Autoimmune responses in peripheral nerve

Springer Seminars in Immunopathology

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 97-123

  Hartung, Hans Peter ^a   Willison, Hugh ^b   Jung, Stefan ^a   Pette, Martin ^a   Toyka, Klaus V ^a   Giegerich, Gerhard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

^b SOUTHERN GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; COMPLEMENT; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3B RECEPTOR; GAMMA INTERFERON; GANGLIOSIDE; GLYCOLIPID; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 1; MYELIN ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ANTIBODY TITER; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; AUTOIMMUNITY; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELL INTERACTION; DIAGNOSIS; ETIOLOGY; GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; IMMUNOREGULATION; INFLAMMATION; MACROPHAGE; MYELIN SHEATH; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHWANN CELL; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANTIBODIES; AUTOIMMUNITY; GANGLIOSIDES; HUMANS; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES;

EID: 0029942968     PISSN: 03444325     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF00792612     Document Type: Review

References (237)

1. Abromson-Leeman S, Bronson R, Dorf ME (1995) Experimental autoimmune peripheral neuritis induced in BALB/c mice by myelin basic protein-specific T cell clones. J Exp Med 182:587
2. Arai M, Yoshino H, Kusano Y, et al (1992) Ataxic polyneuropathy and anti-Pr2 IgM kappa M proteinemia. J Neurol 239:147
3. Arasaki K, Kusunoki S, Kudo N, Kanazawa I (1993) Acute conduction block in vitro following exposure to antiganglioside sera. Muscle Nerve 16:587
4. Archelos JJ, Roggenbruck K, Schneider-Schaulies J, et al (1993) Detection and quantification of antibodies to the extracellular domain of P0 during experimental allergic neuritis. J Neurol Sci 117:197
5. Archelos JJ, Mäurer M, Jung S, et al (1994) Inhibition of experimental autoimmune neuritis by an antibody to the lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1. Lab Invest 70:667
6. Armati PJ, Pollard JD, Gatenby P (1990) Rat and human Schwann cells in vitro can synthesize and express MHC molecules. Muscle Nerve 13:106
7. Arnason BGW, Soliven B (1993) Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Griffin JW, et al (eds) Peripheral neuropathy. 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1437-1497
8. Aspinall GO, McDonald AG, Pang H (1994) Lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni serotype O:19: structures of O antigen chains from the serostrain and two bacterial isolates from patients with the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Biochemistry 33:250
9. Bansil S, Mithen FA, Cook SD, et al (1991) Clinical correlation with serum-soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology 41:1302
10. Bansil S, Mithen FA, Singhal BS, et al (1992) Elevated neopterin levels in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Further evidence of immune activation. Arch Neurol 49:1277
11. Bevilacqua MP (1993) Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules. Annu Rev Immunol 91:379
12. Bolin LM, Verity N, Silver JE et al (1995) Interleukin-6 production by Schwann cells and induction in sciatic nerve injury. J Neurochem 64:850
13. Bonetti B, Monaco S, Ciannini C, et al (1993) Human peripheral nerve macrophages in normal and pathological conditions. J Neurol Sci 118:158
14. Brindel I, Preud'Homme J, Vallat J et al (1995) Monoclonal IgM reactive with several gangliosides in a chronic relapsing neuropathy. Neurosci Lett 181:103
15. Brosnan CF, Tansey FA (1984) Delayed onset of experimental allergic neuritis in rats treated with reserpine. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 43:84
16. Brosnan CF, Lyman WD, Tansey FA, Carter TH (1985) Quantitation of mast cells in experimental allergic neuritis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 44:196
17. Brosnan JV, Craggs RI, King RH, Thomas PK (1987) Reduced susceptibility of T cell-deficient rats to induction of experimental allergic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 14:267
18. Buchwald BM, Weishaupt A, Toyka KV, Dudel J (1995) Immunoglobulin G from a patient with Miller-Fisher Syndrome rapidly and reversibly depresses evoked quantal release at the neuromuscular junction of mice. Neurosci Lett 201:163
19. Burns J, Krasner LJ, Rostami A, Pleasure D (1986) Isolation of P2 protein-reactive T-cell lines from human blood. Ann Neurol 19:391
20. Cammer W, Brosnan CF, Bloom BR, et al (1981) Degradation of the P0, P2, and Pr proteins in peripheral nervous system myelin by plasmin: implications regarding the role of macrophages in demyelinating diseases. J Neurochem 36:1506
21. Cammer W, Brosnan CF, Basile C, et al (1986) Complement potentiates the degradation of myelin proteins by plasmin: implications for a mechanism of inflammatory demyelination. Brain Res 364:91
22. Chia LS, Thompson JE, Moscarello MA (1983) Disorder in human myelin induced by superoxide radical: an in vitro investigation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 117:141
23. Chiba A, Kusunoki S, Shimizu T, et al (1992) Serum IgG antibody to ganglioside GQ1b is a possible marker of Miller Fisher syndrome. Ann Neurol 31:677
24. Chiba A, Kusunoki S, Obata H, et al (1993) Serum anti-GQ-1b IgG antibody is associated with ophthalmoplegia in Miller-Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical and immunohistochemical studies. Neurology 43:1911
25. Clark L, Heber-Katz E, Rostami A (1992) Shared T-cell receptor gene usage in experimental allergic neuritis and encephalomyelitis. Ann Neurol 31:587
26. Constable AL, Armati PJ, Toyka KV, Hartung HP (1994) Production of prostanoids by Lewis rat Schwann cells in vitro. Brain Res 635:75
27. Corbo M, Quattrini A, Latov N, Hays AP (1993) Localization of GM1 and Ga1(b1-3) Ga1NAc antigenic determinants in peripheral nerve. Neurology 43:809
28. Cowley SA, Butter C, Gschmeissner SE, et al (1989) An immunoelectronmicroscopical study of the expression of major histocomputibility complex (MHC) class II antigens in guinea pig sciatic nerves following induction of intraneural mycobacterial granulomas. J Neuroimmunol 23:223
29. Dahle C, Vrethem M, Ernerudh J (1994) T lymphocyte subset abnormalities in peripheral blood from patients with the Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 53:219
30. Duane GC, Farrer RG, Dalakas MC, Quarles RH (1992) Sensory neuropathy with monoclonal immunoglobulin M to GD1b ganglioside. Ann Neurol 31:683
31. Enders U, Karch H, Toyka KV, et al (1993) The spectrum of immune responses to Campylobacter jejuni and glycoconjugates in Guillain-Barré syndrome and in other neuroimmunological disorders. Ann Neurol 34:136
32. Exley AR, Smith N, Winer JB (1994) Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and other cytokines in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57:1118
33. Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ, Brown WF, et al (1986) An acute axonal form of Guillain-Barré polyneuropathy. Brain 109:1115
34. Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ, Hahn AF, Neilson M (1987) Complement depletion suppresses Lewis rat experimental allergic neuritis. Brain Res 419:97
35. Filbin MT, Tennekoon GI (1991) The role of complex carbohydrates in adhesion of the myelin protein, P0. Neuron 7:845
36. Filbin MT, Walsh FS, Trapp BD, et al (1990) Role of myelin P0 protein as a homophilic adhesion molecule. Nature 344:871
37. Fredman P, Vedeler CA, Nyland H, et al (1991) Antibodies in sera from patients with inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy react with ganglioside LM1 and sulphatide of peripheral nerve myelin. J Neurol 238:75
38. Friedman DF, Cho EA, Goldman J, et al (1991) The role of clonal selection in the pathogenesis of an autoreactive human B cell lymphoma. J Exp Med 174:525
39. Geczy C, Raper R, Roberts IM, et al (1985) Macrophage procoagulant activity as a measure of cell-mediated immunity to P2 protein of peripheral nerves in the Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 9:179
40. Gold R, Toyka KV, Hartung H-P (1995) Synergistic effect of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha on expression of immune molecules and antigen presentation by Schwann cells. Cell Immunol 165:65
41. Gold R, Zielasek J, Kiefer R, et al (1996) Secretion of nitrite by Schwann cells and its effect on T-cell activation in vitro. Cell Immunol 68:69
42. + cells secrete anti-asialo GM1 antibodies in motor neuron disease? Ann NY Acad Sci 651:570
43. Gregorian SK, Lee WP, Beck LS, et al (1994) Regulation of experimental autoimmune neuritis by transforming growth factor-beta 1. Cell Immunol 156:102
44. Gregson NA, Koblar S, Hughes RAC (1993) Antibodies to gangliosides in Guillain-Barré syndrome: specificity and relationship to clinical features. Q J Med 86:111
45. Griffin JW (1994) Antiglycolipid antibodies and peripheral neuropathies: links to pathogenesis. Prog Brain Res 101:313
46. Griffin JW, Ho TW (1993) The Guillain-Barré syndrome at 75: the Campylobacter connection (editorial; comment). Ann Neurol 34:125
47. Griffin JW, Stoll G, Li CY, et al (1990) Macrophage responses in inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies. Ann Neurol 27 [Suppl]:S64
48. Griffin JW, George R, Ho T (1993) Macrophage systems in peripheral nerves. A review. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52:553
49. Griffin JW, Li CY, Ho TW, et al (1995) Guillain-Barré syndrome in Northern China. The spectrum of neuropathological changes in clinically defined cases. Brain 118:577
50. Griffin JW, Li CY, Ho TW, et al (1996) Pathology of the motor-sensory axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 39:17
51. Hahn AF, Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ (1985) Blood-nerve barrier studies in experimental allergic neuritis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 68:101
52. Hahn AF, Feasby TE, Wilkie L, Lovgren DT (1941) P2-peptide induced experimental allegic neuritis: a model to study axonal degeneration. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 82:60
53. Hahn AF, Feasby TE, Wilkie L, Lovgren DT (1993) Anti-galactocerebroside antibody increases demyelination in adoptive transfer experimental allergic neuritis. Muscle Nerve 16:1174
54. Halliwell B (1992) Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J Neurochem 59:1609
55. Hartung HP, Toyka KV (1990) T-cell and macrophage activation in experimental autoimmune neuritis and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 27 [Suppl]:S57
56. Hartung HP, Schäfer B, Fierz W, et al (1987) Cyclosporin A prevents P2 T cell line-mediated experimental autoimmune neuritis (AT-EAN) in rat. Neurosci Lett 83:195
57. Hartung HP, Schwenke C, Bitter-Suermann D, et al (1987) Guillain-Barré syndrome: activated complement components C3a and C5a in CSF. Neurology 37:1006
58. Hartung HP, Heininger K, Schäfer B, et al (1988) Immune mechanisms in inflammatory polyneuropathy. Ann NY Acad Sci 540:122
59. Hartung HP, Schäfer B, Heininger K, et al (1988) The role of macrophages and eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic neuritis. Serial clinical, electrophysiological, biochemical and morphological observations. Brain 111:1039
60. Hartung HP, Schäfer B, Heininger K, et al (1988) Suppression of experimental autoimmune neuritis by the oxygen radical scavengers superoxide dismutase and catalase. Ann Neurol 23:453
61. Hartung HP, Schäfer B, van der Meide PH, et al (1990) The role of interferon-gamma in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system. Ann Neurol 27:247
62. Hartung HP, Hughes RAC, Taylor WA, et al (1990) T cell activation in Guillain-Barré syndrome and in MS: elevated serum levels of soluble IL-2 receptors. Neurology 40:215
63. Hartung HP, Reiners K, Schmidt B, et al (1991) Serum interleukin-2 concentrations in Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: comparison with other neurological diseases of presumed immunopathogenesis. Ann Neurol 30:48
64. Hartung HP, Jung S, Stoll G, et al (1992) Inflammatory mediators in demyelinating disorders of the CNS and PNS. J Neuroimmunol 40:197-67.
65. Hartung HP, Archelos JJ, Zielasek J et al (1995) Circulating adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators in demyelination: a review. Neurology 45 (Suppl):S22
66. Hartung HP, Pollard JD, Harvey GK, et al (1995) Immunopathogenesis and treatment of the Guillain-Barré syndrome Parts I & II. Muscle Nerve 18:137
67. Harvey GK, Pollard JD (1992) Peripheral nervous system demyelination from systemic transfer of experimental allergic neuritis serum. J Neuroimmunol 41:159
68. Harvey GK, Toyka KV, Hartung HP (1994) Effects of mast cell degranulation on blood-nerve barrier permeability and nerve conduction in vivo. J Neurol Sci 125:102
69. Harvey GK, Gold R, Hartung HP, et al (1995) Nonneural-specific T lymphocytes can orchestrate inflammatory peripheral neuropathy. Brain 118:1263
70. Harvey GK, Toyka KV, Zielasek J, et al (1995) Failure of anti-GM1 IgG or IgM to induce conduction block following intraneural transfer. Muscle Nerve 18:388
71. Hays AP, Latov N, Takatsu M, Sherman WH (1987) Experimental demyelination of nerve induced by serum of patients with neuropathy and an anti-MAG IgM M-protein. Neurology 37:242
72. Hays AP, Lee SS, Latov N (1988) Immune reactive C3d on the surface of myelin sheaths in neuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 18:231
73. Heidenreich F, Leifeld L, Jovin T (1994) T cell-dependent activity of ganglioside GM1-specitic B cells in Guillain-Barré syndrome and multifocal motor neuropathy in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 49:97
74. Heininger K, Stoll G, Linington C, et al (1986) Conduction failure and nerve conduction slowing in experimental allergic neuritis induced by P2-specitic T-cell lines. Ann Neurol 19:44
75. Heininger K, Schäfer B, Hartung HP, et al (1988) The role of macrophages in experimental autoimmune neuritis induced by a P2-specific T-cell line. Ann Neurol 23:326
76. Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY, et al (1995) Guillain-Barré syndrome in Northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti-glycolipid antibodies. Brain 118:597
77. Holmdahl R, Oisson T, Moran T, Klareskog L (1985) In vivo treatment of rats with monoclonal anti-T-cell antibodies. Immunohistochemical and functional analysis in normal rats and in experimental allergic neuritis. Scand J Immunol 22:157
78. Hughes RAC (1995) The concept and classification of Guillain-Barré syndrome and related disorders. Rev Neurol (Paris) 151:291
79. Hughes RA, Kadlubowski M, Gray IA, et al (1981) Immune responses in experimental allergic neuritis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 44:565
80. Hughes RAC, Gray IA, Gregson NA, et al (1984) Immune responses to myelin antigens in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 6:303
81. Hughes RAC, Atkinson PF, Gray IA, et al (1987) Major histocompatibility antigens and lymphocyte subsets during experimental allergic neuritis in the Lewis rat. J Neurol 234:390
82. Ilyas AA, Willison HJ, Quarles RH, et al (1988) Serum antibodies to gangliosides in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 23:440
83. Ilyas AA, Mithen FA, Dalakas MC, et al (1991) Antibodies to sulfated glycolipids in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Sci 105:108
84. Ilyas AA, Mithen FA, Chen ZW, et al (1991) Search for antibodies to neutral glycolipids in sera of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Sci 102:67
85. Ilyas AA, Mithen FA, Chen ZW, Cook SD (1992) Anti-GM1 IgA antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 36:69
86. Ilyas AA, Mithen FA, Dalakas MC, et al (1992) Antibodies to acidic glycolipids in Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 107:111
87. Iqbal A, Oger JJF, Arnason BW (1981) Cell-mediated immunity in idiopathic polyneuritis. Ann Neurol 9 [Suppl]:65
88. Izumo S, Linington C, Wekerle H, Meyermann R (1985) Morphologic study on experimental allergic neuritis mediated by T cell line specific for bovine P2 protein in Lewis rats. Lab Invest 53:209
89. Jacobs BC, Endtz H, Van der Meché FGA, et al (1995) Serum anti-GQ1b IgG antibodies recognize surface epitopes on Campylobacter jejuni from patients with Miller Fisher syndrome. Ann Neurol 37:260
90. Jung S, Kramer S, Schluesener HJ, et al (1992) Prevention and therapy of experimental autoimmune neuritis by an antibody against T cell receptors-alpha/beta. J Immunol 148:3768
91. Jung S, Hartung HP, Toyka KV (1993) Shared T-cell receptor gene usage in experimental allergic neuritis and encephalomyelitis (letter). Ann Neurol 34:113
92. Jung S, Huitinga I, Schmidt B, et al (1993) Selective elimination of macrophages by dichlormethylene diphosphonate-containing liposomes suppresses experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Neurol Sci 119:195
93. Jung S, Schluesener HJ, Schmidt B, et al (1994) Therapeutic effect of transforming growth factor-beta 2 on actively induced EAN but not adoptive transfer EAN. Immunology 83:545
94. Jung S, Toyka KV, Hartung HP (1995) Soluble complement receptor type I inhibits experimental autoimmune neuritis in Lewis rats. Neurosci Lett 200:167
95. Khalili-Shirazi A, Hughes RAC, Brostoff SW, et al (1992) T cell responses to myelin proteins in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Sci 111:200
96. Khalili-Shirazi A, Atkinson P, Gregson N, Hughes RA (1993) Antibody responses to P0 and P2 myelin proteins in Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 46:245
97. Kiefer R, Funa K, Schweitzer T, et al (1996) Transforming growth factor beta1 in experimental autoimmune neuritis: cellular localization and time course. Am J Pathol 148:211
98. Kingston AE, Bergsteinsdottir K, Jessen KR, et al (1989) Schwann cells co-cultured with stimulated T cells and antigen express major histocompalibility complex (MHC) class II determinants without interferon-γ pretreatment: synergistic effects of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor on MHC class II induction. Eur J Immunol 19:177
99. Kinsella LJ, Lange DJ, Trojaborg W, et al (1994) Clinical and electrophysiologic correlates of elevated anti-GM1 antibody titers. Neurology 44:1278
100. Koenig HL, Schumacher M, Ferzaz B, et al (1995) Progesterone synthesis and myelin formation by Schwann cells. Science 268:1500
101. Konat GW, Wiggins RC (1985) Effect of reactive oxygen species on myelin membrane proteins. J Neurochem 45:1113
102. Korn-Lubetzki I, Abramsky O (1986) Acute and chronic demyelinating inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy. Association with autoimmune diseuses and lymphocyte response to human neuritogenic protein. Arch Neurol 43:604
103. Koski CL, Humphrey R, Shin ML (1985) Anti-peripheral myelin antibody in patients with demyelinating neuropathy: quantitative and kinetic determination of serum antibody by complement component I fixation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:905
104. Koski CL, Gratz E, Sutherland J, Mayer RF (1986) Clinical correlation with anti-peripheral nerve myelin antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 19:573
105. Koski CL, Sanders ME, Swoveland PT, et al (1987) Activation of terminal components of complement in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome and other demyelinating neuropathies. J Clin Invest 80:1492
106. Koski CL, Chou DK, Jungalwala FB (1989) Anti-peripheral nerve myelin antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome bind a neutral glycolipid of peripheral myelin and cross-react with Forssman antigen. J Clin Invest 84:280
107. Kuroki S, Saida T, Nukina M, et al (1993) Campylobacter jejuni strains from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome belong mostly to Penner serogroup 19 and contain beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues. Ann Neurol 33:243
108. Kusunoki S, Chiba A, Kon K, et al (1994) N-Acetylgalactosaminyl CD1a is a target molecule for serum antibody in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 35:570
109. Kusunoki S, Chiba A, Hitoshi S, et al (1995) Anti-Gal-C antibody in autoimmune neuropathies subsequent to mycoplasma infection. Muscle Nerve 18:409
110. Latov N (1990) Antibodies to glycoconjugates in neurological disease. Clin Asp Autoimmun 4:18
111. Latov N (1995) Pathogenesis and therapy of neuropathies associated with monoclonal gammopathies. Ann Neurol 37 (S1):S32
112. Latov N, Gross BB, Kastelman J, et al (1981) Complement fixing anti-peripheral nerve myelin antibodies in patients with inflammatory polyneuritis and with polyneuropathy and paraproteinemia. Neurology 31:1530
113. Ledeen RW (1989) Biosynthesis, metabolism and biological effects of gangliosides. In: Margolis RU, Margolis RK (eds) Neurobiology of glycoconjugates. Plenum Press, New York, pp43-83
114. Linington C, Brostoff SW (1993) Peripheral nerve antigens. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Griffin JW, et al (eds) Peripheral Neuropathy, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia pp 404-417
115. Linington C, Izumo S, Suzuki M, et 1984) A permanent rat T cell line that mediates experimental allergic neuritis in the Lewis rat in vivo. J immunol 133:1946
116. Linington C, Mann A, Izumo S, et al (1986) Induction of experimental allergic neuritis in the BN rat: P2 protein-specific T cells overcome resistance to actively induced disease. J Immunol 137:3826
117. Reference deleted
118. Linington C, Lassmann H, Ozawa K, et al (1992) Cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin supergene family as tissue-specific autoantige induction of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) by PO protein-specific T cell lines. Eur J immunol 22:1813
119. Macko CE, Sheikh KA, Li CY et al (1996) Immune attack on the Schwann cell surface in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Ann Neurol (in press)
120. Mancardi GL, Cadoni A, Zicca A, et al (1988) HLA-DR Schwann cell reactivity in peripheral neuroptthies o different origins. Neurology 38:848
121. Mariette X, Tsapis A, Brouet JC (1993) Nucleotidic sequence analysis of the variable domains of four human monoclonal IgM with an antibody activity to myelin-associated glycoprotein. Eur J immunol 23:846
122. McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW, et al (1993) Acute motor axonal neuropathy: a frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis in China. Ann Neurol 33:333
123. Milner P, Lovelidge CA, Taylor WA, Hughes RAC (1987) P0 myelin protein produces experimental allergic neuritis in Lewis rats. J Neurol Sci 79:275
124. Mitchell GW, Williams GS, Bosch EP, Hart MN (1991) Class II antigen expression in peripheral neuropathies. J Neurol Sci 102:170
125. Monaco MD, Ferrari S, Bonefti B, et al (1995) Experimental induction of myelin changes by anti-MAG antibodies and terminal complement complex. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54:96
126. Monaco S, Gehrmann J, Raivich G, Kreutzberg GW (1992) MHC-positive, ramified macrophages in the normal and injured rat peripheral nervous system. J Neurocytol 21:623
127. Nobile-Orazio E, Carpo M, Meucei N, et al (1992) Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with high titers of anti-GM1 antibodies. J Neurol Sci 109:200
128. Obi T, Kusunoki S, Takatsu M, et al (1992) IgM M-protein in a patient with sensory-dominant neuropathy binds preferentially to polysialogangliosides. Acta Neurol Scand 86:215
129. Ogawa-Goto K, Funamoto N, Abe T, Nagashima K (1990) Different ceramitle compositions of gangliosides between human motor and sensory nerves. J Neurochem 55:1486
130. Ogawa-Goto K, Funamoto N, Ohta Y, et al (1992) Myelin gangliosides of human peripheral nervous system: an enrichment of GM1 in the motor nerve myelin isolated from Cauda equina. J Neurochem 59:1844
131. Ohno R, Hamaguchi K, Nomura K, et al (1986) Cellular hypersensitivity to nervous antigens in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurochem Pathol 4:119
132. O'Leary CO, Willison HJ (1995) Immunological investigation. Curr Opin Neurol 8:349
133. Olee T, Powers JM, Brostoff SW (1988) A T cell epitope for experimental allergic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 19:167
134. Olee T, Weise M, Powers J, Mostoff S (1989) A T cell epitope for experimental allergic neuritis is an amphipathic alpha-helical structure. J Neuroimmunol 21:235
135. Olee T, Powell HC, Brostoff SW (1990) New minimum length requirement for a T cell epitope for experimental allergic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 27:187
136. Olsson T, Holmdahl R, Klareskog L, Forsum U (1983) Ia-expressing cells and T lymphocytes of different subsets in peripheral nerve tissue during experimental allergic neuritis in Lewis rats. Scand J Immunol 18:339
137. Olsson Y (1990) Microenvironment of the peripheral nervous system under normal and pathological conditions. Crit Rev Neurobiol 5:265
138. Oomes PG, Jacobs BC, Hazenberg MPH, et al (1995) Anti-GM1 IgG antibodies and campylobacter bacteria in Guillain-Barré syndrome: evidence of molecular mimicry. Ann Neurol 38:170
139. Pascual V, Victor K, Lelsz D, et al (1991) Nucleotide sequence analysis of the V regions of two IgM cold agglutinins. Evidence that the VH4-21 gene segment is responsible for the major cross-reactive idiotype. J Immunol 146:4385
140. Paterson G, Wilson G, Kennedy PGE, Willison Hi (1995) Analysis of anti-GM1 ganglioside antibodies cloned from motor neuropathy patients demonstrates diverse V region gene usage with extensive somatic mutation. J Immunol 155:3049
141. Pette M, Gengaroli C, Hartung HP, et al (1994) Human T lymphocytes distinguish bovine from human P2 peripheral myelin protein: implications for immunological studies on inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies. J Neuroimmunol 52:47
142. Pette M, Linington C, Gengaroli C, et al (1994) T lymphocyte recognition sites on peripheral nerve myelin PO protein. J Neuroimmunol 54:29
143. Pollard JD, McCombe PA, Baverstock J, et al (1986) Class II antigen expression and T lymphocyte subsets in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 13:123
144. Pollard JD, Baverstock J, McLeod JG (1987) Class II antigen expression and inflammatory cells in the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 21:337
145. Pollard JD, Westland KW, Harvey GK, et al (1995) Activated T cells of non:eurai specificity open the blood-nerve barrier to circulating antibody. Ann Neurol 37:467
146. Powell HC, Braheny SL, Myers RR, et al (1983) Early changes in experimental allergic neuritis. Lab Invest 48:332
147. Powell HC, Myers RR, Mizisin et al (1991) Response of the axon and barrier endothelium to experimental neuritis induced by autoreactive T cell lines. Acta Neuropathol 82:364
148. Powell HC, Olee T, Brostoff SW, Mizisin AP (1991) Comparative histology of experimental allergic neuritis induced with minimum length neuritogenic peptides by adoptive transfer with sensitized cells or direct sensitization. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 50:658
149. Quarles RH, Ilyas AA, Willison HJ (1986) Antibodies to glycolipids in demyelinating diseases of the human peripheral nervous system. Chem Phys Lipids 42:235
150. Quarles RH, Ilyas AA, Willison HJ (1990) Antibodies to gangliosides and myelin proteins in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 27 Suppl:S48
151. Redford EJ, Hall SM, Smith KJ (1995) Vascular changes and demyelination induced by the intraneural injection of tumour necrosis factor. Brain 118:869
152. Rees JH, Gregson NA, Hughes RAC (1995) Anti-ganglioside GM1 antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome and their relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection. Ann Neurol 38:809
153. Rees JH, Vaughan RW, Kondeatis E, Hughes RAC (1995) HLA-class II alleles in Guillain-Barré syndrome and Miller Fisher syndrome and their association with preceding Campylobacter jejuni infection. J Neuroimmunol 62:53
154. Roberts M, Willison H, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J (1995) Multifocal motor neuropathy human sera block distal motor nerve conduction in mice. Ann Neurol 38:111
155. Ropper AH (1986) Severe acute Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology 36:429
156. Rostami A, Gregorian SK (1991) Peptide 53-78 of myelin P2 protein is a T cell epitope for the induction of experimental autoimmune neuritis. Cell Immunol 132:433
157. Rostami A, Brown MJ, Lisak RP, et al (1984) The role of myelin P2 protein in the production of experimental allergic neuritis. Ann Neurol 16:680
158. Rostami A, Burns JB, Brown MJ, et al (1985) Transfer of experimental allergic neuritis with P2-reactive T-cell lines. Cell Immunol 91:354
159. Rostami A, Burns JB, Eccleston PA, et al (1987) Search for antibodies to galactocerebroside in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid in human demyelinating disorders. Ann Neurol 22:381
160. Rostami A, Gregorian SK, Brown MJ, et al (1990) Induction of severe experimental autoimmune neuritis with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the 5378 amino acid sequence of the myelin P2 protein. J Neuroimmunol 30:145
161. Said G, Hontebeyrie-Joskowiecz M (1992) Nerve lesions induced by macrophage activation. Res immunol 143:589
162. Samuel NM, Jessen KR, Grange JM, Mirsky R (1987) Gamma interferon, but not Mycobacterium leprae induces major histocompatibility class II antigens on cultured rat Schwann cells. J Neurocytol 16:281
163. Samuel NM, Mirsky R, Grange JM, Jessen KR (1987) Expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II antigens in human Schwann cell cultures and effects of infection with Mycobacterium leprae. Clin Exp Immunol 68:500
164. Sanders ME, Koski CL, Robbins D, et al (1986) Activated terminal complement in cerebrospinal fluid in Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 136:4456
165. Santoro M, Uncini A, Corbo M, et al (1992) Experimental conduction block induced by serum from a patient with anti-GM 1 antibodies. Ann Neurol 31:385
166. Schabet M, Whitaker JN, Schott K, et al (1991) The use of protease inhibitors in experimental allergic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 31:265
167. Schmidt B, Stoll G, Hartung HP, et al (1990) Macrophages but not Schwann cells express Ia antigen in experimental autoimmune neuritis. Ann Neurol 28:70
168. Schmidt B, Stoll G, Van der Meide P, et al (1992) Transient cellular expression of gamma-interferon in myelin-induced and T-cell line-mediated experimental autoimmune neuritis. Brain 115:1633
169. Schmidt B, Toyka KV, Kiefer R, et al (1996) Inflammatory infiltrates in sural nerve biopsies in Guillain-Barré and chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy. Muscle Nerve (in press)
170. Sharief MK, McLean B, Thompson EJ (1993) Elevated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 33:591
171. Silberstein LE, Jefferies LC, Goldman J, et al (1991) Variable region gene analysis of pathologic human autoantibodies to the related i and I red blood cell antigens. Blood 78:2372
172. Simone IL, Annunziata P, Maimone D, et al (1993) Serum and CSF anti-GM1 antibodies in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 114:49
173. Spies JM, Pollard JD, Bonner JG et al (1995) Synergy between antibody and P2-reactive T cells in experimental allergic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 57:77
174. Spies JM, Westiand KW, Bonner JG, Pollard JD (1995) Intraneural activated T cells cause focal breakdown of the blood-nerve barrier. Brain 118:857
175. Springer TA (1994) Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigratio: the multiple step paradigm. Cell 76:301
176. +T cells of Schwann cells expressing Mycobacterium leprae antigens. Eur J Immunol 18:969
177. Stevens A, Lang R, Schabet M et al (1990) Spontaneous chemiluminescence activity of peripheral blood cells during experimental allergic neuritis (EAN). J Neuroimmunol 27:33
178. Stoll G, Hartung HP (1992) The role of macrophages in degeneration and immune-mediated demyelinating of the peripheral nervous system. Adv Neuroimmunol 2:163
179. Stoll G, Schmidt B, Lander S, et al (1991) Presence of the terminal complement complex (C5b-9) precedes myelin degradation in immune-mediated demyelination of the rat peripheral nervous system. Ann Neurol 30:147
180. Stoll G, Jander S, Jung S, et al (1993) Macrophages and endothelial cells express intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in immune-mediated demyelination but not in Wallerian degeneration of the rat peripheral nervous system. Lab Invest 68:637
181. Stoll G, Jung S, Jander S, et al (1993) Tumor necrosis factor alpha in immune-mediated demyelination and Wallerian degeneration of the rat peripheral nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 45:175
182. Strigard K, Brismar T, Olsson T (1987) T-lymphocyte subsets, functional deficits, and morphology in sciatic nerves during experimental allergic neuritis. Muscle Nerve 10:329
183. Svennerholm L, Fredman 990) Antibody detection in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 27 [Suppl]: S26
184. Svennerholm L, Bostrom K, Fredman P, et al (1994) Gangliosides and allied glycosphingolipids in human peripheral nerve and spinal cord. Biochim Biophys Acta 1214:115
185. + currents in isolated rate myelinated nerve fibers. Ann Neurol 37:436
186. Tansey FA, Brosnan CF (1982) Protection against experimental allergic neuritis with silica quartz dust. J Neuroimmunol 3:169
187. Tatum AH (1993) Experimental paraproteinemic neuropathy, demyelination by passive transfer of human IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein. Ann Neurol 33:502
188. Taylor WA, Hughes RAC (1989) T lymphocyte activation antigens in Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 24:33
189. Taylor WA, Brostoff SW, Hughes RAC (1991) P2 specific lymphocyte transformation in Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 104:52
190. Thomas FP, Trojabor W, Nagy C, et al (1991) Experimental autoimmune neuropathy with anti-GM1 antibodies and immunoglobulin deposits at the nodes of Ranvier. Acta Neuropathol 82:378
191. Thomas PK, Berthold C, Ochoa J (1993) Microscopic anatomy of the peripheral nervous system. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Griffin JW, et al (eds) (Peripheral Neuropathy, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 28-91
192. Thompson KM, Sutherland J, Barden G, et al (1991) Human monoclonal antibodies against blood group antigens preferentially express a VH4-21 variable region gene-associated epitope. Scand J Immunol 34:509
193. Tsai CP, Pollard JD, Armati PJ (1991) Interferon-gamma inhibition suppresses experimental allergic neuritis: modulation of major histocompatibility complex expression of Schwann cells in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 31:133
194. Uncini A, Santoro M, Corbo M, et al (1993) Conduction abnormalities induced by sera of patients with multifocal motor neuropathy and antiGM1 antibodies. Muscle Nerve 16:610
195. van den Berg LH, Marrink J deJager AE, et al (1992) Anti-GM1 antibodies in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55:8
196. van den Berg LH, Lankamp CLAM, deJager AEJ, et al (1993) Anti-sulphatide antibodies in peripheral neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56:1164
197. Van den Berg LH, Mollee I, Wokke JH, Loglenberg (1995) Increased frequencies of HPRT mutant T lymphocytes in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; further evidence for a role of T cells in the etiopathogenesis of peripheral demyelinating diseases. J Neuroimmunol 58:37
198. van der Meché FGA, Schmitz PIM, Dutch Guillain-Barré Syndrome Study Group (1992) High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin versus plasma exchange in Guillain-Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med 326:1123
199. Vedeler CA, Matre R (1990) Peripheral nerve CR1 express in situ cofactor activity for degradation in C3b. J Neuroimmunol 26:51
200. Visser LH, Van der Meche FGA, Van Doom PA et al (1995) Guillain- Barré syndrome without sensory loss (acute motor neuropathy). A subgroup with specific clinical, electrodiagnostic and laboratory features. Brain 118:841
201. Vriesendorp FJ, Mishu B, Blaser MJ, et al (1993) Serum antibodies to GM1, GD1b, peripheral nerve myelin, and Campylobacter jejuni in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome and controls: correlation and prognosis (see comments). Ann Neuroi 34:130
202. Vriesendorp FJ, Flynn RE, Pappolia MA, Koski CL (1995) Complement depletion affects demyelination and inflammation in experimental allergic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 58:157
203. Walsh FS, Cronin M, Koblar S, et al (1991) Association between glycoconjugate antibodies and Campylobacter infection in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 34:43
204. Watson SL, Westland K, Pollard JD (1994) An electrophysiological and histological study of trypsin induced demyelination. J Neurol Sci 126:116
205. Weishaupt A, Giegerich G, Jung S (1995) T cell antigenic and neuritogenic activity of recombinant human peripheral myelin P2 protein. J Neuroimmunol 63:149
206. Wekerle H, Schwab M, Linington C, Meyermann RT (1986) Antigen presentation in the peripheral nervous system: Schwann cells present endogenous myelin autoantigens to lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 16:1551
207. Weng NP, Yu Lee LY, Sanz I, et al (1992) Structure and specificities of anti-ganglioside autoantibodies associated with motor neuropathies. J Immunol 149:2518
208. Westland K, Pollard JD (1987) Proteinase induced demyelination. An electrophysiological and histological study. J Neurol Sci 82:41
209. Willison HJ, Kennedy RAC (1993) Gangliosides and bacterial toxin in Guilluin-Barré syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 46:105
210. Willison HJ, Trapp BD, Bacher JD, et al (1988) Demyelination induced by intraneural injection of human anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies. Muscle Nerve 11:1169
211. Willison HJ, Veitch J (1994) Immunoglobulin subclass distribution and binding characteristics of anti-GQ1b antibodies in Miller Fisher syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 50:159
212. Willison HJ, Paterson G, Veitch J, et al (1993) Peripheral neuropathy associated with monoclonal IgM anti-Pr2 cold agglutinins. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56:1178
213. Willison HJ, Veitch J, Paterson G, et al (1993) Miller Fisher syndrome is associated with serum antibodies to GQ1b ganglioside. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56:204
214. Willison HJ, Almemar A, Veitch J, Thrush D (1994) Acute ataxic neuropathy with cross-reactive antibodies to GD1b and GD3 gangliosides. Neurology 44:2395
215. Willison HJ, Paterson G, Kennedy PGE, Veitch J (1994) Cloning of human anti-GM1 antibodies from motor neuropathy patients. Ann Neurol 35:471
216. Willison HJ, O'Hanlon GM, Paterson G, et al (1996) A somatically mutated human antiganglioside IgM antibody that induces experimental neuropathy in mice is encoded by the variable region heavy chain gene, VI-18. J Clin Invest 97: (in press)
217. Yu RK, Saito M (1989) Structure and localization of gangliosides. In: Margolis RU, Margolis RK (eds) Neurobiology of glycoconjugates. Plenum Press, New York, pp 1-4
218. Yuki N, Yoshino H, Sato S, et al (1990) Acute axonal polyneuropathy associated with anti-GM1 antibodies following Campylobacter enteritis. Neurology 40:1900
219. Yuki N, Sato S, Itoh T, et al (1991) HLA-B35 and acute axonal polyneuropathy following Campylobacter infection. Neurology 41:1561
220. Yuki N, Miyatani N, Sato S, et al (1992) Acute relapsing sensory neuropathy associated with IgM antibody against B-series gangliosides containing a GalNAc beta 1-4(Gal3-2 alpha NeuAc8-2 alpha NeuAc)beta 1 configuration. Neurology 42:686
221. Yuki N, Sato S, Fujimoto S, et al (1992) Serotype of Campylobacter jejuni. HLA, and the Guillain-Barré syndrome (letter). Muscle Nerve 15:968
222. Yuki N, Yoshino H, Sato S, et al (1992) Severe acute axonal form of Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with IgG anti-GD1a antibodies. Muscle Nerve 15:899
223. Yuki N, Sato S, Tsuji S, et al (1993) Frequent presence of anti-GQ1b antibody in Fisher's syndrome. Neurology 43:414
224. Yuki N, Taki T, Inagaki F, et al (1993) A bacterium lipopolysaccharide that elicits Guillain-Barré syndrome has a GM1 ganglioside-like structure. J Exp Med 178:1771
225. Yuki N, Taki T, Takahashi M, et al (1994) Penner's serotype 4 of Campylobacter jejuni has a lipopolysaccharide that bears a GM1 ganglioside epitope as well as one that bears a GD1a epilope. Infect Immun 62:2101
226. Yuki N, Taki T, Takahashi M, et al (1994) Molecular mimicry between GQ1b ganglioside and lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni isloated from patients with Fisher's syndrome. Ann Neurol 36:791
227. Yuki N, Handa S, Tai T, et al (1995) Ganglioside-like epitopes of lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni (PEN 19) in three isolates from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurosci 130:112
228. Yuki N, Ichihashi Y, Taki T (1995) Subclass of IgG antibody to GM1 epitope bearing lipopolysaccharide of Campylobacter jejuni in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 60:161
229. Zettl UK, Gold R, Hartung HP, Toyka KV (1994) Apoptotic cell death of T lymphocytes in experimental autoimmune neuritis. Neurosci Lett 176:75
230. Zettl UK, Gold R, Toyka KV, Hartung H-P (1995) Intravenous glucocorticosteroid treatment augments apoptosis of inflammatory T cells in experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) of the Lewis rat. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54:540
231. Zhang XM, Esch TR, Clark L, et al (1994) Neuritogenic Lewis rat T cells use Tcrb chains that include a new Tcrb-V8 family member. Immunogenetics 40:266
232. Zhu J, Link H, Mix E, et al (1994) Th1-like cell responses to peripheral nerve myelin components over the course of experimental allergic neuritis in Lewis rats. Acta Neurol Scand 90:19
233. Zhu J, Link H, Weerth S, et al (1994) The B cell repertoire in experimental allergic neuritis involves multiple myelin proteins and GM1. J Neurol Sci 125:132
234. Zhu J, Mix E, Olsson T, Link H (1994) Cellular mRNA expression of interferon-gamma. IL-4 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) by rat mononuclear cells stimulated with peripheral nerve myelin antigens in experimental allergic neuritis. Clin Exp Immunol 98:306
235. Zielasek J, Ritter G, Magi S, et al (1994) A comparative trial of anti-glycoconjugate antibody assays: IgM antibodies to GM1. J Neurol 241:475
236. Zielasek J, Jung S, Gold R, et al (1995) Administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in experimental autoimmune neuritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 58:81
237. Zweiman B, Rostami A, Lisak RP, et al (1983) Immune reactions to P2 protein in human inflammatory demyelinative neuropathies. Neurology 33:234