Exogenous surfactant therapy: An update

Respiratory Care

Volumn 41, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 397-414

  Haas, Carl F ^a   Weg, John G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HOSPITALS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LUNG SURFACTANT; LUNG SURFACTANT EXTRACT; PHOSPHOLIPID; SURFACTANT TA;

ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG FORMULATION; HUMAN; INHALATIONAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LAMB; LIPID COMPOSITION; NEBULIZATION; NONHUMAN; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; RESPIRATORY FAILURE;

EID: 0030004169     PISSN: 00201324     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Levitzky MG. Pulmonary physiology, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc, 1995.
2. Enhorning G, Duffy LC, Welliver RC. Pulmonary surfactant maintains patency of conducting airways in the rat. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151(2, Part 1):554-556.
3. Notter RH, Morrow PE. Pulmonary surfactant: a surface chemistry viewpoint. Ann Biomed Eng 1975;3(2):119-159.
4. King RJ. Pulmonary surfactant. J Appl Physiol 1982;53(1):1-8.
5. Clements JA, Tiemcy DF. Alveolar instability associated with altered surface tension. In: Fenn WO, Rahn H, editors. Handbook of physiology. Section 3: respiration. Washington, DC: American Physiological Society, 1965;2:1565-1583.
6. Rooney SA. The surfactant system and lung phospholipid biochemistry. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;131(3):439-460.
7. Burkhardt R, van Golde LMG. Lipids and lipid metabolism in the lung: basic aspects and alterations in disease states. In: Massaro D, editor. Lung cell biology. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1989;41:591-654.
8. King RJ, Clements JA. Surface active materials from dog lung. II. Composition and physiological correlations. Am J Physiol 1972;223 (3):715-726.
9. Hawgood S, Benson BJ. The molecular biology of surfactant apoproteins. In: Massaro D, editor. Lung cell biology New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1989;41:701-734.
10. Voelker DR, Mason RJ. Alveolar type II epithelial cells. In: Massaro D, editor. Lung cell biology New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1989;41:487-538.
11. Possmayer F. The role of surfactant-associated proteins (editorial). Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142(4):749-752.
12. Lewis JF, Jobe AH. Surfactant and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147(1):218-233. See the published erratum Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147(4):1068.
13. Sueishi K, Benson BJ. Isolation of a major apolipoprotein of canine and murine pulmonary surfactant biochemical and immunochemical characteristics. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981;665(3):442-453
14. Holm BA, Matalon S. Role of pulmonary surfactant in the development and treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Anesth Analg 1989;69(6):805-818.
15. Yukitake K, Brown CL, Schlueter MA, Clements JA, Hawgood S. Surfactant apoprotein A modifies the inhibitory effect of plasma proteins on surfactant activity in vivo. Pediatr Res 1995;37(1):21-25.
16. Persson A, Chang D, Rust K, Moxley M, Longmore W, Crouch E. Purification and biochemical characterization of CP4 (SP-D), a collagenous surfactant-associated protein. Biochem 1989;28(15):6361-6367.
17. Goerke J. Lung surfactant. Biochim Biophys Acta 1974;344(3-4): 241-261.
18. Jobe A. Metabolism of endogenous surfactant and exogenous surfactants for replacement therapy. Semin Perinatol 1988;12{3):231-244.
19. Wright JR, Clements JA. Lung surfactant turnovers and factors that affect turnover. In: Massaro D, editor. Lung cell biology. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1989;41:655-699.
20. Goerke J, Clements JA. Alveolar surface tension and lung surfactant. In: Fishman AP. editor. Handbook of physiology. Section 3: the respiratory system. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1986;3:247-261.
21. Young SL, Silbajoris RA Type II cell response to chronic beta adrenergic agonist and antagonist infusions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1985; 233(1):271-276.
22. Avery ME, Mead J. Surface properties in relation to atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease. Am J Dis Child 1959;97:517-523.
23. Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, Levine BE. Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet 1967:2(7511):319-323.
24. Petty TL, Ashbaugh DG. The adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clinical features, factors influencing prognosis, and principles of management. Chest 1971;60(3):233-239.
25. Repine JE. Scientific perspectives on adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 1992;339(8791):466-469.
26. Demling RH. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: current concepts. New Horiz 1993;1(3):388-401.
27. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Carlet J, Falke K, Hudson L, et al, and the Consensus Committee. The American-European consensus conference on ARDS- definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(3, Part 1):818-824.
28. Seeger W, Günther A. Surfactant and adult respiratory distress syndrome. In: Müller B, Wichert P von, editors. Lung surfactant: basic research in the pathogenesis of lung disorders. Prog Respir Res 1994; 27:222-231.
29. Hallman M, Maasilta P, Sipilä I. Tahvanainen T. Composition and function of pulmonary surfactant in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J Suppl 1989;2(3, Suppl):104S-108S.
30. Hallman M, Spragg R, Harrell JH, Moser KM, Gluck L. Evidence of lung surfactant abnormality in respiratory failure. Study of bronchoalveolar lavage phospholipids, surface activity, phospholipase activity, and plasma myoinositol. J Clin Invest 1982;70(3):673-683.
31. Pison U, Seeger W, Buchhorn R, Joka T, Brand M, Obertacke U, et al. Surfactant abnormalities in patients with respiratory failure after multiple trauma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140(4):1033-1039.
32. Gregory TJ, Longmore WJ, Moxley MA, Whitsett JA, Reed CR, Fowler III AA. et al. Surfactant chemical composition and biophysical activity in acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Invest 1991; 88(6):1976-1981.
33. Hall SB, Notter RH, Smith RJ, Hyde RW. Altered function of pulmonary surfactant in fatty acid lung injury. J Appl Physiol 1990;69(3): 1143-1149.
34. Lewis JF, Ikegami M, Jobe AH. Altered surfactant function and metabolism in rabbits with acute lung injury. J Appl Physiol 1990;69 (6):2303-2310.
35. Berry D, Ikegami M, Jobe A. Respiratory distress and surfactant inhibition following vagotomy in rabbits. J Appl Physiol 1986;61(5): 1741-1748.
36. Pison U, Obertacke U, Seeger W, Hawgood S. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is decreased in acute parenchymal lung injury associated with polytrauma. Eur J Clin Investig 1992;22(11):712-718.
37. Higuchi R, Lewis J, Ikegami M. In vitro conversion of surfactant subtypes is altered in alveolar surfactant isolated from injured lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145(6):1416-1420.
38. Veldhuizen RAW, McCaig L, Akino T, Lewis JF. Alveolar surfactant aggregates are altered in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(4):A124.
39. Lachmann B, Hallman M, Bergmann KC. Respiratory failure following anti-lung serum: study on mechanisms associated with surfactant system damage. Exp Lung Res 1987;12(2):163-180.
40. Kobayashi T, Nitta K, Ganzuka M, Inui S, Grossman G, Robertson B. Inactivation of exogenous surfactant by pulmonary edema fluid. Pediatr Res 1991;29(4, Part 1):353-356.
41. Jobe A, Ikegami M, Jacobs H, Jones S, Conaway D. Permeability of premature lamb lungs to protein and the effect of surfactant on that permeability. J Appl Physiol 1983;55(1, Part 1):169-176.
42. Hallman M, Merritt TA, Bry K. The fate of exogenous surfactant in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994;26(3).215-232
43. Ten Centre Study Group. Ten centre trial of artificial surfactant (artificial lung expanding compound) in very premature babies. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1987;294(6578):991-996.
44. Morley CJ, Greenough A, Miller NG, Bangham AD, Pool J, Wood S, et al. Randomized trial of artificial surfactant (ALEC) given at birth to babies from 23 to 34 weeks gestation. Early Hum Dev 1988;17 (1):41-54.
45. Morley CJ, Morley R. Follow up of premature babies treated with artificial surfactant (ALEC). Arch Dis Child 1990;65(7, Special Number):667-669.
46. Macnaughton PD, Evans TW. The effect of exogenous surfactant therapy on lung function following cardiopulmonary bypass. Chest 1994;105(2):421-425.
47. Abbasi S, Bhutani VK, Gerdes JS. Long-term pulmonary consequences of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants treated with exogenous surfactant. J Pediatr 1993;122(3):446-452.
48. Bose C, Corbet A, Bose G, Garcia-Prats J, Lombardy L, Wold D, et al. Improved outcome at 28 days of age for very low birth weight infants treated with a single dose of a synthetic surfactant. J Pediatr 1990;117(6):947-953.
49. Corbel A, Gerdes J, Long W, Avila E, Puri A, Rosenberg A, Edwards K, Cook L, and the American Exosurf Neonatal Study Groups I and IIa. Double-blind, randomized trial of one versus three prophylactic doses of synthetic surfactant in 826 neonates weighing 700-1100 grams: effects on mortality rate. J Pediatr 1995;126(6):969-978.
50. Corbet A, Long W, Schumacher R, Gerdes J, Cotton R. Double-blind developmental evaluation at 1-year corrected age of 597 premature infants with birth weights from 500 to 1350 grams enrolled in three placebo-controlled trials of prophylactic synthetic surfactant. American Exosurf Neonatal Study Group I. J Pediatr 1995;126(5, Part 2):S5-12.
51. Corbet A, Bucciarelli R, Goldman S, Mammel M, Wold D, Long W, and the American Exosurf Pediatric Study Group. Decreased mortality rate among small premature infants treated at birth with a single dose of synthetic surfactant: a multicenter controlled trial. J Pediatr 1991;118(2).277-284.
52. Horbar JD, Wright LL, Soll RF, Wright EC, Fanaroff AA, Korones SB, et al and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. A multicenter randomized trial comparing two surfactants for the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr 1993;123(5):757-766.
53. Long W, Thompson T, Sundell H, Schumacher R, Volberg F, Guthrie R, and the American Exosurf Neonatal Study Group I. Effects of two rescue doses of a synthetic surfactant on mortality rate and survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia in 700- to 1350-gram infants with respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr 1991;118(4, Part 1):595-605.
54. Kraybill EN, Bose CL, Corbett AJ, Garcia-Prats J, Asbill D, Edwards K, Long W. Double-blind evaluation of developmental and health status to age 2 years of infants weighing 700 to 1350 grams treated prophylactically at birth with a single dose of synthetic surfactant or air placebo. J Pediatr 1995;126(5, Part 2):S33-42.
55. Sell M, Cotton R, Hirata T, Guthrie R, LeBlanc M, Mammel M, Long W, and the American Exosurf Neonatal Group I. One-year follow up of 273 infants with birth weights of 700 to 1100 grams after prophylactic treatment of respiratory distress syndrome with synthetic surfactant or air placebo. J Pediatr 1995;126(5, Part 2):S20-25.
56. Wiedemann H, Baughman R, DeBoisblanc E, Shuster D, Caldwell E, Weg J, et al, and the Exosurf ARDS Sepsis Study Group. A multicenter trial in human sepsis-induced ARDS of an aerosolized synthetic surfactant (Exosurf) (abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145:A184.
57. Weg JG, Balk BA, Tharratt S, Jenkins SG, Shah JB, Zaccardelli D, et al. Safety and potential efficacy of an aerosolized surfactant in human sepsis-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA 1994;272 (18):1433-1438.
58. Wach R, Darlow B, Bourchier D, Broadbent R, Knight D, Selby R. Respiratory distress syndrome in New Zealand: evidence from the OSIRIS trial of exogenous surfactant (Exosurf). N Z Med J 1994; 107(980):234-237.
59. The OSIRIS Collaborative Group. Early versus delayed neonatal administration of a synthetic surfactant - the judgment of OSIRIS. Lancet 1992;340(8832):1363-1369.
60. Sweeney TD, Reinisch US, Kirk JE, Vitow C, Offord S, Glavinos P, Ingenito E, Brain JD. A synthetic phospholipid KL4 surfactant improves lung function in a rat model of ARDS (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(4):A126.
61. Zola EM, Overbach AM, Gunkel JH, Mitchell BR, Nagle BT, DeMarco NG, et al. Treatment investigational new drug experience with Survanta (beractant). Pediatrics 1993;91(3):546-551.
62. Lotze A, Knight GR, Martin GR, Bulas DI, Hull WM, O'Donnell RM, et al. Improved pulmonary outcome after exogenous surfactant therapy for respiratory failure in term infants requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr 1993;122(2):261-268.
63. Gregory TG, Longmore WJ, Moxley MA, Cai G-Z, Gadek JE, Weiland JE, et al. Surfactant repletion following Survanta supplementation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:A124.
64. Ferrara TB, Hoekstra RE, Couser RJ, Gaziano EP. Calvin SE, Payne NR, Fangman JJ. Survival and follow up of infants born at 23 to 26 weeks gestational age: effects of surfactant therapy. J Pediatr 1994; 124(1):119-124.
65. Jobe AE. Pulmonary surfactant therapy. N Engl J Med 1993;328 (12):861-868.
66. Lachmann B. Animal models and clinical pilot studies of surfactant replacement in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J Suppl 1989;2(3):98s-103s.
67. Harris JD, Jackson Jr F, Moxley MA, Longmore WJ. Effect of exogenous surfactant instillation on experimental acute lung injury. J Appl Physiol 1989;66(4):1846-1851.
68. Lewis JF, Ikegami M, Jobe AH. Metabolism of exogenously administered surfactant in the acutely injured lungs of adult rabbits. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145(1):19-23.
69. Hall SB, Lu RZ, Venkitaraman AR, Hyde RW, Notter RH. Inhibition of pulmonary surfactant by oleic acid mechanisms and characteristics. J Appl Physiol 1992;72(5):1708-1716.
70. Schuster DP. ARDS: clinical lessons from the oleic acid model of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(1):245-260.
71. Kaneko T, Sato T, Katsuya H, Miyauchi Y. Surfactant therapy for pulmonary edema due to intratracheally injected bile acid. Crit Care Med 1990;18(1):77-83.
72. Eijking EP, Gommers D, So KL, Vergeer M, Lachmann B. Surfactant treatment of respiratory failure induced by hydrochloric acid aspiration in rats. Anesthesiology 1993;78(6):1145-1151.
73. Fracica PJ, Caminiti SP, Piantadosi CA, Duhaylongsod FG, Crapo JD, Young SL. Natural surfactant and hyperoxic lung injury in primates. II. Morphometric analyses. J Appl Physiol 1994;76(3):1002-1010.
74. Huang YC, Caminiti SP, Fawcett TA, Moon RE, Fracica PJ, Miller FJ, et al. Natural surfactant and hyperoxic lung injury in primates I. Physiology and biochemistry. J Appl Physiol 1994;76(3):991-1001.
75. Novotny WE, Hudak BH, Matalon S, Holm BA. Hyperoxic lung injury reduces exogenous surfactant clearance in vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1993;151:1843-1847.
76. van't Veen A, So KL, Lachmann B. Surfactant replacement therapy in animal models of respiratory failure due to viral infection. In: Vaupel P, editor. Oxygen transport to tissue. New York: Plenum Press, 1994;15:83-94.
77. Matalon S, Holm BA, Notter RH. Mitigation of pulmonary hyperoxic injury by administration of exogenous surfactant. J Appl Physiol 1987;62(2):756-761.
78. Sachs S, Ghio AJ, Young SL, Piantados CA. Mechanism of protection against hyperoxic lung injury by components of artificial surfactant (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(4 Part 2):A450.
79. Ikegami M, UedaT, Absolom D, Baxter C, Rider E, Jobe AH. Changes in exogenous surfactant in ventilated preterm lamb lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148(4, Part 1):837-844.
80. Thomassen MJ, Antal JM, Conners MJ, Meeker DP, Weidemann HP. Characterizations of Exosurf (surfactant)-mediated suppression of stimulated human alveolar macrophage cytokine responses. Am J Respir Cell Mol Bio 1994;10(4):399-404.
81. Allen JN, Moore SA, Pope-Harman AL, Marsh CB, Wewers MD. Immunosuppressive properties of surfactant and plasma on alveolar macrophages. J Lab Clin Med 1995;125(3):356-369.
82. Roth MD, Pinto M, Golub SH, Shau H. Pulmonary surfactant inhibits interleukin-2-induced proliferation and the generation of lymphokine-activated killer cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Bio 1993;9 (6):652-658.
83. Thomassen MJ, Meeker DP, Antel JM, Conners MJ, Wiedemann. Synthetic surfactant (Exosurf) inhibits endotoxin-stimulated cytokine secretion by human alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992,7(3):257-260.
84. Cummings JJ, Holm BA, Hudak ML, Hudak BB, Ferguson WH, Egan EA. A controlled clinical comparison of four different surfactant preparations in surfactant-deficient preterm lambs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145(5):999-1004.
85. Hall SB, Venkitaraman AR, Whitsett JA, Holm BA, Notter RH. Importance of hydrophobic apoproteins as constituents of clinical exogenous surfactants. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145(1):24-30.
86. Fujiwara T, Maeta H, Chida S, Monta T, Watabe Y, Abe T. Artificial surfactant therapy in hyaline membrane disease. Lancet 1980; 1(8159):55-59.
87. Raju TN, Langenberg P. Pulmonary hemorrhage and exogenous surfactant therapy: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr 1993;123(4):603-610.
88. Hennes HM, Lee MB, Rimm AA, Shapiro DL. Surfactant replacement therapy in respiratory distress syndrome. Meta-analysis of clinical trials of single-dose surfactant extracts. Am J Dis Child 1991; 145:102-104.
89. American Association for Respiratory Care Perinatal-Pediatrics Guidelines Committee. Surfactant replacement therapy. Respir Care 1994;39 (8):824-829.
90. Gortner L, Bartmann P, Pohlandt F, Bernsau U, Porz F, Hellwege HH, et al. Early treatment of respiratory distress syndrome with bovine surfactant in very preterm infants: a multicenter controlled clinical trial. Pediatr Pulmouol 1992;14(1):4-9.
91. Kendig JW, Notter RH, Cox C, Aschner JL, Benn S, Bernstein RM, et al. Surfactant replacement therapy at birth: final analysis of a clinical trial and comparisons with similar trials. Pediatrics 1988;82(5): 756-762.
92. Halliday HL, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Corcoran JD, Patterson CC. Multicentre randomized trial comparing high and low dose surfactant regimens for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (the Curosurf 4 trial). Arch Dis Child 1993;69(3, Special Number):276-280.
93. Merritt TA, Halliday HL. On exogenous surfactant therapy (editorial). Pediatr Pulmonol 1992;14(1):1-3. See the published erratum in Pediatr Pulmonol 1992;14(1:10-15.
94. Long W, Zucker J, Kraybill E. Symposium on synthetic surfactant. II: perspective and commentary. J Pediatr 1995;126(5, Part 2):S1-S5.
95. Walther FJ, Mullett M, Schumacher R, Sundell H, Easa D, Long W, and the American Exosurf Neonatal Study Group. One-year follow up of 66 premature infants weighing 500 to 699 grams treated with a single dose of synthetic surfactant or air placebo at birth: results of a double-blind trial. J Pediatr 1995;126(5, Part 2):S13-19.
96. Richman PS, Spragg RG, Robertson B, Merritt TA, Curstedt T. The adult respiratory distress syndrome: first trials with surfactant replacement. Eur Respir J Suppl 1989;2(3):109s-111s.
97. Nosaka S, Sakai T, Yonekura M, Yoshikawa K. Surfactant for adults with respiratory failure (letter). Lancet 1990;336(8720):947-948.
98. Heikinhcimo M, Hynynen M, Rautiainen P, Andersson S, Hallman M, Kukkonen S. Successful treatment of ARDS with two doses of synthetic surfactant. Chest 1994;105(4):1263-1264.
99. Weg JG, Reines H, Balk R, Tharratt R, Kearney P, Killian T, et al, and the Exosurf-ARDS Sepsis Study Group. Safety and efficacy of an aerosolized surfactant (Exosurf) in human sepsis-induced ARDS (abstract). Chest 1991;100(2):137S.
100. Anzueto A, Baughman R, Guntupalli K, DeMaria E, Davis K, Weg J, et al, and the Exosurf ARDS Sepsis Study Group. An international, randomized, placebo-controiled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of aerosolized surfactant in patients with sepsis-induced ARDS (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(4, Part 2):A567. Also see Anzueto A, Baughman RP, Guntupalli KK, Weg JG, Wiedemann HP, Raventós AA, et al. Aerosolized surfactant in sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996: (in press).
101. Anzueto A, Baughman R, Guntupalli K, DeMaria E, Davis K, Weg J, et al, and the Exosurf ARDS Sepsis Study Group. An international, randomized, placebo-controiled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of aerosolized surfactant in patients with sepsis-induced ARDS (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(4, Part 2):A567. Also see Anzueto A, Baughman RP, Guntupalli KK, Weg JG, Wiedemann HP, Raventós AA, et al. Aerosolized surfactant in sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996: (in press).
102. Gregory TJ, Gadek JE, Weiland JE, Hyers TM, Crim C, Hudson LD, Steinberg KP, Maunder RA, Spragg RG, Smith RM, Tierney DF, Gipe B, Longmore WJ, Moxley MA. Survanta supplementation in patients with respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(4, Part 2):A567.
103. Spragg RG, Gilliard N, Richman P, Smith RM, Hite RD, Pappert D, et al. Acute effects of a single dose of porcine surfactant on patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 1994;105(1): 195-202.
104. Jobe A, Ikegami M. Surfactant for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136(5):1256-1275.
105. Jobe A, Ikegami M, Jacobs H, Jones S. Surfactant and pulmonary blood flow distributions following treatment of premature lambs with natural surfactant. J Clin Invest 1984;73(3):848-856.
106. Gilliard N, Richman PM, Memtt TA, Spragg RG. Effect of volume and dose on the pulmonary distribution of exogenous surfactant administration to normal rabbits or to rabbits with oleic acid lung injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141(3):743-747.
107. Van der Bleek J, Plotz FB, Van Overbeek FM, Heikamp A, Beekhuis H, Wildevuur RH, et al. Distribution of exogenous surfactant in rabbits with severe respiratory failure: the effect of volume. Pediatr Res 1993;34(2):154-158.
108. aO2 nature rabbits with lungs that contain large amounts of saline. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147(5):1087-1090.
109. Lewis JF, Ikegami M, Jobe AH, Tabor B. Aerosolized surfactant treatment of preterm lambs. J Appl Physiol 1991;70(2):869-876.
110. Lewis J, Ikegami M, Higuchi R, Jobe A, Absolom D. Nebulized vs instilled exogenous surfactant in an adult lung injury model. J Appl Physiol 1991;71(4):1270-1276.
111. Lewis JF, Ikegami M, Jobe AH, Absolom D. Physiologic responses and distribution of aerosolized surfactant (Survanta®) in a nonuniform pattern of lung injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993:147(6. Part 1):1364-1370.
112. Lewis JF, McCaig L. Aerosolized versus instilled exogenous surfactant to a nonuniform pattern of lung injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148(5):1187-1193.
113. Raabe OG, Lee JIC, Wong GA. A signal actuated nebulizer for the use with breathing machines J Aerosol Med 1989;2:201-210.
114. Haas CF, Weg JO, Kettell CW, Caldwell EJ, Zaccardelli DS. Brown DL. Effects of dense, high-volume. artificial surfactant aerosol on a heated exhalation filter system. Crit Care Med 1993;21(1):125-130.
115. Haas CF, Folk LM, Weg JG, Zaccardelli DS, Brown DL. A nebulizer system for administering synthetic surfactant (abstract). Respir Care 1992;37(11):1367.
116. 99mTc-Pentetic acid (DTPA) and synthetic surfactant (Exosurf). Chest 1994;105(6):1765-1769.
117. Haas CF, Johnson SJ, Weg JG, Zaccardelli DS, Pattishall EN. A developmental exhalation aerosol filter for synthetic surfactant during mechanical ventilation (abstract). Respir Care 1992;37(11):1367.
118. Haas CF, Weg JG, Zaccardelli DS. Effect of changing compliance, expiratory resistance, and inspiratory flow pattern with the Visan-9 nebulizer (abstract). Respir Care 1993;38(11):1293.
119. Haas CF, Folk LM, Weg JG, Zaccardelli DS. PEFR as an early indicator of filter occlusion due to surfactant aerosol therapy (abstract). Respir Care 1991;36(11):1279-1280.
120. MacIntrye NR, Coleman RE, Schuller FS, Zaccardelli D, Pattishall E. Efficiency of the delivery of aerosolized artificial surfactant to intubated patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(4, Part 2):A125.
121. Shinwell ES, Robertson B, Saugstad OD, Halliday HL, Speer CP. Update on surfactant therapy. Biol Neonate 1995;67(1):2-12.