Stress and the neuroendocrine-immune axis: The pivotal role of glucocorticoids and lipocortin 1

British Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 118, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-19

  Buckingham, J C ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Glucocorticoids; HPA axis; Lipocortin 1 (annexin 1); Neuroimmunology; Stress

Indexed keywords

CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; LIPOCORTIN 1; PROLACTIN; THYROTROPIN;

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS; ADRENAL CORTEX; BRAIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASE; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; IMMUNE SYSTEM; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROLACTIN RELEASE; REVIEW; STEROID RELEASE; STRESS; THYROTROPIN RELEASE;

EID: 0029875326     PISSN: 00071188     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15360.x     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. AHLUWALIA, A., BUCKINGHAM, J.C., CROXTALL, J.D., FLOWER, R.J., GOULDING, N.J. & PERRETTI, M. (1995). The biology of lipocortin 1. In The Annexins. ed. Seaton, B.A. Austin Texas, U.S.A.: R.G. Landes Co. (in press).
2. ANGIONI, S., PETRAGLIA, F., GALLINELLI, A., COSSARIZZA, A., FRANCESCHI, C., MUSCETTOTA, M., GENAZZANI, A.D., SURICO, N. & GENAZZANI, A.R. (1993). Corticotropin-releasing hormone modulates cytokine release in cultured cell peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Life Sci., 53, 1735-1742.
3. ARIMURA, A., BOWERS, C.Y., SCHALLY, A.V., SAITO, M. & MILLER, M., III. (1969). Effect of corticotrophin releasing factor, dexamethasone and actinomycin D on the release of ACTH from rat pituitaries in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology, 85, 300-311.
4. BARTHA, L., NAGY, G.M., DO, T., KIEM, T., FEKETE, M.I.K. & MAKARA, G.B. (1991). Inhibition of suckling-induced prolactin release by dexamethasone. Endocrinology, 129, 635-640.
5. BENKER, G., RAIDA, M., OLBRICHT, T., WAGNER, R., REINHARDT, W. & REINWEIN, D. (1990). TSH secretion in Cushing's syndrome: relation to glucocorticoid excess, diabetes, goitre and the 'sick euthyroid syndrome'. Clin. Endocrinol., 33, 777-786.
6. BESEDOVSKY, H.O. & DEL REY, A. (1992). Immune-Neuroendocrine Circuits: integrative role of cytokines. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 13, 61-94.
7. BESEDOVSKY, H.O., DEL REY, A., SCHARDT, M., SORKIN, E., NORMANN, S., BAUMANN, J. & GIRARD, J. (1985b). Changes in plasma hormone profiles after tumour transplantation into syngeneic and allogeneic rats. Int. J. Cancer, 36, 209-216.
8. BESEDOVSKY, H.O., DEL REY, A. & SORKIN, E. (1985a). Immune-neuroendocrine interactions. J. Immunol., 135, 750s-754s.
9. BESEDOVSKY, H.O., SORKIN, E., KELLER, M & MILLER, S.L. (1975). Changes in blood hormone levels during the immune response. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 150, 466-470.
10. BLACKWELL, G.J., CARNUCCIO, R., DI ROSA, M., FLOWER, R.J., PARENTE, L. & PERISCO, P. (1980). Macrocortin: a polypeptide causing the anti-phospholipase effect of glucocorticoids. Nature, 287, 147-149.
11. BLACKWELL, G.J., CARNUCCIO, R., DI ROSA, M., FLOWER, R.J., LANGHAM, C.S.J., PARENTE, L., PERISCO, P., RUSSELL-SMITH, N.C. & STONE, D. (1982). Glucocorticoids induce the formation and release of anti-inflammatory and anti-phospholipase proteins into the peritoneal cavity of the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol., 76, 185-194.
12. BLALOCK, J.E. (1989). A molecular basis for bidirectional communication between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Physiol. Rev., 69, 1-32.
13. BOLTON, C., ELDERFIELD, A-J. & FLOWER, R.J. (1990). The detection of lipocortins 1, 2 and 5 in central nervous tissues from Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol., 29, 173-181.
14. BRABANT, G., BRABANT, A., RAUFT, A., RAUFT, U., OCRAN, K., KÖHRLE, J., HESCH, D. & VON ZUR MÜHLEN, A. (1987). Circadian and pulsatile thyrotropin secretion in euthyroid man under the influence of thyroid hormone and glucocorticoid administration. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 65, 83-88.
15. BRISKI, K.P. & SYLVESTER, P.W. (1992). Inhibition of pituitary bioactive prolactin secretion in the male rat by the glucocorticoid agonist decadron phosphate. Biol. Reprod., 47, 478-484.
16. BROWN, M.R. & HEDGE, G.A. (1974). The effects of glucocorticoids on TRH and TSH secretion: dose and time considerations. Am. J. Physiol., 227, 289-294.
17. BROWNING, J.L., WARD, M.P., WALLNER, B.P. & PEPINSKY, R.B. (1990). Studies on the structural properties of lipocortin 1 and the regulation of its synthesis by steroids. In Cytokines and Lipocortins in Inflammation and Differentiation. ed Melli, M. & Parente, L. pp.27-45. New York: Wiley-Liss.
18. BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1979). The influence of corticosteroids on the secretion of corticotrophin and its hypothalamic releasing hormone. J. Physiol., 286, 331-343.
19. BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1981). The influence of vasopressin on hypothalamic corticotrophin releasing activity in rats with inherited diabetes insipidus. J. Physiol., 312, 9-16.
20. BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1982). Effects of adrenocortical and gonadal steroids on the secretion in vitro of corticotrophin and its hypothalamic releasing factor. J. Endocrinol., 93, 123-132.
21. BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1985). Two distinct corticotrophin releasing activities of vasopressin. Br. J. Pharmacol., 84, 213-219.
22. BUCKINGHAM, J.C., CHRISTIAN, H.C., GILLIES, G.E., PHILIP, J.G. & TAYLOR, A.D. (1996a). The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical immune axis. In The Physiology of Immunity. ed. Kendall, M.D. & Marsh, J.A. Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A.: CRC Press, Inc. (in press).
23. BUCKINGHAM, J.C. & GILLIES, G.E (1992). Hypothalamus and pituitary gland-xenobiotic induced toxicity and models for its investigations. In Endocrine Toxicology. ed. Flack, J. & Atterwill, C. pp.83-114. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
24. BUCKINGHAM, J.C. & HODGES, J.R. (1977a). The use of corticotrophin production by adenohypophysial tissues in vitro for the detection and estimation of potential corticotrophin releasing factors. J. Endocrinol., 72, 187-193.
25. BUCKINGHAM, J.C. & HODGES, J.R. (1977b). Production of corticotrophin releasing hormone by the isolated hypothalamus of the rat. J. Physiol., 272, 469-479.
26. BUCKINGHAM, J.C. & HODGES, J.R. (1977c). Functional activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary complex in the rat after betamethasone treatment. J. Endocrinol., 74, 297-302.
27. BUCKINGHAM, J.C., LOXLEY, H.D., CHRISTIAN, H.C. & PHILIP, J. (1996b). Activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis by immune insults: the roles and interactions of cytokines, eicosanoids and glucocorticoids. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., (in press).
28. BUCKINGHAM, J.C., LOXLEY, H.D., TAYLOR, A.D., & FLOWER, R.J. (1994). Cytokines, glucocoticoids and neuroendocrine function. Pharmacol. Res., 30, 35-42.
29. BUCKINGHAM, J.C., SMITH, T. & LOXLEY, H.D. (1992). The control of ACTH secretion. In Comprehensive Endocrinology: The Adrenal Cortex. ed. James, V.H.T. pp.131-158. New York: Raven Press.
30. CAREY, F., FORDER, R., EDGE, M.D., GREENE, A.R., HORAN, M.A., STRIJBOS, P.J.L.M. & ROTHWELL, N.J. (1990). Lipocortin-1 fragment modifies pyrogenic actions of cytokines in rats. Am. J. Physiol., 259, R266-R269.
31. CARON, R.W., SALICIONI, A.M. & DEIS, R.P. (1994). Mefepristone treatment demonstrates the participation of adrenal glucocorticoids in the regulation of oestrogen-induced prolactin secretion in ovariectomized rats. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 48, 385-389.
32. CHEN, C-Y., A & SHYU, A-B. (1995). AU-rich elements: characterisation and importance in mRNA degredation. Trends Biol. Sci., 20, 465-470.
33. CHRISTIAN, H.C., GOULDING, N.J., FLOWER, R.J. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1995). Flow cytometric detection of lipocortin 1 binding sites on rat anterior pituitary cells. Pharmacol. Res., 31, 81P.
34. CHRISTIAN, H.C., GOUDLING, N.J., KAHAN, M., WANG, H., MORRIS, J.F., FLOWER, R.J. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1996). Detection of lipocortin 1 binding sites on rat anterior pituitary cells by flow cytometry. J. Anat., (in press).
35. CIRINO, G., PEERS, S.H., FLOWER, R.J., BROWNING, L. & PEPINSKY, R.B. (1989). Human recombinant lipocortin 1 has acute local anti-inflammatory properties in the raw paw edema test. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 86, 3428-3432.
36. COMÉRA, C. & RUSSO-MARIE, F. (1995). Glucocorticoid-induced annexin 1 secretion by monocytes and peritoneal leucocytes. Br. J. Pharmacol., 115, 1043-1047.
37. COPINISCHI, G , L'HERMITE, M., LÈCLERQ, R., GOLDSTEIN, J., VANHAELST, L., VIRASORO, E. & ROBYN, C (1975). Effects of glucocorticoids on pituitary hormonal responses to hypoglycaemia. Inhibition of prolactin release. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 40, 442-449.
38. COWELL, A.-M. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1989). Eicosanoids and the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. Prostaglandins, Leuko. Essent. Fatty Acids, 36, 235-250.
39. COWELL, A.-M., FLOWER, R.J. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1991). Studies on the roles of phospholipase A2 and eicosanoids in the regulation of corticotrophin secretion by rat pituitary cells in vitro. J. Endocrinol., 130, 21-32.
40. CROMPTOM, M.R., MOSS, S.E. & CRUMPTON, M.J. (1988). Diversity in the calpactin/lipocortin family. Cell, 55, 1-3.
41. CROXTALL, J.D. & FLOWER, R.J. (1992). Lipocortin-1 mediates dexamethasone-induced growth arrest of the A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (Wash), 89, 3571-3575.
42. CUNNINGHAM, E.T. & DE SOUZA, E.B. (1992). Interleukin 1 receptors in the brain and endocrine system. Immunol. Today, 14, 21-32.
43. DAYANITHI, G. & ANTONI, F.A. (1989). Rapid as well as delayed inhibitory effects glucocorticoid hormones on pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone release are mediated by type II glucocorticoid receptors and require newly synthesized messenger ribonucleic acid as well as protein. J. Endocrinol., 125, 308-313.
44. DE SIMONI, M.G., DEL BO, R., DE LUIGI, A., SIMARD, S. & FORLONI, G. (1995). Central endotoxin induces different patterns of interleukin 1 (IL)-1β and Il-6 messenger ribonucleic acid expression and Il-6 secretion in the brain and periphery. Endocrinology, 136, 897-902.
45. DE KLOET, E.R. (1991). Brain corticosteroid receptor balance and homeostastic control. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 62, 543-644.
46. DERJIK, R. & STERNBERG, E.M. (1994). Corticosteroid action and neuroendocrine-immune interactions. In Brain Corticosteroid Receptors: Studies on the Mechanism, Function and Neurotoxicity of Corticosteroid Action. ed de Kloet, E.R., Azmita, E.C. & Landfield, P.W. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 746, 33-41.
47. DUNN, A.J. (1988). Nervous system-immune system interactions: an overview. J. Receptor Res., 8, 589-607.
48. ELDERFIELD, A.J., NEWCOMBE, J., BOLTON, C. & FLOWER, R.J. (1992). Lipocortins (Annexins) 1, 2, 4 and 5 are increased in the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol., 39, 91-100.
49. 2+ dependent membrane fusion. J. Clin. Invest., 90, 537-544.
50. FROHMAN, L.A., DOWS, T.R. & CHOMOZYNSKI, P. (1992). Regulation of growth hormone secretion. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 13, 344-405.
51. FUNDER, J.W. (1993). Importance of steroidogenesis in specific hormone action. In Steroid Hormone Action. ed. Parker, M.G., pp.26-44. New York: IRL Press at Oxford University Press.
52. GEBICKE-HAERTER, P.J., SCHOBERT, A., DIETER, P., HONEGGAR, P. & HERTTING, G. (1991). Regulation and glucocorticoid-independent induction of lipocortin 1 in cultured astrocytes. J. Neurochem., 57, 175-193.
53. GEELHOED, G.W. & CHERNOW, B. (ed). (1985). Endocrine Aspects of Acute Illness. pp.1-350. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
54. 2+-dependent membrane binding proteins. Nature, 320, 636-638.
55. GILLIES, G.E. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C (1995a). The application of in vitro models of pituitary function for toxicity testing. In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols. ed. Hare, S.O. & Atterwill, C. Vol. 43, pp.81-93. New Jersey, U.S.A.: Humana Press Inc.
56. GILLIES, G.E. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1995b). The application of in vitro models of hypothalamic function for toxicity testing. In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols. ed. Hare, S.O. & Atterwill, C. Vol. 43, pp.95-107. New Jersey, U.S.A.: Humana Press Inc.
57. GILLIES, G.E., LINTON, E.A. & LOWRY, P.J. (1982). Corticotrophin releasing activity of the new CRF is potentiated several times by vasopressin. Nature, 299, 355-357.
58. 2 enzymes: regulation and inhibition. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 14, 92-98.
59. GO, K.G., TER HAAR. J.G., DE LEY, L., ZUIDERVEEN, F., PARENTE, L., SOLITO, E. & MOLENAAR, W.M. (1994). The effect of steroid treatment on lipocortin immunoreactivity of rat brain. Mediators. Inflamm., 3, 177-180.
60. GOULDING, N.J. & GUYRE, P.M. (1993). Lipocortin 1 binding to human leucocytes correlates with its ability to inhibit IgG interactions with FCγ receptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 192, 351-358.
61. GOULDING, N.J., PAN, L.Y., JEFFERISS, C.M., RIGBY, W. & GUYRE, P.M. (1992). Specific binding of lipocortin 1 (annexin 1) to monocytes and neutrophils is decreased in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 35, 1395-1397.
62. HAGAN, P., POOLE, S. & BRISTOW, A.F. (1993). Endotoxin-stimulated production of rat hypothalamic interleukin-1β in vivo and in vitro, measured by specific immunoradiometric assay. J. Mol. Endocrinol., 11, 31-36.
63. HORLICK, K.R., CHENG, I.C., WONG, W.T., WAKELAND, E.K. & NICK, H.S. (1991). Mouse lipocortin 1 gene structure and chromosomal assignment: gene duplication and origins of a gene family. Genomics, 10, 365-374.
64. HOUBEN, H. & DENEF, C. (1992). Negative regulation by dexamethasone of the potentiation of neuromedian C-induced growth hormone and prolactin release by estradiol in anterior pituitary cell aggregates. Life Sci. U.S.A., 50, 775-780.
65. IMURA, H., FUKATA, J. & MORI, T. (1991). Cytokines and endocrine function - an interaction between the immune and neuroendocrine system - review. Clin. Endocrinol., 35, 107-115.
66. IOVINO, M., STEARDO, L. & MONTELEONE, P. (1991). Impaired sensitivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis to the suppressant effect of dexamethasone in elderly subjects. Psychopharmacology, 105, 481-484.
67. ISMAIL, A.A., BURR, V. & WALKER, P.L. (1989). Acute changes in serum thyrotrophin in treated Addison's Disease. Clin. Endocrinol., 30, 225-230.
68. ISRAEL, J-H., JAQUET, P. & VINCENT, J.D. (1985). The electrical properties of isolated human prolactin-secreting adenoma cells and their modification by dopamine. Endocrinology, 117, 1448-1455.
69. JINGAMI, H., MATSUKURA, S., NUMA, S. & IMURA, H. (1985). Effects of adrenalectomy and dexamethasone administration on the level of prepro-corticotrophin-releasing factor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the hypothalamus and adrenocorticotrophin/β-lipotropin precursor mRNA in the pituitary in rats. Endocrinology, 117, 1314-1320.
70. JOHNSON, M.D., KAMSO-PRATT, J.M., PEPINSKY, R.B. & WHATSELL, W.O. (1989a). Lipocortin-1 immunoreactivity in central and nervous sytem glial tumours. Human Pathol., 20, 772-776.
71. JOHNSON, M.D., KAMSO-PRATT, J.M., WHATSELL, W.O. & PEPINSKY, R.B. (1989b). Lipocortin-1 immunoreactivity in the normal human central nervous system and lesions with astrocytosis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 92, 425-429.
72. JONES, M.T. & GILLHAM, B. (1988). Factors involved in the regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone/beta lipotropic hormone. Physiol. Rev., 68, 743-818.
73. KAKUCSKA, I. & LOCHAN, R.M. (1991). Adrenal status effects TRH but not somatostatin gene expression in the hypothalamus. Abstracts of the Endocrine Society, (Washington, D.C.), Abstract 819.
74. KELLER-WOOD, M.E. & DALLMAN, M.F. (1984). Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH secretion. Endocr. Rev., 5, 1-25.
75. 2 by specific interaction and not by substrate depletion. FEBS Letts., 343, 251-255.
76. KOVACIC, R.T., TIZARD, R., CATE, R.L., FREY, A. & WALLNER, R.P. (1991). Correlation of gene and protein structure of rat and human lipocortin 1. Biochemistry, 30, 9015-9021.
77. LALÉ, S., BLUTHÉ, R-M., KENT, S., COMBE, C., MÉDINA, C., PARNET, P., KELLEY, K. & DANTZER, R. (1995). Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy blocks blocks induction of IL-1β-mRNA in mice brain in response to peripheral LPS. Am. J. Physiol., 268, R1327-R1331.
78. LAMBERTS, S.W.J. & MACLEOD, R.M. (1990). Regulation of prolactin release at the level of the lactotroph. Physiol. Rev., 70, 270-318.
79. LEVITAN, E.S., HEMMICK, L.H., BIRNBERG, W.C. & KACKMARÉK, L.K. (1991). Dexamethasone increases potassium channel messenger RNA and activity in clonal pituitary cells. Mol. Endocrinol., 5, 1903-1908.
80. LIU, X., WONG, C.A. & CHEN, Y.Z. (1995). Non-genomic effect of glucocorticoid on the release of arginine vasopressin from hypothalamic slices in rats. Neuroendocrinology, 62, 543-644.
81. LONG, J.B. & HOLADAY, J.W. (1985). Blood brain barrier: endogenous modulation by adrenocortical function. Science, 227, 1580-1582.
82. LOPEZ-CALDERON, A., ARIZNAVARRETA, C., CALDERON, M.D., TRESGUERRES, J.A.F. & GONZALEZ-QUIJANO, M.I. (1989). Role of adrenal cortex in chronic stress-induced inhibition of prolactin secretion in male rats. J. Endocrinol., 120, 269-273.
83. LOWRY, P.J. (1995). The new corticotrophin-releasing factor-binding protein: from artefact to new ligand(s) and axis. J. Endocrinol., 144, 1-4.
84. LOXLEY, H.D., COWELL, A.M., FLOWER, R.J. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1993a). Modulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responses to cytokines in the rat by lipocortin 1 and glucocorticoids: A role for lipocortin 1 in the feedback inhibition of CRF-41 release? Neuroendocrinology, 57, 801-814.
85. LOXLEY, H.D., COWELL, A.M., FLOWER, R.J. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1993b) Effects of lipocortin 1 and dexamethasone on the secretion of corticotrophin-releasing factors in the rat: in vitro and in vivo studies. J. Neuroendocrinol., 5, 51-61.
86. MAES, M., VANDEWONDE, M., SCHOTTE, C., MARTIN, M. & BLOCKX, P. (1990). Suppressive effects of dexamethasone on hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid aixs function in depressed patients. J. Affect. Disord., 20, 55061.
87. MAES, M., D'HOUDT, P., BLOCKX, P. & COSYNS, P. (1994). A further investigation of basal HPT axis function in unipolar depression: effects of diagnosis, hospitalisation and dexamethasone administration. Psychiatry Res., 51, 185-201.
88. MCKANNA, J. (1993a). Primitive glial compartments in the floor plate of mammalian embryos: distinct progenitors of adult astrocytes and microglia support the notoplate hypothesis. Perspect. Dev. Neurobiol., 4, 245-255.
89. MCKANNA, J.A. (1993b). Lipocortin 1 immunoreactivity identifies microglia in adult rat brain. J. Neurosci. Res., 36, 491-500.
90. MCLEOD, J.D. & BOLTON, C. (1995). Dexamethasone induces an increase in intracellular and membrane associated lipocortin-1 (annexin-1) in rat astrocyte primary cultures. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 15, 193-205.
91. MCLEOD, J.D., GOODALL, A., JELIC, P. & BOLTON, C. (1995). Changes in the cellular distribution of lipocortin-1 (annexin-1) in C6 glioma cells after exposure to dexamethasone. Biochem. Pharmacol., 50, 1103-1107.
92. MITSUMA, T. & NOGIMORI, T. (1982). Effects of adrenalectomy on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in rats. Horm. Metab. Res., 14, 317-319.
93. MULLENS, L., MARRIOTT, D.R., YOUNG, K.A., TANNAHILL L., LIGHTMAN, S.L. & WILKIN, G.P. (1994). Upregulation of lipocortin-1 and its mRNA in reactive astrocytes in kainate-lisioned rat cerebellum. J. Neuroimmunol., 50, 25-33.
94. MUNCK, A. & GUYRE, P. (1991). Glucocorticoids and immune function. In Psychoneuroimmunology (2nd edition). ed. Alser, R., Felton, D.L. & Cohen, N. pp.447-474. New York: Academic Press.
95. MUNCK, A. & NARAY-FEJES-TÓTH, A. (1994). Glucocorticoids and Stress: Permissive and suppressive actions. In Brain COrticosteroid Receptors: Studies on the Mechanism, Function and Neurotoxicity of Corticosteroid Actions. ed. de Kloet, E.R., Azmita, E.C. & Landfield P.W.. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 746, 115-130.
96. MUNCK, A., GUYRE, P.M. & HOLBROOK, N.J. (1984). Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocrine Rev., 5, 25-44.
97. MURAMANI, N., FUKATA, J., TSUKADA, T., KOBAYASHI, H., EBISUI, O., SEGAWA, H., MURO, S., IMURA, H. & NAKAO, K. (1993). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of interleukin 6 messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal gland and spleen. Endocrinology, 133, 2574-2578.
98. NAVARRA, P., TSAGARAKIS, S., FARIA, MS., REES, L.H., BESSER, G.M., GROSSMAN, A.B. (1991). Interleukins-1 and -6 stimulate the release of corticotrophin releasing hormone-41 from the rat hypothalamus via an eicosanoid cyclo-oxygenase pathway. Endocrinology, 128, 37-47.
99. NICOLOFF, J.T. & SPENCER, C.A. (1992). Integration of thyroid hormones with hypothalamic factors on pituitary TSH secretion. Acta Med. Austriaca, 19 (suppl 1), 68-71.
100. NISHINO, Y., MICHNA, H., HASAN, S.H. & SCHNEIDER, M.R. (1992). Involvement of the adrenal glands in the prolactin rise induced in the female rat by anti-progestin, onapristone. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 41, 841-845.
101. PAMENTER, R.W. & HEDGE, F.A. (1980). Inhibition of thyrotropin secretion by physiological levels of corticosterone. Endocrinology, 106, 162-166.
102. PERRETTI, M. & FLOWER, P.J. (1993). Modulation of IL-1 induced neutrophil migration by dexamethasone and lipocortin 1. J. Immunol., 150, 992-999.
103. PERRETTI, M., AHLUWALIA, A., HARRIS, J.G., GOULDlNG, N.J. & FLOWER, R.J. (1993). Lipocortin 1 fragments inhibit neutrophil accumulation and neutrophil dependent oedema in the mouse. J. Immunol., 151, 4306-4314.
104. PHILIP, J.G., FLOWER, R.J. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1995). Evidence for different molecular species of lipocortin 1 in the rat. Pharmacol. Res., 31, 84P.
105. PHILIP, J.G., FLOWER, R.J. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1996). Glucocorticoids induce externalisation of lipocortin 1 in rat brain tissue. J. Endocrinol., (in press).
106. PIROLI, G , GRILLO, C., FERRINI, M., DIAZTORGA, G., REY, E., LIBERTUN, C. & DE, N. (1993). Restoration by bromocriptine of glucocorticoid receptors and glucocorticoid negative feedback on prolactin secretion in estrogen-induced pituitary tumours. Neuroendocrinology, 58, 273-279.
107. RE, R.N., KOURIDES, I.A., RIDGEWAY, E.C., WEINSTRAUB, B.D. & MALOOF, F. (1976). The effect of glucocorticoid administration on human pituitary secretion of thyrotropin and prolactin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 42, 338-346.
108. REGNOUF, F., RENDON, A. & PRADAL, L.A. (1991). Biochemical characterization of annexins I and II isolated from pig nervous tissue. J. Neurochem., 56, 1985-1996.
109. RELTON, J.K., STRIJBOS, P.J.L.M., O'SHAUGHNESSY, C.T., CAREY, F., FORDER, R. TILDERS, F.J.H. & ROTHWELL, N.J. (1991). Lipocortin 1 is an endogenous inhibitor of ischaemic damage in rat brain. J. Exp. Med., 174, 305-310.
110. ROBBERECHT, W., ANDRIES, M. & DENEF, C. (1992). Stimulation of prolactin secretion from rat pituitary by luteinizing hormone releasing hormone: evidence against mediation of angiotensin II acting through a (sarl-ala 8)-angiotensin II-sensitive receptor. Neuroendocrinology, 56, 185-194.
111. ROCHE, P.J., CRAWFORD, R.J., FERNLEY, R.T., TREGEAR, G.W. & COGHLAN, J.P. (1988). Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for ovine corticotropin-releasing factor and regulation of its mRNA levels by glucocorticoids. Gene, 71, 421-431.
112. ROSSIER, J., FRENCH, E., RIVIER, C., SHIBASAKI, T., GUILLEMEN, R. & BLOOM, F.E. (1980). Indicate Stress-induced release of prolactin: Blockade by dexamethasone and naloxone may β-endorphin mediation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 77, 666-669.
113. RUBELLO, D., SONINO, D., CASARA, D., GIRELLI, M.E., BUSNARDO, B. & BOSCARO, M. (1992). Acute and chronic effects of high glucocorticoid levels on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in man. J. Endocrinol. Invest., 15, 437-441.
114. RUEL, J.M.H.M., VAN DEN BOSCH, F.R. & DE KLOET, E.R. (1987). Relative occupation of type-I and type-II corticosteroid receptors in the rat brain following stress and dexamethasone treatment: Functional implications. J. Endocrinol., 155, 459-467.
115. SAMUELS, M.H., LUTHER, M., HENRY, P. & RIDGEWAY, E.C. (1994). Effects of hydrocortisone on pulsatile pituitary glycoprotein secretion. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 78, 211-215.
116. SAWCHENKO, P.E. (1987). Adrenalectomy induced enhancement of CRF-41 and vasopressin in parvocellular neurosecretory neurons: anatomic, peptide and steroid specificity. J. Neurosci., 7, 1093-1096.
117. SAWCHENKO, P.E., SWANSON, L.W. & VALE, W.W. (1984). Coexpression of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin immunoreactivity in parvocellular neurosecretory neurones of the adrenalectomized rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 81, 1883-1887.
118. SCHOFIELD, J.G. (1983). Use of trapped fluorescent indicator to demonstrate effects of thyroliberin and dopamine on cytoplasmic calcium concentration in bovine anterior pituitary cells. FEBS Letts., 159, 79-83.
119. SHEK, P.N. & SABISTON, B.H. (1983). Neuroendocrine regulation of immune processes: changes in circulating corticosterone levels induced by the primary antibody response in mice. Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 5, 23-33.
120. SMITH, T., FLOWER, R.J. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1993). Lipocortins 1, 2 and 5 in the central nervous system and pituitary gland of the rat: Selective induction by dexamethasone of lipocortin 1 in the anterior pituitary gland. Mol. Neuropharmacol., 3, 45-55.
121. SMITH, T., SMITH, S.F. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1990). A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay for the estimation of rat lipocortin-1. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 18, 1230-1231.
122. SMITH, T., SMITH, S.F., FLOWER, R.J. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1991). Endotoxin and the expression of lipocortins in central and peripheral tissues of the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol., 104, 218P.
123. STENZEL-POORE, M., VALE, W.W. & RIVIER, C. (1993). Relationship between antigen-induced immune stimulation and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. Endocrinology, 132, 1313-1318.
124. STRIJBOS, P.J.L.M., TILDERS, F.J.H., CAREY, F., FORDER, R. & ROTHWELL, N.J. (1991). Localization of immunoreactive lipocortin 1 in the brain and pituitary gland of the rat. Effects of adrenalectomy, dexamethasone and colchicine treatment. Brain Res., 553, 249-260.
125. SUDLOW, A.W., CAREY, F. & ROTHWELL, N.J. (1993). Interactions between lipocortin 1 and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Br. J. Pharmacol., 110, 73P.
126. TARASKEVICH, P.S. & DOUGLAS, W.W. (1978). Catecholamines of supposed inhibitory hypophysiotrophic function suppress action potentials in prolactin cells. Nature, 276, 832-834.
127. TAYLOR, A.D., COWELL, A.M., FLOWER, R.J. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1993). Lipocortin 1 mediates an early inhibition action of glucocorticoids on the secretion of ACTH by the rat anterior pituitary gland in vitro. Neuroendocrinology, 58, 430-439.
128. TAYLOR, A.D., COWELL, A-M., FLOWER, R.J. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1995a). Dexamethasone suppresses the release of prolactin from the rat anterior pituitary gland by lipocortin 1 dependent and independent mechanisms. Neuroendocrinology, 62, 530-542.
129. TAYLOR, A.D., FLOWER, R.J. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1995b). Dexamethasone inhibits the release of thyrotrophin from the rat anterior pituitary gland in vitro by mechanisms dependent on de novo protein synthesis and lipocortin 1. J. Endocrinol., 147, 533-544.
130. TAYLOR, A.D., LOXLEY, H.D., FLOWER, R.J. & BUCKINGHAM, J.C. (1995c). Immunoneutralization of lipocortin 1 reverses the acute inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responses to cytokines in the rat in vitro and in vivo. Neuroendocrinology, 62, 19-31.
131. TSAGARAKIS, S., GILLIES, G.E., REES, L.H., BESSER, G.M. & GROSSMAN, A. (1989). Interleukin-1 directly stimulates the release of corticotrophin releasing factor from rat hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology, 49, 98-101.
132. VADAS, P. & HAY, J.B. (1982). Involvement of circulating phospholipase A2 in the pathogenesis of the hemodynamic changes in endotoxin shock. Can. J. Physiol., 61, 561-566.
133. VALE, W., SPIESS, J., RIVIER, C. & RIVIER, J. (1981). Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotrophin and β-endorphin. Science, 213, 1394-1397.
134. VINGE, E., ERFURTH, E.M.T. & LUNDAN, S. (1993). Effect of adrenal function tests on the levels of endogenous digitalis-like substances and some pituitary hormones. Acta Endocrinologica., 128, 29-34.
135. VIOLETTE, S.M., KING, I., BROWNING, J.L., PEPINSKY, R.B., WALLNER, B.P. & SARTORELLI, A.C. (1990). Role of lipocortin 1 in the glucocorticoid induction of the terminal differentiation of a human squamous carcinoma. J. Cell. Physiol., 142, 70-77.
136. 2 inhibitor with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Nature, 320, 77-81.
137. WATANOBE, H. (1990). The immunostaining for the hypothalamic vasoactive intestinal peptide, but not for β-endorphin, dynorphin-A or methionine-enkephalin, is affected by the glucocorticoid milieu in the rat: correlation with the prolactin secretion. Regul. Pept., 28, 310-311.
138. WOLFF, S.M. (1973). Biological effects of bacterial endotoxin in man. J. Infec. Dis., 128, S259-S264.
139. YASIN, S.A., COSTA, M.L., FORSLING, M.L. & GROSSMAN, A. (1994). Interleukin-1β and interleukin 6 stimulate neurohypophyseal hormone release in vitro. J. Neuroendocrinol., 6, 179-184.
140. YELVINGTON, D.B., WEISS, G.K. & RATNER, A. (1984). Effect of corticosterone on the prolactin response to psychological and physical stress in rats. Life Sci., 35, 1705-1711.
141. ZALOGA, G.P., CHERNOW, B. & SMALLRIDGE, R.C (1985). A longitudinal evaluation of thyroid function in critically ill surgical patients. Ann. Surg., 201, 456-464.