메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 141-150

Neuropathology and virology of HIV associated dementia

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; CELL INVASION; DEMENTIA; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; REVIEW; VIROLOGY; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS;

EID: 0029844669     PISSN: 10529276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1654(199609)6:3<141::AID-RMV141>3.0.CO;2-1     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (19)

References (109)
  • 1
    • 0023866331 scopus 로고
    • Early penetration of the blood-brain barrier by HTLV-III/LAV
    • Resnick, L., Berger, J. R., Shapshak, P. and Tourtellotte, W. W. (1988). Early penetration of the blood-brain barrier by HTLV-III/LAV. Neurology 38, 8, 9-15.
    • (1988) Neurology , vol.38 , Issue.8 , pp. 9-15
    • Resnick, L.1    Berger, J.R.2    Shapshak, P.3    Tourtellotte, W.W.4
  • 2
    • 0028328420 scopus 로고
    • Cerebrospinal fluid p24 antigen levels and intrathecal immunoglobulin G synthesis are associated with cognitive disease severity in HIV-1
    • Singer, E. J., Syndulko, K., Fahy-Chandon, B. N. et al. (1994). Cerebrospinal fluid p24 antigen levels and intrathecal immunoglobulin G synthesis are associated with cognitive disease severity in HIV-1 AIDS 8, 197-204.
    • (1994) AIDS , vol.8 , pp. 197-204
    • Singer, E.J.1    Syndulko, K.2    Fahy-Chandon, B.N.3
  • 3
    • 0028070616 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 infection despite immediate combination antiviral therapy after infusion of contaminated white cells
    • Palmer, D. L., Hjelle, B. L., Wiley, C. A. et al. (1994). HIV-1 infection despite immediate combination antiviral therapy after infusion of contaminated white cells. Am. J. Med. 97, 289-295.
    • (1994) Am. J. Med. , vol.97 , pp. 289-295
    • Palmer, D.L.1    Hjelle, B.L.2    Wiley, C.A.3
  • 5
    • 0027496535 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of the neurological complications of HIV-1 infection
    • Brew, B. J. (1993). The pathogenesis of the neurological complications of HIV-1 infection. Genitourin. Med. 69, 333-340.
    • (1993) Genitourin. Med. , vol.69 , pp. 333-340
    • Brew, B.J.1
  • 6
    • 0025822601 scopus 로고
    • Nomenclature and research definition for neurologic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection
    • American Academy of Neurology AIDS Task Force (Working Group). (1991). Nomenclature and research definition for neurologic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Neurology 41, 778-785.
    • (1991) Neurology , vol.41 , pp. 778-785
  • 7
    • 0022518134 scopus 로고
    • The AIDS dementia complex. I. clinical features
    • Navia, B. A., Jordan, B. D. and Price, R. W. (1986). The AIDS dementia complex. I. clinical features. Ann. Neurol. 19, 517-524.
    • (1986) Ann. Neurol. , vol.19 , pp. 517-524
    • Navia, B.A.1    Jordan, B.D.2    Price, R.W.3
  • 8
    • 0028103645 scopus 로고
    • Macrophages and microglia in HIV-related CNS neuropathology
    • ed by R. W. Price and S. W. Perry, Raven Press, New York
    • Dickson, D. W., Lee, S. C., Hatch, W., Mattiace, L. A., Brosnan, C. F. and Lyman, W. D. (1994). Macrophages and microglia in HIV-related CNS neuropathology. In, HIV, AIDS and the Brain, ed by R. W. Price and S. W. Perry, pp. 99-118. Raven Press, New York.
    • (1994) HIV, AIDS and the Brain , pp. 99-118
    • Dickson, D.W.1    Lee, S.C.2    Hatch, W.3    Mattiace, L.A.4    Brosnan, C.F.5    Lyman, W.D.6
  • 10
    • 0028045911 scopus 로고
    • Cytokine expression pathogenesis in AIDS brain
    • ed by R. W. Price and S. W. Perry, Raven Press, New York
    • Vitkovic, L., da Cunha, A. and Tyor, W. R. (1994). Cytokine expression pathogenesis in AIDS brain. In, HIV, AIDS and the Brain, ed by R. W. Price and S. W. Perry, pp. 203-222. Raven Press, New York.
    • (1994) HIV, AIDS and the Brain , pp. 203-222
    • Vitkovic, L.1    Da Cunha, A.2    Tyor, W.R.3
  • 11
    • 0023769250 scopus 로고
    • Psychiatrie disorders in HIV spectrum illness
    • Goodkin, K. (1988). Psychiatrie disorders in HIV spectrum illness. Texas Med. 84, 55-61.
    • (1988) Texas Med. , vol.84 , pp. 55-61
    • Goodkin, K.1
  • 12
    • 0345001467 scopus 로고
    • The neuropsychiatric and behavior manifestations of HIV infection
    • Florida Medical Association, Jacksonville FL
    • Goodkin, K. (1995). The neuropsychiatric and behavior manifestations of HIV infection. In, Sec IX Clinical Manual on HIV and AIDs. An Up-date, pp. 113-131. Florida Medical Association, Jacksonville FL.
    • (1995) Sec IX Clinical Manual on HIV and AIDs. An Up-date , pp. 113-131
    • Goodkin, K.1
  • 13
    • 0023055561 scopus 로고
    • Classification system for human T-lymphotropic virus type III/ lymphadenopathy-associated virus infections
    • Centers for Disease Control (1986). Classification system for human T-lymphotropic virus type III/ lymphadenopathy-associated virus infections. Morbid. Mort. Wkly Rep. 35, 334-339.
    • (1986) Morbid. Mort. Wkly Rep. , vol.35 , pp. 334-339
  • 14
    • 0027122957 scopus 로고
    • 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults
    • Centers for Disease Control (1992). 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. Morbid. Mort. Wkly Rep. 41 (No.RR-17), 1-19.
    • (1992) Morbid. Mort. Wkly Rep. , vol.41 , Issue.RR-17 , pp. 1-19
  • 16
    • 0023653269 scopus 로고
    • Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Centers for Disease Control (1987). Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Morbid. Mort. Wkly Rep. 36 (Suppl 15), 1s.
    • (1987) Morbid. Mort. Wkly Rep. , vol.36 , Issue.15 SUPPL.
  • 17
    • 0028909868 scopus 로고
    • Dementia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Lipton, S. A and Gendelman, H. E. (1995). Dementia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 934-940.
    • (1995) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.332 , pp. 934-940
    • Lipton, S.A.1    Gendelman, H.E.2
  • 18
    • 0029126868 scopus 로고
    • AIDS dementia complex and HIV-1 brain infection: Clinical-virological correlations
    • Brew, B. J., Rosenblum, M., Cronin, K. and Price, R. W. (1995). AIDS dementia complex and HIV-1 brain infection: clinical-virological correlations. Ann. Neurol 38, 563-570.
    • (1995) Ann. Neurol , vol.38 , pp. 563-570
    • Brew, B.J.1    Rosenblum, M.2    Cronin, K.3    Price, R.W.4
  • 19
    • 0028885048 scopus 로고
    • Do asymptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals show cognitive deficit?
    • Newman, S. P., Lunn, S. and Harrison, J. G. (1995). Do asymptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals show cognitive deficit? AIDS 9, 1211-1220.
    • (1995) AIDS , vol.9 , pp. 1211-1220
    • Newman, S.P.1    Lunn, S.2    Harrison, J.G.3
  • 20
    • 0027096948 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis and therapy of HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system
    • Geleziunas, R., Schipper, H. M. and Wainberg, M. A. (1992). Pathogenesis and therapy of HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system. AIDS 6, 1411-1426.
    • (1992) AIDS , vol.6 , pp. 1411-1426
    • Geleziunas, R.1    Schipper, H.M.2    Wainberg, M.A.3
  • 21
    • 0026134426 scopus 로고
    • HIV-associated disease of the nervous system: Review of nomenclature and proposal for neuropathology-based terminology
    • Budka, H., Wiley, C. A., Kleihues, P. et al. (1991). HIV-associated disease of the nervous system: review of nomenclature and proposal for neuropathology-based terminology. Brain Pathol. 1, 143-152.
    • (1991) Brain Pathol. , vol.1 , pp. 143-152
    • Budka, H.1    Wiley, C.A.2    Kleihues, P.3
  • 22
    • 0023832296 scopus 로고
    • The brain in AIDS: Central nervous system HIV-1 infection and AIDS dementia complex
    • Price, R. W., Brew, B., Sidtis, J., Rosenblum, M., Scheck, A. C. and Cleary, P. (1988). The brain in AIDS: central nervous system HIV-1 infection and AIDS dementia complex. Science 239, 586-592.
    • (1988) Science , vol.239 , pp. 586-592
    • Price, R.W.1    Brew, B.2    Sidtis, J.3    Rosenblum, M.4    Scheck, A.C.5    Cleary, P.6
  • 24
    • 0023092661 scopus 로고
    • Subacute encephalomyelitis of AIDS and its relation to HTLV-III infection
    • de la Monte, S. M., Ho, D. D., Schooley, R. T., Hirsch, M. S. and Richardson, E. P. (1987). Subacute encephalomyelitis of AIDS and its relation to HTLV-III infection. Neurology Vol 37 562-569.
    • (1987) Neurology , vol.37 , pp. 562-569
    • Monte, S.M.1    Ho, D.D.2    Schooley, R.T.3    Hirsch, M.S.4    Richardson, E.P.5
  • 25
    • 0345298225 scopus 로고
    • Neuroimaging in infection: A preliminary quantitative MRI study and review of the literature
    • Kent, T. A., Hillman, G. R., Levin, H. S., Guinto, F., Kaye, A. R. and Casper, K. (1993). Neuroimaging in infection: a preliminary quantitative MRI study and review of the literature. Adv. Neuroimmunol. 3, 129-140.
    • (1993) Adv. Neuroimmunol. , vol.3 , pp. 129-140
    • Kent, T.A.1    Hillman, G.R.2    Levin, H.S.3    Guinto, F.4    Kaye, A.R.5    Casper, K.6
  • 26
    • 0026473121 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of cerebral atrophy in HIV-1-infected individuals: Results of a quantitative MRI analysis
    • Dal Pan, G. J., McArthur, J. H., Aylward, E. et al. (1992). Patterns of cerebral atrophy in HIV-1-infected individuals: results of a quantitative MRI analysis. Neurology 42, 2125-2130.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , pp. 2125-2130
    • Dal Pan, G.J.1    McArthur, J.H.2    Aylward, E.3
  • 27
    • 0023547311 scopus 로고
    • The metabolic pathway of the AIDS dementia complex
    • Rottenberg, D. A., Moeller, J. R., Strother, S. C. et al. (1987). The metabolic pathway of the AIDS dementia complex. Ann. Neurol. 22, 700-706.
    • (1987) Ann. Neurol. , vol.22 , pp. 700-706
    • Rottenberg, D.A.1    Moeller, J.R.2    Strother, S.C.3
  • 28
    • 0027959004 scopus 로고
    • Prospective utility of cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in monitoring infection and its associated neurological impairment
    • McConnell, J. R., Swindells, S., Ong, C. S. et al. (1994). Prospective utility of cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in monitoring infection and its associated neurological impairment. AIDS Res. Retrovir. 10, 977-982.
    • (1994) AIDS Res. Retrovir. , vol.10 , pp. 977-982
    • McConnell, J.R.1    Swindells, S.2    Ong, C.S.3
  • 29
    • 0027233870 scopus 로고
    • Proton spectroscopy of the brain in HIV infection: Correlation with clinical, immunologic, and MR imaging findings
    • Chong, W. K., Sweeney, B., Wilkinson, I. D. et al. (1993). Proton spectroscopy of the brain in HIV infection: Correlation with clinical, immunologic, and MR imaging findings. Neuroradiology 188, 119-124.
    • (1993) Neuroradiology , vol.188 , pp. 119-124
    • Chong, W.K.1    Sweeney, B.2    Wilkinson, I.D.3
  • 30
    • 0027169815 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1-associated cognitive motor complex-absence of neuronal loss in the cerebral neocortex
    • Seilhean, D., Duyckaerts, C., Vazeux, R. et al. (1993). HIV-1-associated cognitive motor complex-absence of neuronal loss in the cerebral neocortex. Neurology 43, 1492-1499.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 1492-1499
    • Seilhean, D.1    Duyckaerts, C.2    Vazeux, R.3
  • 31
    • 0027360522 scopus 로고
    • A review of neuronal damage in human immunodeficiency virus infection: Its assessment, possible mechanism and relationship to dementia
    • Everall, I., Luthert, P. and Lantos, P. (1993). A review of neuronal damage in human immunodeficiency virus infection: Its assessment, possible mechanism and relationship to dementia. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 52, 561-566.
    • (1993) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. , vol.52 , pp. 561-566
    • Everall, I.1    Luthert, P.2    Lantos, P.3
  • 32
    • 0028014687 scopus 로고
    • Cellular neuropathology in HIV encephalitis
    • ed by R. W. Price and S. W. Perry, Raven Press, New York
    • Masliah, E., Achim, C. L., Ge, N., DeTeresa, R. and Wiley, C. A. (1994). Cellular neuropathology in HIV encephalitis. In, HIV, AIDS and the Brain, ed by R. W. Price and S. W. Perry, pp. 119-131. Raven Press, New York.
    • (1994) HIV, AIDS and the Brain , pp. 119-131
    • Masliah, E.1    Achim, C.L.2    Ge, N.3    Deteresa, R.4    Wiley, C.A.5
  • 33
    • 0026450788 scopus 로고
    • Blood-brain barrier abnormalities in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-immunohistochemical localization of serum proteins in postmortem brain
    • Petito, C. K. and Cash, K. S. (1992). Blood-brain barrier abnormalities in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-immunohistochemical localization of serum proteins in postmortem brain. Ann. Neurol. 32, 658-666.
    • (1992) Ann. Neurol. , vol.32 , pp. 658-666
    • Petito, C.K.1    Cash, K.S.2
  • 34
    • 0027943613 scopus 로고
    • The role of the blood-brain barrier in HIV infection of the central nervous system
    • Hurwitz, A. A., Berman, J. W. and Lyman, W. D. (1994). The role of the blood-brain barrier in HIV infection of the central nervous system. Adv. Neuroimmunol. 4, 249-256.
    • (1994) Adv. Neuroimmunol. , vol.4 , pp. 249-256
    • Hurwitz, A.A.1    Berman, J.W.2    Lyman, W.D.3
  • 35
    • 0029059327 scopus 로고
    • HIV Infection of human choroid plexus: A possible mechanism of viral entry into the CNS
    • Falangola, M. E., Hanly, A., Galvao-Castro, B. and Petito, C. K. (1995). HIV Infection of human choroid plexus: a possible mechanism of viral entry into the CNS. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurology. 54, 497-503.
    • (1995) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurology. , vol.54 , pp. 497-503
    • Falangola, M.E.1    Hanly, A.2    Galvao-Castro, B.3    Petito, C.K.4
  • 38
    • 0028970414 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of HIV genomic DNA in brains of AIDS patients
    • Bockstahler, L. E., Werner, T., Festl, H. et al. (1995). Distribution of HIV genomic DNA in brains of AIDS patients. Clin. Dingn. Virol. 3, 61-72.
    • (1995) Clin. Dingn. Virol. , vol.3 , pp. 61-72
    • Bockstahler, L.E.1    Werner, T.2    Festl, H.3
  • 39
    • 0028967789 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 infection of human brain-derived microvascular endothelial cells in vitro
    • Poland, S. D., Rice, G. P. A. and Dekaban, G. A. (1995). HIV-1 infection of human brain-derived microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. J. AIDS Hum. Retrovir. 8, 437-445.
    • (1995) J. AIDS Hum. Retrovir. , vol.8 , pp. 437-445
    • Poland, S.D.1    Rice, G.P.A.2    Dekaban, G.A.3
  • 41
    • 0027436826 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus infection of human brain capillary endothelial cells occurs via a CD4/galactosyIceramide-independent mechanism
    • Moses, A. V., Bloom, F. E., Pauza, C. D. and Nelson, J. A. (1993). Human immunodeficiency virus infection of human brain capillary endothelial cells occurs via a CD4/galactosyIceramide-independent mechanism. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 10474-10478.
    • (1993) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.90 , pp. 10474-10478
    • Moses, A.V.1    Bloom, F.E.2    Pauza, C.D.3    Nelson, J.A.4
  • 42
    • 0026955972 scopus 로고
    • The use of combined in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to identify HIV-1 infected cells in brain tissue
    • Shapshak, P., Yoshioka, M., Sun, N. C. J. and Schiller, P. (1992). The use of combined in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to identify HIV-1 infected cells in brain tissue. Modern. Pathol. 5, 649-654.
    • (1992) Modern. Pathol. , vol.5 , pp. 649-654
    • Shapshak, P.1    Yoshioka, M.2    Sun, N.C.J.3    Schiller, P.4
  • 43
    • 0027932886 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) distribution in HIV encephalitis: Study of 19 cases with combined use of in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry
    • Gosztonyi, G., Artigas, J., Lamperth, L. and deF. Webster, H. (1994). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) distribution in HIV encephalitis: study of 19 cases with combined use of in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 53, 521-534.
    • (1994) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. , vol.53 , pp. 521-534
    • Gosztonyi, G.1    Artigas, J.2    Lamperth, L.3    DeF Webster, H.4
  • 44
    • 0028356005 scopus 로고
    • In situ detection of polymerase chain reaction-amplified HIV-1 nucleic acids and tumor necrosis factor-a RNA in the central nervous system
    • Nuovo, G. J., Gallery, F., MacConnell, P. and Braun, A. (1994). In situ detection of polymerase chain reaction-amplified HIV-1 nucleic acids and tumor necrosis factor-a RNA in the central nervous system. Am. J. Pathol. 144, 659-665.
    • (1994) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.144 , pp. 659-665
    • Nuovo, G.J.1    Gallery, F.2    MacConnell, P.3    Braun, A.4
  • 45
    • 0026012978 scopus 로고
    • HIV propagates in human neuroblastoma cells
    • Shapshak, P., Sun, N., Resnick, L. et al. (1991). HIV propagates in human neuroblastoma cells. J. AIDS 4, 228-237.
    • (1991) J. AIDS , vol.4 , pp. 228-237
    • Shapshak, P.1    Sun, N.2    Resnick, L.3
  • 46
    • 0028057831 scopus 로고
    • Temporal patterns of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcripts in human fetal astrocytes
    • Tornatore, c., Meyers, K., Atwood, W., Conant, K. and Major, E. (1994). Temporal patterns of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcripts in human fetal astrocytes. J. Virol. 68, 93-102.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 93-102
    • Tornatore, C.1    Meyers, K.2    Atwood, W.3    Conant, K.4    Major, E.5
  • 47
    • 0026518034 scopus 로고
    • Infection of human brain cells by HIV-1: Restricted virus production in chronically infected human glial cell lines
    • Brack-Werner, R., Kleinschmidt, A., Ludvigsen A. et al. (1992). Infection of human brain cells by HIV-1: restricted virus production in chronically infected human glial cell lines. AIDS 6, 273-285.
    • (1992) AIDS , vol.6 , pp. 273-285
    • Brack-Werner, R.1    Kleinschmidt, A.2    Ludvigsen, A.3
  • 48
    • 0028133425 scopus 로고
    • Restricted expression of HIV-1 in human astrocytes: Molecular basis for viral persistence in the CNS
    • Kleinschmidt, A., Neumann, M., Moller, C., Erfle, V. and Brack-Werner, R. (1994). Restricted expression of HIV-1 in human astrocytes: molecular basis for viral persistence in the CNS. Res. Virol. 145, 147-153.
    • (1994) Res. Virol. , vol.145 , pp. 147-153
    • Kleinschmidt, A.1    Neumann, M.2    Moller, C.3    Erfle, V.4    Brack-Werner, R.5
  • 49
    • 0028907963 scopus 로고
    • Restriction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 production in a human astrocytoma cell line is associated with a cellular block in rev function
    • Neumann, M., Felber, B. K., Kleinschmidt, A. et al. (1995). Restriction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 production in a human astrocytoma cell line is associated with a cellular block in rev function. J. Virol. 69, 2159-2167.
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 2159-2167
    • Neumann, M.1    Felber, B.K.2    Kleinschmidt, A.3
  • 50
    • 0028226662 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 infection of subcortical astrocytes in the pediatric central nervous system
    • Tornatore, C., Chandra, R., Berger, J. R. and Major, E. O. (1994). HIV-1 infection of subcortical astrocytes in the pediatric central nervous system. Neurology 44, 481-487.
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44 , pp. 481-487
    • Tornatore, C.1    Chandra, R.2    Berger, J.R.3    Major, E.O.4
  • 51
    • 0028230433 scopus 로고
    • Overexpression of nef as a marker for restricted HIV-1 infection of astrocytes in postmortem pediatric central nervous tissues
    • Saito, Y., Sharer, L.R., Epstein, L. G. et al. (1994). Overexpression of nef as a marker for restricted HIV-1 infection of astrocytes in postmortem pediatric central nervous tissues. Neurology 44, 474-481.
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44 , pp. 474-481
    • Saito, Y.1    Sharer, L.R.2    Epstein, L.G.3
  • 52
    • 0028294499 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 infection of the developing nervous system: Central role of astrocytes in pathogenesis
    • Blumberg, B. M., Gelbard, H. A. and Epstein, L. G. 1994). HIV-1 infection of the developing nervous system: central role of astrocytes in pathogenesis. Virus Res. 32, 253-267.
    • (1994) Virus Res. , vol.32 , pp. 253-267
    • Blumberg, B.M.1    Gelbard, H.A.2    Epstein, L.G.3
  • 53
    • 0029115618 scopus 로고
    • Abundant expression of HIV Nef and Rev proteins in brain astrocytes in vivo is associated with dementia
    • Ranki, A., Nyberg, M., Ovod, V. et al. (1995). Abundant expression of HIV Nef and Rev proteins in brain astrocytes in vivo is associated with dementia. AIDS 9, 1001-1008.
    • (1995) AIDS , vol.9 , pp. 1001-1008
    • Ranki, A.1    Nyberg, M.2    Ovod, V.3
  • 54
    • 0025111159 scopus 로고
    • Morphology and distribution of HIV-1-positive microglia in subacute AIDS encephalitis: Pattern of involvement resembling a multisystem degeneration
    • Kure, K., Weidenheim, K. M., Lyman, W. D. and Dickson, D. W. (1990). Morphology and distribution of HIV-1-positive microglia in subacute AIDS encephalitis: pattern of involvement resembling a multisystem degeneration. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl). 80, 393-400.
    • (1990) Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) , vol.80 , pp. 393-400
    • Kure, K.1    Weidenheim, K.M.2    Lyman, W.D.3    Dickson, D.W.4
  • 56
    • 0000969952 scopus 로고
    • Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients
    • Wiley, C. A., Schrier, R. D., Nelson, J. A., Lampert, P. W. and Oldstone, M. B. A. (1986). Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83, 7089-7093.
    • (1986) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.83 , pp. 7089-7093
    • Wiley, C.A.1    Schrier, R.D.2    Nelson, J.A.3    Lampert, P.W.4    Oldstone, M.B.A.5
  • 57
    • 0028028408 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of CNS HIV burden and its association with neurologic damage
    • Wiley, C. A., Masliah, E. and Achim, C. L. (1994). Measurement of CNS HIV burden and its association with neurologic damage. Adv. Neuroimmunol. 4, 319-325.
    • (1994) Adv. Neuroimmunol. , vol.4 , pp. 319-325
    • Wiley, C.A.1    Masliah, E.2    Achim, C.L.3
  • 58
    • 0027485138 scopus 로고
    • Reduced basal ganglia volume in HIV-1 associated dementia complex: Results for quantitative neuroimaging
    • Aylward, E. H., Henderer, J. D., McArthur, J. C. et al. (1993). Reduced basal ganglia volume in HIV-1 associated dementia complex: results for quantitative neuroimaging. Neurology 43, 2099-2104.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 2099-2104
    • Aylward, E.H.1    Henderer, J.D.2    McArthur, J.C.3
  • 59
    • 0027155807 scopus 로고
    • Diffuse microgliosis associated with cerebral atrophy in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Gelman, B. B. (1993). Diffuse microgliosis associated with cerebral atrophy in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 34, 65-70.
    • (1993) Ann. Neurol. , vol.34 , pp. 65-70
    • Gelman, B.B.1
  • 60
    • 0025966254 scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic and neurologically symptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals: Prospective evaluation with cranial MR imaging
    • Post, M. J., Berger, J. R. and Quencer, R. M. (1991). Asymptomatic and neurologically symptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals: prospective evaluation with cranial MR imaging. Radiology 178, 131-139.
    • (1991) Radiology , vol.178 , pp. 131-139
    • Post, M.J.1    Berger, J.R.2    Quencer, R.M.3
  • 61
    • 0022001670 scopus 로고
    • HTLV-III infection in brains of children and adults with AIDS encephalopathy
    • Shaw, G. M., Harper, M. E., Hahn, B. H. et al. (1985). HTLV-III infection in brains of children and adults with AIDS encephalopathy. Science 227, 177-182.
    • (1985) Science , vol.227 , pp. 177-182
    • Shaw, G.M.1    Harper, M.E.2    Hahn, B.H.3
  • 62
    • 0028145412 scopus 로고
    • The role of polymerase chain reaction in pathology
    • Cotter, F. E. (1994). The role of polymerase chain reaction in pathology. J. Histotech. 17, 253-259.
    • (1994) J. Histotech. , vol.17 , pp. 253-259
    • Cotter, F.E.1
  • 63
    • 0025008853 scopus 로고
    • High levels of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA in brain tissue of AIDs dementia patients
    • Pang, S., Koyanagi, Y., Miles, S., Wiley, C., Vinters, H. V. and Chen, I. S. Y. (1990). High levels of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA in brain tissue of AIDs dementia patients. Nature 343, 85-89.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.343 , pp. 85-89
    • Pang, S.1    Koyanagi, Y.2    Miles, S.3    Wiley, C.4    Vinters, H.V.5    Chen, I.S.Y.6
  • 64
    • 0027186544 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus and the brain: Investigation of virus load, and neuropathologic changes in pre-AIDS subjects
    • Bell, J. E., Busuttil, A., Ironside, J. W. et al. (1993). Human immunodeficiency virus and the brain: investigation of virus load, and neuropathologic changes in pre-AIDS subjects. J. Infect. Dis. 168, 818-824.
    • (1993) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.168 , pp. 818-824
    • Bell, J.E.1    Busuttil, A.2    Ironside, J.W.3
  • 65
    • 0027431803 scopus 로고
    • PCR identification of HIV-1 DNA sequences in brain tissue of patients with AIDS encephalopathy
    • Boni, J., Emmerich, B. S., Leib, S. L., Wiestier, O. D., Schupbach, J. and Kleihues, P. (1993). PCR identification of HIV-1 DNA sequences in brain tissue of patients with AIDS encephalopathy. Neurology 43, 1813-1817.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 1813-1817
    • Boni, J.1    Emmerich, B.S.2    Leib, S.L.3    Wiestier, O.D.4    Schupbach, J.5    Kleihues, P.6
  • 66
    • 0026660347 scopus 로고
    • Detection of HIV proviral DNA in cortex and white matter of AIDS brains by non-isotopic polymerase chain reaction: Correlation with diffuse poliodystrophy
    • Sinclair, E. and Scaravilli, F. (1992). Detection of HIV proviral DNA in cortex and white matter of AIDS brains by non-isotopic polymerase chain reaction: correlation with diffuse poliodystrophy. AIDS 6, 925-932.
    • (1992) AIDS , vol.6 , pp. 925-932
    • Sinclair, E.1    Scaravilli, F.2
  • 67
    • 0027976315 scopus 로고
    • Immunohistochemical changes and PCR detection of HIV provirus DNA in brains of asymptomatic HIV-positive patients
    • Sinclair, E., Gray, F., Ciardi, A. and Scaravilli, F. (1994). Immunohistochemical changes and PCR detection of HIV provirus DNA in brains of asymptomatic HIV-positive patients. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 53, 43-50.
    • (1994) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. , vol.53 , pp. 43-50
    • Sinclair, E.1    Gray, F.2    Ciardi, A.3    Scaravilli, F.4
  • 68
    • 0026585417 scopus 로고
    • Low levels of human immunodeficiency virus replication in the brain tissue of children with severe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome encephalopathy
    • Vazeux, R., Lacroix-Ciaudo, C., Blanche, S. et al. (1992). Low levels of human immunodeficiency virus replication in the brain tissue of children with severe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome encephalopathy. Am J Pathol. 140, 137-144.
    • (1992) Am J Pathol. , vol.140 , pp. 137-144
    • Vazeux, R.1    Lacroix-Ciaudo, C.2    Blanche, S.3
  • 69
    • 0028822062 scopus 로고
    • PCR method for determining ratios of HIV proviral DNA to cellular genomic DNA in brain tissue of HIV-infected patients
    • Fujimura, R. K. and Bockstahler, L. E. (1995). PCR method for determining ratios of HIV proviral DNA to cellular genomic DNA in brain tissue of HIV-infected patients. J. Vir. Method 55, 309-325.
    • (1995) J. Vir. Method , vol.55 , pp. 309-325
    • Fujimura, R.K.1    Bockstahler, L.E.2
  • 70
    • 0028181509 scopus 로고
    • Altered cortisol response and hippocampal atrophy in pediatric HIV disease
    • Oberfield, S. E., Cowan. L., Levine. L. S. et al. (1994). Altered cortisol response and hippocampal atrophy in pediatric HIV disease. J. AIDS 7, 57-62.
    • (1994) J. AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 57-62
    • Oberfield, S.E.1    Cowan, L.2    Levine, L.S.3
  • 71
    • 0028127054 scopus 로고
    • gp120 as an etiologic agent for NeuroAIDS: Neurotoxicity and model systems
    • Brenneman, D. E., McCune, S. K., Mervis, R. F. and Hill, J. M. (1994). gp120 as an etiologic agent for NeuroAIDS: Neurotoxicity and model systems. Adv. Neuroimmunol. 4, 157-165.
    • (1994) Adv. Neuroimmunol. , vol.4 , pp. 157-165
    • Brenneman, D.E.1    McCune, S.K.2    Mervis, R.F.3    Hill, J.M.4
  • 72
    • 0026008006 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for neurotoxic activity of tat from human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Sabatier, J-M., Vives, E., Mabrouk, K. et al. (1991). Evidence for neurotoxic activity of tat from human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 65, 961-942.
    • (1991) J. Virol. , vol.65 , pp. 961-1942
    • Sabatier, J.-M.1    Vives, E.2    Mabrouk, K.3
  • 73
    • 0025990816 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 nef protein exhibits structural and functional similarity to scorpion peptides interacting with K+ channels
    • Werner, T., Ferroni, S., Saermark, T. et al. (1991). HIV-1 nef protein exhibits structural and functional similarity to scorpion peptides interacting with K+ channels. AIDS 5, 1301-1308.
    • (1991) AIDS , vol.5 , pp. 1301-1308
    • Werner, T.1    Ferroni, S.2    Saermark, T.3
  • 74
    • 0027436791 scopus 로고
    • Clinical-neuropathologic correlation in HIV-associated dementia
    • Glass, J. D., Wesselingh, S. L., Seines, O. A. and McArthur, J. C. (1993). Clinical-neuropathologic correlation in HIV-associated dementia. Neurology 43, 2230-2237.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 2230-2237
    • Glass, J.D.1    Wesselingh, S.L.2    Seines, O.A.3    McArthur, J.C.4
  • 75
    • 0029087545 scopus 로고
    • Unifying hypothesis for the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia complex, vacuolar myelopathy, and sensory neuropathy
    • Tyor, W. R., Wesselingh, S. L., Griffin, J. W., McArthur, J. C. and Griffin, D. E. (1995). Unifying hypothesis for the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia complex, vacuolar myelopathy, and sensory neuropathy. J. AIDS Hum. Retrovirol. 9, 379-388.
    • (1995) J. AIDS Hum. Retrovirol. , vol.9 , pp. 379-388
    • Tyor, W.R.1    Wesselingh, S.L.2    Griffin, J.W.3    McArthur, J.C.4    Griffin, D.E.5
  • 76
    • 0028863578 scopus 로고
    • Role of immune activation and cytokine expression in HIV-1 associated neurologic diseases
    • Yoshioka, M., Bradley, W. G., Shapshak, P. et al. (1995). Role of immune activation and cytokine expression in HIV-1 associated neurologic diseases. Adv. Neuroimmun. 5, 335-358.
    • (1995) Adv. Neuroimmun. , vol.5 , pp. 335-358
    • Yoshioka, M.1    Bradley, W.G.2    Shapshak, P.3
  • 77
    • 0029065185 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of apoptotic cell death in HIV encephalitis
    • Petito, C. K. and Roberts, B. (1995). Evidence of apoptotic cell death in HIV encephalitis. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 1121-1130.
    • (1995) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.146 , pp. 1121-1130
    • Petito, C.K.1    Roberts, B.2
  • 78
    • 0026569410 scopus 로고
    • Models of neuronal injury in AIDS: Another role for the NMDA receptor?
    • Lipton, S. A. (1992). Models of neuronal injury in AIDS: another role for the NMDA receptor? Trends Neurosci. 15, 75-79.
    • (1992) Trends Neurosci. , vol.15 , pp. 75-79
    • Lipton, S.A.1
  • 79
    • 0029014411 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide-based possibilities for pharmacotherapy
    • Posti, I. and Pakkari, I. (1995). Nitric oxide-based possibilities for pharmacotherapy. Ann. Med. 27, 407-420.
    • (1995) Ann. Med. , vol.27 , pp. 407-420
    • Posti, I.1    Pakkari, I.2
  • 80
    • 0025286474 scopus 로고
    • Cytokine-stimulated human immunodeficiency virus replication is inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine
    • Roederer, M., Staal, F. J. T., Raju, P. A. et al. (1990). Cytokine-stimulated human immunodeficiency virus replication is inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4884-4888.
    • (1990) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.87 , pp. 4884-4888
    • Roederer, M.1    Staal, F.J.T.2    Raju, P.A.3
  • 81
    • 0026041114 scopus 로고
    • Persistent human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection in human fetal glial cells reactivated by T-cell factor(s) or by the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1-beta
    • Tornatore, C., Nath, A., Amemiya, K. and Major, E. O. (1991). Persistent human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection in human fetal glial cells reactivated by T-cell factor(s) or by the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1-beta. J. Virol. 65, 6094-6100.
    • (1991) J. Virol. , vol.65 , pp. 6094-6100
    • Tornatore, C.1    Nath, A.2    Amemiya, K.3    Major, E.O.4
  • 82
    • 0026717674 scopus 로고
    • The pathophysiology of tumor necrosis factors
    • Vassalli, P. (1992). The pathophysiology of tumor necrosis factors. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 10, 411-452.
    • (1992) Ann. Rev. Immunol. , vol.10 , pp. 411-452
    • Vassalli, P.1
  • 83
    • 0029565471 scopus 로고
    • Distinct expressions of three cytokines by IL-1-stimulated astrocytes in vitro and in AIDS brain
    • Vitkovic, L., Chatham, J. J. and da Cunha, A. (1995). Distinct expressions of three cytokines by IL-1-stimulated astrocytes in vitro and in AIDS brain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 9, 378-388.
    • (1995) Brain, Behavior, and Immunity , vol.9 , pp. 378-388
    • Vitkovic, L.1    Chatham, J.J.2    Da Cunha, A.3
  • 84
    • 0028913223 scopus 로고
    • In vitro evidence for a dual role of tumor necrosis factor-α in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encephalopathy
    • Wilt, S. G., Milward, E., Zhou, J. M. et al. (1995). In vitro evidence for a dual role of tumor necrosis factor-α in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encephalopathy. Ann. Neurol. 37, 381-394.
    • (1995) Ann. Neurol. , vol.37 , pp. 381-394
    • Wilt, S.G.1    Milward, E.2    Zhou, J.M.3
  • 85
    • 0028853061 scopus 로고
    • The HIV envelope protein gp120 is toxic to human brain-cell cultures through the induction of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha
    • Yeung, M. C., Pulliam, L. and Lau, A. S. (1995). The HIV envelope protein gp120 is toxic to human brain-cell cultures through the induction of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. AIDS 9, 137-143.
    • (1995) AIDS , vol.9 , pp. 137-143
    • Yeung, M.C.1    Pulliam, L.2    Lau, A.S.3
  • 86
    • 0027254101 scopus 로고
    • Intracerebral cytokine messenger RNA expression in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia
    • Wesselingh, S. L., Power, C., Glass, J. D. et al. (1993). Intracerebral cytokine messenger RNA expression in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia. Ann. Neurol. 33, 576-582.
    • (1993) Ann. Neurol. , vol.33 , pp. 576-582
    • Wesselingh, S.L.1    Power, C.2    Glass, J.D.3
  • 87
    • 0028795044 scopus 로고
    • Mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons protected by GDNF from axotomy-induced degeneration in the adult brain
    • Beck, K. D., Valverde, J., Alexi, T. et al. (1995). Mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons protected by GDNF from axotomy-induced degeneration in the adult brain. Nature 373, 339-341.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.373 , pp. 339-341
    • Beck, K.D.1    Valverde, J.2    Alexi, T.3
  • 88
    • 0028806048 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray
    • Schena, M., Shalon, D., Davis, R. W. and Brown, P. O. (1995). Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray. Science 270, 467-470.
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 467-470
    • Schena, M.1    Shalon, D.2    Davis, R.W.3    Brown, P.O.4
  • 90
    • 0024337928 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 isolates are rapidly evolving quasispecies: Evidence for viral mixtures and preferred nucleotide substitutions
    • Goodenow, M., Huert, T., Saurin, W., Kwok, S., Sninsky, J. and Wain-Hobson, S. (1989). HIV-1 isolates are rapidly evolving quasispecies: evidence for viral mixtures and preferred nucleotide substitutions. J. AIDS 2, 344-352.
    • (1989) J. AIDS , vol.2 , pp. 344-352
    • Goodenow, M.1    Huert, T.2    Saurin, W.3    Kwok, S.4    Sninsky, J.5    Wain-Hobson, S.6
  • 91
    • 0022541470 scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation in HTLV-III/LAV over time in patients with AIDS or at risk for AIDS
    • Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M., Taylor, M. E. et al. (1986). Genetic variation in HTLV-III/LAV over time in patients with AIDS or at risk for AIDS. Science 232, 1548-1553.
    • (1986) Science , vol.232 , pp. 1548-1553
    • Hahn, B.H.1    Shaw, G.M.2    Taylor, M.E.3
  • 92
    • 0024469503 scopus 로고
    • Temporal fluctuations in HIV quasispecies in vivo are not reflected by sequential HIV isolations
    • Meyerhans, A., Cheynier, R., Albert, J. et al. (1989). Temporal fluctuations in HIV quasispecies in vivo are not reflected by sequential HIV isolations. Cell 58, 901-910.
    • (1989) Cell , vol.58 , pp. 901-910
    • Meyerhans, A.1    Cheynier, R.2    Albert, J.3
  • 93
    • 0029007218 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 heterogeneity and cytokines neuropathogenesis
    • ed. by B. Sharp et al., Plenum Press, New York
    • Shapshak, P., Nagano, I., Xin, K. et al. (1995). HIV-1 heterogeneity and cytokines neuropathogenesis. In, The Brain Immune Axis and Substance Abuse,ed. by B. Sharp et al., pp. 225-238. Plenum Press, New York.
    • (1995) The Brain Immune Axis and Substance Abuse , pp. 225-238
    • Shapshak, P.1    Nagano, I.2    Xin, K.3
  • 94
    • 0023214674 scopus 로고
    • Dual infection of the central nervous system by AIDS viruses with distinct cellular tropisms
    • Koyanagi, Y., Miles, S., Mitsuyasu, R. T., Merrill, J. E., Vinters, H.V. and Chan, I. S. Y. (1987). Dual infection of the central nervous system by AIDS viruses with distinct cellular tropisms. Science 236, 819-822.
    • (1987) Science , vol.236 , pp. 819-822
    • Koyanagi, Y.1    Miles, S.2    Mitsuyasu, R.T.3    Merrill, J.E.4    Vinters, H.V.5    Chan, I.S.Y.6
  • 95
    • 0025815375 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characteriz ation of HIV-1 cloned directly from uncultured human brain tissue: Identification of replication-competent and -defective viral genomes
    • Li, Y., Kappes, J. C., Conway, J. A., Price, R., Shaw, G. M. and Hahn, B. (1991). Molecular characteriz ation of HIV-1 cloned directly from uncultured human brain tissue: identification of replication-competent and -defective viral genomes. J. Virol. 65, 3973-3985.
    • (1991) J. Virol. , vol.65 , pp. 3973-3985
    • Li, Y.1    Kappes, J.C.2    Conway, J.A.3    Price, R.4    Shaw, G.M.5    Hahn, B.6
  • 96
    • 0025204215 scopus 로고
    • The viral envelope gene is involved in macrophage tropism of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain isolated from brain tissue
    • Liu, Z-Q., Wood, C., Levy, J.A. and Cheng-Mayer, C. (1990). The viral envelope gene is involved in macrophage tropism of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain isolated from brain tissue. J. Virol. 64, 6148.
    • (1990) J. Virol. , vol.64 , pp. 6148
    • Liu, Z.-Q.1    Wood, C.2    Levy, J.A.3    Cheng-Mayer, C.4
  • 97
    • 0012041487 scopus 로고
    • Isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from the brain may constitute a special group of the AIDS virus
    • Cheng-Mayer, C., Weiss, C., Seto, D. and Levy, J. A. (1989). Isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from the brain may constitute a special group of the AIDS virus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 8575-8579.
    • (1989) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.86 , pp. 8575-8579
    • Cheng-Mayer, C.1    Weiss, C.2    Seto, D.3    Levy, J.A.4
  • 98
    • 0026027515 scopus 로고
    • V3 domain variation in brain and spleen of children with AIDS: Tissue-specific evolution within host-determined quasispecies
    • Epstein, L. G., Kuiken, C., Blumberg, B. M. et al. (1991). V3 domain variation in brain and spleen of children with AIDS: Tissue-specific evolution within host-determined quasispecies. Virology 180, 583-590.
    • (1991) Virology , vol.180 , pp. 583-590
    • Epstein, L.G.1    Kuiken, C.2    Blumberg, B.M.3
  • 99
    • 0028046638 scopus 로고
    • Genetic differences between blood- And brain-derived viral sequences from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients: Evidence of conserved elements in the V3 region of the envelope protein of brain-derived sequences
    • Korber, B. T., Kunstman, K. J., Patterson, B. K. et al. (1994). Genetic differences between blood- and brain-derived viral sequences from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients: evidence of conserved elements in the V3 region of the envelope protein of brain-derived sequences. J. Virol. 68, 7467-7481.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 7467-7481
    • Korber, B.T.1    Kunstman, K.J.2    Patterson, B.K.3
  • 100
    • 0028359851 scopus 로고
    • Demented and nondemented patients with AIDS differ in brain-derived human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope sequences
    • Power, C., McArthur, J. C., Johnson, R. T. et al. (1994). Demented and nondemented patients with AIDS differ in brain-derived human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope sequences. J. Virol. 68, 4643-4649.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 4643-4649
    • Power, C.1    McArthur, J.C.2    Johnson, R.T.3
  • 101
    • 0028175168 scopus 로고
    • Quantifying proviral DNA using the polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid and blood of seropositive individuals with and without neurologic abnormalities
    • Schmid, P., Conrad, A., Syndulko, K. et al. (1994). Quantifying proviral DNA using the polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid and blood of seropositive individuals with and without neurologic abnormalities. J. AIDS 7, 777-788.
    • (1994) J. AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 777-788
    • Schmid, P.1    Conrad, A.2    Syndulko, K.3
  • 102
    • 10144232093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 Neuropathogenesis and abused drugs current views: Problems and solutions
    • ed. by H. Freedman In press
    • Shapshak, P., Crandall, K. A., Xin, K. Q. et al. (1996). HIV-1 Neuropathogenesis and abused drugs current views: problems and solutions. In, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology,ed. by H. Freedman et al. (In press).
    • (1996) Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
    • Shapshak, P.1    Crandall, K.A.2    Xin, K.Q.3
  • 103
    • 0028981317 scopus 로고
    • Highly divergent env sequences of HIV-1 B subtype with two novel V3 loop motifs detected in an AIDS patient in Miami, Florida
    • Xin, K-Q., Shapshak, P., Kawamoto, S., Nagano, I., McCoy, C. B. and Okuda, K. (1995). Highly divergent env sequences of HIV-1 B subtype with two novel V3 loop motifs detected in an AIDS patient in Miami, Florida. AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 11, 1139-1141.
    • (1995) AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. , vol.11 , pp. 1139-1141
    • Xin, K.-Q.1    Shapshak, P.2    Kawamoto, S.3    Nagano, I.4    McCoy, C.B.5    Okuda, K.6
  • 104
    • 0026726809 scopus 로고
    • Complete nucleotide sequence, genome organization, and biological properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vivo: Evidence for limited defectiveness and complementation
    • Li, Y., Hui, H., Burgess, C. J. et al. (1992). Complete nucleotide sequence, genome organization, and biological properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vivo: evidence for limited defectiveness and complementation. J. Virol. 66, 6587-6600.
    • (1992) J. Virol. , vol.66 , pp. 6587-6600
    • Li, Y.1    Hui, H.2    Burgess, C.J.3
  • 105
    • 0027503889 scopus 로고
    • V3 sequences of paired HIV-1 isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid cluster according to host and show variation related to the clinical stage of disease
    • Keys, B., Daris, J., Fadeel, B. et al. (1993). V3 sequences of paired HIV-1 isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid cluster according to host and show variation related to the clinical stage of disease. Virology 196, 475-483.
    • (1993) Virology , vol.196 , pp. 475-483
    • Keys, B.1    Daris, J.2    Fadeel, B.3
  • 106
    • 0025720982 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 env sequence variation in brain tissue of patients with AIDS-related neurologic disease
    • Pang, S., Vinters, H. V., Akashi, T., O'Brien, W. A. and Chen, I. S. Y. (1991). HIV-1 env sequence variation in brain tissue of patients with AIDS-related neurologic disease. J. AIDS 4, 1082-1092.
    • (1991) J. AIDS , vol.4 , pp. 1082-1092
    • Pang, S.1    Vinters, H.V.2    Akashi, T.3    O'Brien, W.A.4    Chen, I.S.Y.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.