, R. J. AND PASTERNAK, G. W.: Independent expression of two pharmacologically distinct supraspinal mu analgesic systems in genetically different mouse strains. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 265: 166-171, 1993.
94. PORRECA, F., MOSBERG, H. I., HURST, R., HRUBY, V. J. AND BURKS, T. F.: Roles of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in spinal and supraspinal mediation of gastrointestinal transit effects and hot-plate analgesia in the mouse. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 230: 341-348, 1984.
95. PORRO, C. A. AND CARLI, G.: Immobilization and restraint effects on pain reactions in animals. Pain 32: 289-307, 1988.
96. PRZEWLOCKI, R., STALA, L., GRECZEK, M., SHEARMAK, G. T., PRZEWLOCKA, B. AND HERZ, A.: Analgesic effects of μ-, δ- and κ-opiate agonists and, in particular, dynorphin at the spinal level. Life Sci. 33: suppl. 1, 649-652, 1983.
97. QIAO, J.-T. AND DAFNY, N.: Dorsal raphe stimulation modulates nociceptive responses in thalamic parafascicular neurons via an ascending pathway: further studies on ascending pain modulation pathways. Pain 34: 65-74, 1988.
98. QUOCK, R. M., MUELLER, J. L. AND VAUGHN, L. K.: Strain-dependent differences in responsiveness of mice to nitrous oxide antinociception. Brain Res. 614: 52-56, 1993
99. 5]enkephalin, in the μ-opioid receptor deficient CXBK mouse. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 216: 453-456, 1992.
100. REITH, M. E. A., SERSHEN, H., VADASZ, C. AND LAJTHA, A.: Strain differences in opiate receptors in mouse brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 74: 377-380, 1981.
101. ROBERTS, R C.: Current perspectives on selective breeding: theroretical aspects. In Development of Animal Models as Pharmacogenetic Tools (US-DHHS-NIAAA Research Monograph No. 6), ed. by G. E. McClearn, R. A. Deitrich and V. G. Erwin, pp. 37-58, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1981.
102. ROGERS, H., BIRCH, P. J., HARRISON, S. M., PALMER, E., MANCHEE, G. R., JUDD, D. B., NAYLOR, A., SCOPES, D. I. C. AND HAYES, A. G.: GR94839, a κ-opioid agonist with limited access to the central nervous system, has antinociceptive activity Br. J Pharmaeol. 106: 783-789, 1992.
103. ROSLAND, J. H.: The formalin test in mice: The influence of ambient temperature. Pain 45: 211-216, 1991.
104. Rosow, C. E., MILLER, J. M., PELIKAN, E. W. AND COCHIN, J.: Opiates and thermoregulation in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 213: 273-283, 1980.
105. ROY, B , CHENG, R. S. S., PHELAN, J. AND POMERANZ, B.: Pain threshold and brain endorphin levels in genetically obese (ob/ob) and opiate receptor deficient (CXBK) mice. In Endogenous and Exogenous Opiate Agonists and Antagonists, ed. by E. L. Way, pp. 297-300, Pergamon, New York, 1979.
106. RYAN, S. M., WATKINS, L R., MAYER, D. J. AND MAIER, S. F.: Spinal pain suppression mechanisms may differ for phasic and tonic pain. Brain Res. 334: 172-175, 1985.
107. SCHMAUSS, C., YAKSH, T. L., SHIMOHIGASHI, Y., HARTY, G., JENSEN, T. AND RODBARD, D.: Differential association of spinal μ, δ and κ opioid receptors with cutaneous thermal and visceral chemical nociceptive stimuli in the rat. Life Sci 33: suppl. 1, 653-656, 1983.
108. SCHMAUSS, C. AND YAKSH, T. L.: In vivo studies on spinal opiate receptor systems mediating antinociception. II. Pharmacological profiles suggesting a differential association of mu, delta and kappa receptor with visceral chemical and cutaneous thermal stimuli in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 228: 1-12, 1984.
109. SHUSTER, L., Genetic analysis of morphine effects: activity, analgesia, tolerance and sensitization. In Psychopharmacogenetics, ed. by B. E. Eleftheriou, pp. 73-97, Plenum Press, New York, 1975.
110. SHUSTER, L., WEBSTER, G. W., Y. U., G. AND ELEFTHERIOU, B. E.: A genetic analysis of the response to morphine in mice: Analgesia and running. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 42: 249-254, 1975.
111. SHUSTER, L.: Genetic determinants of responses to drugs of abuse: An evaluation of research strategies. In Mechanisms of Tolerance and Dependence (PHS-NIDA Research Monograph No. 54), ed. by C W. Sharp, pp. 50-69, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1984.
112. SHUSTER, L.: Pharmacogenetics of drugs of abuse. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 562: 56-73, 1989.
113. SMITH, T. W., BUCHAN, P., PARSONS, D. N. AND WILKINSON, S.: Peripheral antinociceptive effects of N-methyl morphine. Life Sci. 31: 1205-1208, 1982.
114. 1 receptor in physical dependence on morphine using the mu receptor deficient CXBK mouse. Life Sci. 50: 849-856, 1992.
115. TAYLOR, B. A.: Genetic relationships between inbred strains of mice. J. Hered. 63: 83-86, 1972.
116. TERMAN, G. W., SHAVIT, Y., LEWIS, J. W , CANNON, J. T. AND LIEBESKIND, J. C.: Intrinsic mechanisms of pain inhibition: activation by stress. Science 226: 1270-1277, 1984.
117. TERMAN, G. W., MORGAN, M. J. AND LIEBESKIND, J. C.: Opioid and non-opioid stress analgesia from cold water swim: importance of stress severity. Brain Res. 372: 167-171, 1986.
118. THORN, B. E. AND PLOTKIN, K. E.: Neurochemical mechanisms of stimulation-produced analgesia: Comparison of tests involving tonic and phasic pain. Physiol. Psychol. 12: 280-284, 1984.
119. TJOLSEN, A., BERGE, O.-G., HUNSKAAR, S., ROSLAND, J. H. AND HOLE, K.: The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain 51: 5-17, 1992.
120. TJOLSEN, A. AND HOLE, K.: The tail-flick latency is influenced by skin temperature. Am. Pain Soc. J. 2: 107-111, 1993.
121. TUNG, A. S. AND YAKSH, T. L.: In vivo evidence of multiple opiate receptors mediating analgesia in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 247: 75-83, 1982.
122. TYERS, M. B.: A classification of opiate receptors that mediate antinociception in animals. Br. J. Pharmacol. 69: 503-512, 1980.
123. UPTON, N , SEWELL, R. D E. AND SPENCER, P. S. J.: Differentiation of potent μ-and κ-opiate agonists using heat and pressure antinociceptive profiles and combined potency analysis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 78: 421-429, 1982.
124. VACCARINO, A. L., TASKER, R. A. R. AND MELZACK, R.: Systemic administration of naloxone produces analgesia in BALB/c mice in the formalin pain test Neurosci. Lett. 84: 103-107, 1988
125. VACCARINO, A. L. AND MELZACK, R : Analgesia produced by injection of lidocaine into the anterior cingulum bundle of the rat. Pain 39: 213-219, 1989.
126. VAN REE, J. M. AND LEYS, A.: Behavioral effects of morphine and phencyclidine in rats: The influence of repeated testing before and after single treatment. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 113: 353-362, 1985.
127. VAUGHT, J. L., MATHIASEN, J. R. AND RAFFA, R. B.: Examination of the involvement of supraspinal and spinal mu and delta opioid receptors in analgesia using the mu receptor deficient CXBK mouse. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 245: 13-16, 1988.
128. VERDU, E., NAVARRO, X. AND BUTI, M.: Autotomy behavior in different strains of mice. Behav. Genet. Assoc. Abstr. 24: 54, 1994.
129. VOGT, M.: Types of neurones involved in the analgesic effect of morphine. In Agonist and Antagonist Actions of Narcotic Analgesic Drugs, ed. by H. W. Kosterlitz, H. O. Collier and J. E. Villarael, pp. 139-141, University Park Press, Baltimore, MD, 1973.
130. WARD, S. J. AND TAKEMORI, A. E.: Relative involvement of mu, kappa and delta receptor mechanisms in opiate-mediated antinociception in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 224: 525-530, 1983.
131. WATKINS, L. R. AND MAYER, D. J.: Multiple endogenous opiate and non-opiate analgesia systems: evidence of their existence and clinical implications. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 467: 273-299, 1986.
132. WOOLFE, G. AND MACDONALD, A. D.: The evaluation of analgesic action of pethidine hydrochloride (demerol). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 80: 300-307, 1944.
133. YAKSH, T. L. AND RUDY, T. A.: Analgesia mediated by a direct spinal action of narcotics. Science 192: 1357-1358, 1976.
134. YEUNG, J. C. AND RUDY, T. A.: Sites of antinociceptive action of systemically injected morphine: Involvement of supraspinal loci as revealed by intracerebroventricular injection of naloxone. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 215:626-632, 1980.