Democratic transition in Turkey, 1980-83: The impact of European diplomacy

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 124-141

  Dagi, Ihsan D ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION; MILITARY GOVERNMENT;

TURKEY;

EID: 0029914005     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263209608701107     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. T. Tachau and M. Heper, 'The State, Politics, and the Military in Turkey', Comparative Politics (October 1983), p. 19.
2. K. Karpat, 'Military Interventions: Army-Civilian Relations in Turkey Before and After 1980', in M. Heper and A. Evin, State, Democracy and the Military: Turkey in the 1980s (Berlin-New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1988); and Tachau and Heper, op. cit., p.28.
3. K. Karpat, 'Military Interventions: Army-Civilian Relations in Turkey Before and After 1980', in M. Heper and A. Evin, State, Democracy and the Military: Turkey in the 1980s (Berlin-New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1988); and Tachau and Heper, op. cit., p.28.
4. See J. Brown, 'The Military and Society: The Turkish Case', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.25, No.3 (1989), p.400. For a quotation from Kemal Atatürk that portrays the army as the 'true owner of the country' and the 'guardian of its ideals', see Tachau and Heper, op. cit., p.20.
5. See J. Brown, 'The Military and Society: The Turkish Case', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.25, No.3 (1989), p.400. For a quotation from Kemal Atatürk that portrays the army as the 'true owner of the country' and the 'guardian of its ideals', see Tachau and Heper, op. cit., p.20.
6. The first communiqué of the National Security Council, in 12 September in Turkey: Before and After (Ankara: The General Secretariat of the National Security Council, 1982), p.221.
7. Ibid., pp.224 and 230.
8. L.W. Pevsner, Turkey's Political Crisis: Background, Perspectives, Prospects, The Washington Papers 110 (New York: Praeger, 1984), p.88.
9. Briefing, 4 Jan. 1982, p.8.
10. The Times, 16 and 17 Jan. 1981.
11. Briefing, 11 May 1981, p.11 and 4 Jan. 1982, p.7.
12. Briefing, 11 May 1981, p.11 and 4 Jan. 1982, p.7.
13. The Times, 29 April 1981; and 21 March 1982; Briefing, 4 May 1981; K. Evren, Evren'in Anilari, Vol.2 (Istanbul, Milliyet Yayinlari), p.242.
14. The Times, 29 April 1981; and 21 March 1982; Briefing, 4 May 1981; K. Evren, Evren'in Anilari, Vol.2 (Istanbul, Milliyet Yayinlari), p.242.
15. The Times, 29 April 1981; and 21 March 1982; Briefing, 4 May 1981; K. Evren, Evren'in Anilari, Vol.2 (Istanbul, Milliyet Yayinlari), p.242.
16. The Times, 29 April 1981; and 21 March 1982; Briefing, 4 May 1981; K. Evren, Evren'in Anilari, Vol.2 (Istanbul, Milliyet Yayinlari), p.242.
17. Briefing, 4 Jan. 1980, p.4; 20 April 1981, pp.3-4; The Times, 3 June 1982.
18. Briefing, 4 Jan. 1980, p.4; 20 April 1981, pp.3-4; The Times, 3 June 1982.
19. Briefing, 4 Jan. 1980, p.4; 20 April 1981, pp.3-4; The Times, 3 June 1982.
20. See J.W. Spain and N. Ludington, 'Dateline Turkey: The Case for Patience', Foreign Policy, Vol.50 (1983), p.163.
21. Briefing, 15 Sept. 1980, p.13.
22. J.W. Spain was US ambassador in Turkey, See his American Diplomacy in Turkey: Memoirs of an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotetiary (New York: Praeger, 1984), p.217; Spain and Ludington, op. cit., p.150.
23. J.W. Spain was US ambassador in Turkey, See his American Diplomacy in Turkey: Memoirs of an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotetiary (New York: Praeger, 1984), p.217; Spain and Ludington, op. cit., p.150.
24. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1982 (February 1882), Report by the US Department of States, p.1020; Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1983 (February 1983), p.1122.
25. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1982 (February 1882), Report by the US Department of States, p.1020; Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1983 (February 1983), p.1122.
26. Spain and Ludington, op. cit., pp.151, 168.
27. Spain, op. cit., pp.217, 234.
28. Foreign Broadcast Information Service: Western Europe, 10 May 1983; A.G. Mower, Human Rights and American Foreign Policy (New York: Greenwood, 1987), p.97.
29. Foreign Broadcast Information Service: Western Europe, 10 May 1983; A.G. Mower, Human Rights and American Foreign Policy (New York: Greenwood, 1987), p.97.
30. Bulletin of the European Communities, 9 (1980), p.52.
31. Ibid.; The Times, 16 Sept. 1980.
32. For the text, see Official Journal of the European Communities: Information and Notices, C 265, 13 Oct. 1980.
33. See Official Journal EC, C 101/110, 4 May 1981.
34. Bulletin EC, 5 (1981), p.53.
35. Bulletin EC, 6 (1981), p.60; The Times, 6 June 1981.
36. Bulletin EC, 6 (1981), p.60; The Times, 6 June 1981.
37. Bulletin EC, 6 (1981), p.60.
38. The Times, 5 Nov. 1981.
39. See Bulletin EC, 11 (1981), p.55; and Briefing, 16 Nov. 1981, p.11.
40. See Bulletin EC, 11 (1981), p.55; and Briefing, 16 Nov. 1981, p.11.
41. Bulletin EC, 2 (1982), p.50 and 3 (1982), pp.21, 63.
42. Bulletin EC, 2 (1982), p.50 and 3 (1982), pp.21, 63.
43. Bulletin EC, 3 (1983), p.63.
44. See, for instance, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Documents: Working Papers, Doc.4818, 29 Sept., 1980.
45. Communication of the Committee of Ministers, 17 Nov. 1980, Doc.4645, Documents: Working Papers; also see S. Gunver, Kizgin Dam Uzerinde Diplomasi: Avrupali Olmanin Bedeli (Istanbul: Milliyet Yayinlari, 1989).
46. Communication of the Committee of Ministers, 17 Nov. 1980, Doc.4645, Documents: Working Papers; also see S. Gunver, Kizgin Dam Uzerinde Diplomasi: Avrupali Olmanin Bedeli (Istanbul: Milliyet Yayinlari, 1989).
47. Report on the Situation in Turkey, Doc.4657, Documents: Working Papers, 7 Jan. 1981; Order No.395 (1981), Texts Adopted by the Assembly, 32nd Session.
48. Report on the Situation in Turkey, Doc.4657, Documents: Working Papers, 7 Jan. 1981; Order No.395 (1981), Texts Adopted by the Assembly, 32nd Session.
49. Briefing, 20 April 1981, pp.3-4 and 4 May 1981; Gunver, op. cit., pp.144-5.
50. Briefing, 20 April 1981, pp.3-4 and 4 May 1981; Gunver, op. cit., pp.144-5.
51. Gunver, op.cit., pp. 154-60.
52. Briefing, 14 Dec. 1981, p.7.
53. Resolution No.765 (1982) on the Situation in Turkey, Text Adopted by the Assembly; also see C. Dodd, The Crisis of Turkish Democracy, Second Edition (London: Eothen Press, 1990), p.61.
54. Resolution No.765 (1982) on the Situation in Turkey, Text Adopted by the Assembly; also see C. Dodd, The Crisis of Turkish Democracy, Second Edition (London: Eothen Press, 1990), p.61.
55. European Human Rights Report, Vol.4, Part 4 (European Commission of Human Rights, October 1982); The Times, 2 July 1982.
56. European Human Rights Report, Vol.4, Part 4 (European Commission of Human Rights, October 1982); The Times, 2 July 1982.
57. Resolution 795 (1982), Texts Adopted by the Assembly.
58. Resolution 794 (1982), On the Situation in Turkey, Text Adopted by the Assembly; The Times, 28 Jan. 1983.
59. FBIS:WE, 24 Oct. 1983; Keesing's Contemporary Archive, Dec. 1983, p.32581.
60. FBIS:WE, 24 Oct. 1983; Keesing's Contemporary Archive, Dec. 1983, p.32581.
61. Official Report of Debates, 33rd Session, 13 May 1981.
62. Barchard, Turkey and the West (London: Routledge, 1985), p.59.
63. See Steiner report, On the Situation in Turkey, Documents: Working Papers, No.4841 (1982).
64. See Report on the Situation in Turkey, Rap. L. Steiner, Documents: Working Papers, Doc.4965;
65. and Opinion on the Legal Aspects of the Situation in Turkey, Rap. G. Barden, Doc.4849.
66. FBIS:WE, 12 Nov. 1982, T.I.
67. Turkish Foreign Minister Ilter Turkmen, visiting the European Commission, passed the news that former prime Minester Ecevit would be freed soon as a result of the reduction in his prison sentence, see Bulletin EC, 1 (1982), p.42.
68. See Evren, op. cit., Vol.2, p.224; and U. Steinbach, 'Turkey's Third Republic', Aussen Politik, p.247.
69. See Evren, op. cit., Vol.2, p.224; and U. Steinbach, 'Turkey's Third Republic', Aussen Politik, p.247.
70. Steinbach, op. cit., p.248; W. Hale, 'Transition to Civilian Governments in Turkey: The Military Perspective', in Heper and Evin, State, Democracy and the Military, p. 162; G. Pridham, 'Politics of the European Community: Transnational Network and Democratic Transition in Southern Europe', in G. Pridham (ed.), Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Regime Transition in Southern Europe (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1991), p.222.
71. Steinbach, op. cit., p.248; W. Hale, 'Transition to Civilian Governments in Turkey: The Military Perspective', in Heper and Evin, State, Democracy and the Military, p. 162; G. Pridham, 'Politics of the European Community: Transnational Network and Democratic Transition in Southern Europe', in G. Pridham (ed.), Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Regime Transition in Southern Europe (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1991), p.222.
72. Steinbach, op. cit., p.248; W. Hale, 'Transition to Civilian Governments in Turkey: The Military Perspective', in Heper and Evin, State, Democracy and the Military, p. 162; G. Pridham, 'Politics of the European Community: Transnational Network and Democratic Transition in Southern Europe', in G. Pridham (ed.), Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Regime Transition in Southern Europe (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1991), p.222.
73. Dodd, op. cit., p.64; Hale, op. cit., p. 161; A. Karaosmanoǧlu, 'The International Context of Democratic Transition in Turkey', in Pridham, Encouraging Democracy, pp. 172-3.
74. Dodd, op. cit., p.64; Hale, op. cit., p. 161; A. Karaosmanoǧlu, 'The International Context of Democratic Transition in Turkey', in Pridham, Encouraging Democracy, pp. 172-3.
75. Dodd, op. cit., p.64; Hale, op. cit., p. 161; A. Karaosmanoǧlu, 'The International Context of Democratic Transition in Turkey', in Pridham, Encouraging Democracy, pp. 172-3.
76. The Ambassador was Semih Gunver, see his book, op. cit., p.222.
77. See the volumes of Evren's memoirs.
78. See The Times, 13 Feb. 1981.
79. Evren, op. cit., Vol.2, p.299.
80. Ibid., p.380.
81. Ibid., Vol.3, p.47.
82. Ibid., Vol.2, p.408.
83. Ibid., Vol.3, p.26.
84. Kenan Evren'in Anilari, Milliyet, 9 Nov. 1990.
85. Evren, op. cit., Vol.2, p.139.