Pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic drugs. Clinical considerations

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 470-493

  Riva, Roberto ^a   Albani, Fiorenzo ^a   Contin, Manuela ^a   Baruzzi, Agostino ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; CYTOCHROME P450; DRUG METABOLIZING ENZYME; EPOXIDE HYDROLASE; ETHOSUXIMIDE; FELBAMATE; GABAPENTIN; GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE; LAMOTRIGINE; OXCARBAZEPINE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PRIMIDONE; TIAGABINE; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN; ZONISAMIDE;

ADVERSE DRUG REACTION; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; DOSE CALCULATION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG INTERACTION; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; ENZYME INDUCTION; EPILEPSY; LIVER METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PHARMACOKINETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0029841727     PISSN: 03125963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003088-199631060-00005     Document Type: Review

References (260)

1. Sander JWAS. Some aspects of prognosis in the epilepsies: a review. Epilepsia 1993; 34: 1007-16
2. Cascino GD. Epilepsy: contemporary perspectives on evaluation and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 1994; 69: 1199-211
3. Beghi E, Perucca E. The management of epilepsy in the 1990s. Drugs 1995; 49: 680-94
4. Mitchell WG. Long-term prognosis for children with epilepsy. Curr Probl Pediatr 1995; 25: 113-20
5. Brodie MJ, Dichter MA. Antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 168-75
6. Perucca E, Richens A. General principles: biotransformation. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 31-50
7. Kutt H. Phenytoin: interactions with other drugs: clinical aspects. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 315-28
8. Kutt H. Phenobarbital: interactions with other drugs. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 389-99
9. Levy RH, Wurden CJ. Carbamazepine: interactions with other drugs. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 543-54
10. Fincham RW, Schottelius DD. Primidone: interactions with other drugs. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 467-75
11. Scheyer RD, Mattson RH. Valproic acid: interactions with other drugs. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 621-31
12. Bialer M, Xiaodong S, Perucca E. Ethosuximide: absorption, distribution, and excretion. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 659-65
13. Klosterskov Jensen P, Saano V, Haring P, et al. Possible interaction between oxcarbazepine and an oral contraceptive. Epilepsia 1992; 33: 1149-52
14. Baruzzi A, Albani F, Riva R. Oxcarbazepine: pharmacokinetic interactions and their clinical relevance. Epilepsia 1994; 35 Suppl. 3: 14-9
15. Rambeck B, Wolf P. Lamotrigine clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993; 25: 433-43
16. Reidenberg P, Glue P, Banfield CR, et al. Effects of felbamate on the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58: 279-87
17. Banfield CR, Levy RH. Felbamate: interactions with other drugs. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 813-6
18. Ben-Menachem E. Vigabatrin: chemistry, absorption, distribution, and elimination. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 915-23
19. McLean MJ. Gabapentin: chemistry, absorption, distribution and excretion. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 843-9
20. Doose DR, Gisclon LG, Liao S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of topiramate. Adv AED Ther 1995; 1: 7-16
21. Ben-Menachem E. Potential antiepileptic drugs: topiramate. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 1063-70
22. Perucca E, Bialer M. The clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiepileptic drugs: focus on topiramate, zonisamide and tiagabine. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996; 31: 29-46
23. Bourgeois BF. Drug interaction profile of topiramate. Epilepsia 1996; 37 Suppl. 2: 14-7
24. Peters DH, Sorkin EM. Zonisamide: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in epilepsy. Drugs 1993; 45: 760-87
25. Nakasa H, Komiya M, Ohmori S, et al. Characterization of human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 involved in the reductive metabolism of zonisamide. Mol Pharmacol 1993; 44: 216-21
26. Ostergaard LH, Gram L, Dam M. Potential antiepileptic drugs: tiagabine. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 1057-61
27. Mengel H, Jansen JA, Sommerville K, et al. Tiagabine: evaluation of the risk of interaction with theophylline, warfarin, digoxin, cimetidine, oral contraceptives, triazolam or ethanol [abstract]. Epilepsia 1995; 36 Suppl. 3: S160
28. Vesell ES. Genetic and environmental factors affecting drug interactions in man. In: Grahame-Smith DG, editor. Drug interactions. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1977: 119-43
29. Veronese ME, Doecke CJ, Mackenzie PI, et al. Site-directed mutation studies of human liver cytochrome P450 isoenzymes in the CYP2C subfamily. Biochem J 1993; 289: 533-8
30. Levy RH, Bajpai M. Phenytoin: interactions with other drugs: mechanistic aspects. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 329-38
31. Anderson GD, Levy RH. Phenobarbital: chemistry and biotransformation. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 371-7
32. Dodson WE, Rust RSJ. Phenobarbital: absorption, distribution, and excretion. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 379-87
33. Faigle JW, Feldman KF. Carbamazepine: chemistry and biotransformation. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 499-513
34. Morselli PL. Carbamazepine: absorption, distribution and excretion. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 515-28
35. Baillie TA, Sheffels PR. Valproic acid: chemistry and biotransformation. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 589-604
36. Levy RH, Shen DD. Valproic acid: absorption, distribution, and excretion. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 605-19
37. Pisani F, Bialer M. Ethosuximide: chemistry and biotransformation. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 655-8
38. Faigle JW, Menge GP. Metabolic characteristics of oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) and their beneficial implications for enzyme induction and drug interactions. Behav Neurol 1990; 3 Suppl. 1: 21-30
39. Dam M, Ostergaard LH. Other antiepileptic drugs: oxcarbazepine. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 987-95
40. Kucharczyk N. Felbamate: chemistry and biotransformation. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 799-806
41. Perhach JL, Shumaker RC. Felbamate: absorption, distribution and excretion. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 807-12
42. Bopp BA, Gustavson LE, Johnson MK, et al. Disposition and metabolism of orally administered 14C-tiagabine in humans [abstract]. Epilepsia 1992; 33: 83
43. So EL, Wolff D, Graves NM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of tiagabine as add-on therapy in patients taking enzyme-inducing antiepilepsy drugs. Epilepsy Res 1995; 22: 221-6
44. Richens A, Gustavson LE, McKelvy JF, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of single-dose tiagabine HCl in epileptic patients chronically treated with four other antiepileptic drug regimens [abstract]. Epilepsia 1991; 32 Suppl. 3: 12
45. Gustavson LE, Mengel HB. Pharmacokinetics of tiagabine, a gamma-aminobutyric acid-uptake inhibitor, in healthy subjects after single and multiple doses. Epilepsia 1995; 36: 605-11
46. Netter KJ. Mechanisms of monooxygenase induction and inhibition. Pharmacol Ther 1987; 33: 1-9
47. Waxman DJ, Azaroff L. Phenobarbital induction of cytochrome P-450 expression. Biochem J 1992; 281: 577-92
48. Browne TR, LeDuc B. Phenytoin: chemistry and biotransformation. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 283-300
49. Treiman DM, Woodbury DM. Phenytoin: absorption, distribution, and excretion. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 301-14
50. Bourgeois BFD. Primidone: chemistry and biotransformation. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 449-57
51. Cloyd JC, Leppik IE. Primidone: absorption, distribution, and excretion. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 459-66
52. Bachmann K, Chu CA, Greear V. In vivo evidence that ethosuximide is a substrate for cytochrome P450IIIA. Pharmacology 1992; 45: 121-8
53. Feldman KF, Dorhofer G, Faigle JW, et al. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of GP 47779, the main human metabolite of oxcarbazepine (GP47680) in animals and healthy volunteers. In: Dam M, Gram L, Penry JK, editors. Advances in epileptology. XIIth Epilepsy International Symposium; Copenhagen; 1980 Sept. New York: Raven Press, 1981: 89-96
54. Theisohn M, Heimann G. Disposition of the antiepileptic oxcarbazepine and its metabolites in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 22: 545-51
55. Hooper WD, Franklin ME, Glue P, et al. Effect of felbamate on valproic acid disposition in healthy volunteers; inhibition of beta-oxidation. Epilepsia 1996; 37: 91-7
56. Swinyard EA, Woodhead JH, Franklin R, et al. The effect of chronic felbamate administration on anticonvulsant activity and hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in mice and rats. Epilepsia 1987; 28: 295-300
57. Levy RH, Bishop F, Streeter AJ, et al. Explanation and prediction of drug interactions with topiramate using a CYP450 inhibition spectrum [abstract]. Epilepsia 1995; 36 Suppl. 4: 47
58. Schmidt D, Benzodiazepines: diazepam. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 705-24
59. Sato S, Malow BA. Benzodiazepines: clonazepam. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 725-34
60. Baruzzi A, Michelucci R, Tassinari CA. Benzodiazepines: nitrazepam. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 735-49
61. Shorvon SD. Benzodiazepines: clobazam. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 763-77
62. Patsalos PN, Lascelles PT. In vitro hydroxylation of diphenylhydantoin and its inhibition by other commonly used anticonvulsant drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 1977; 266: 1929-33
63. Kutt H, Haynes J, Verebely K, et al. The effect of phenobarbital on plasma diphenylhydantoin level and metabolism in man and rat liver microsomes. Neurology 1969; 19: 611-6
64. Morselli PL, Rizzo M, Garattini S. Interaction between phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin in animals and in epileptic patients. Ann NY Acad Sci 1971; 179: 88-107
65. Windorfer AJ, Sauer W. Drug interactions during anticonvulsant therapy in childhood: diphenylhydantoin, primidone, phenobarbitone, clonazepam, nitrazepam, carbamazepine and dipropylacetate. Neuropaediatrie 1977; 8: 29-41
66. Duncan JS, Patsalos PN, Shorvon SD. Effects of discontinuation of phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproate on concomitant antiepileptic medication. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 101-15
67. Booker HE, Tormey A, Toussaint J. Concurrent administration of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin: lack of interference effect. Neurology 1971; 21: 383-485
68. Eadie MJ, Lander CM, Hooper WD. Factors influencing plasma phenobarbitone levels in epileptic patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1977; 4: 541-7
69. Browne TR, Szabo GK, Evans JE, et al. Phenobarbital does not alter phenytoin steady-state serum concentration or pharmacokinetics. Neurology 1988; 38: 639-42
70. Christiansen J, Dam M. Influence of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin on plasma carbamazepine levels in patients with epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 1973; 49: 543-6
71. Schneider H. Carbamazepine: the influence of other antiepileptic drugs on its serum level. In: Schneider H, Janz D, Gardner-Thorpe C, et al., editors. Clinical pharmacology of anti-epileptic drugs. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1975: 189-96
72. Johannessen SI, Strandjord RE. The influence of phenobarbitone and phenytoin on carbamazepine serum levels. In: Schneider H, Janz D, Gardner-Thorpe C, et al., editors. Clinical pharmacology of anti-epileptic drugs. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1975: 201-5
73. Korczyn AD, Ben-Zvi A, Kaplanski J, et al. Plasma levels of carbamazepine and metabolites: effect of enzyme inducers. In: Meinardi H, Rowan AJ, editors. Advances in epileptology - 1977. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1978: 278-9
74. Battino D, Bossi L, Croci D, et al. Carbamazepine plasma levels in children and adults: influence of age, dose, and associated therapy. Ther Drug Monit 1980; 2: 315-22
75. Perucca E, Richens A. Reversal by phenytoin of carbamazepine-induced water intoxication: a pharmacokinetic interaction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980; 43: 540-5
76. McKauge L, Tyrer JH, Eadie MJ. Factors influencing simultaneous concentrations of carbamazepine and its epoxide in plasma. Ther Drug Monit 1981; 3: 63-70
77. Zielinski JJ, Haidukewych D. Dual effects of carbamazepine-phenytoin interaction. Ther Drug Monit 1987; 9: 21-3
78. Chapron DJ, LaPierre BA, Abou-Elkair M. Unmasking the significant enzyme-inducing effects of phenytoin on serum carbamazepine concentrations during phenytoin withdrawal. Ann Pharmacother 1993; 27: 708-11
79. Rane A, Hojer B, Wilson JT. Kinetics of carbamazepine and 10,11-epoxide metabolite in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1976; 19: 276-83
80. Westenberg HGM, Van der Kleijn E, Oei TT, et al. Kinetics of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-epoxide, determined by use of plasma and saliva. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 23: 320-8
81. Brodie MJ, Forrest G, Rapaport WG. Carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide concentrations in epileptics on carbamazepine alone and in combination with other anticonvulsants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 16: 747-9
82. Bourgeois BED, Wad N. Carbamazepine-10,11-diol steady-state serum levels and renal excretion during carbamazepine therapy in adults and children. Ther Drug Monit 1984; 6: 259-65
83. Ramsay RE, McManus DQ, Guterman A, et al. Carbamazepine metabolism in humans: effect of concurrent anticonvulsant therapy. Ther Drug Monit 1990; 12: 235-41
84. Liu H, Delgado MR. Interactions of phenobarbital and phenytoin with carbamazepine and its metabolites' concentrations, concentration ratios, and level/dose ratios in epileptic children. Epilepsia 1995; 36: 249-54
85. Hansen JM, Siersback-Nielsen K, Skovsted L. Carbamazepine-induced acceleration of diphenylhydantoin and warfarin metabolism in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1971; 12: 539-43
86. Lai ML, Lin TS, Huang JD. Effect of single-and multiple-dose carbamazepine on the pharmacokinetics of diphenylhydantoin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 43: 201-3
87. Zielinski JJ, Haidukewych D, Leheta BJ. Carbamazepine-phenytoin interaction: elevation of plasma phenytoin concentrations due to carbamazepine comedication. Ther Drug Monit 1985; 7: 51-3
88. Browne TR, Szabo GK, Evans JE, et al. Carbamazepine increases phenytoin serum concentration and reduces phenytoin clearance. Neurology 1988; 38: 1146-50
89. Lai ML, Huang JD. Dual effect of valproic acid on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1993; 14: 365-70
90. Baruzzi A, Bordo B, Bossi L, et al. Plasma levels of di-n-propylacetate and clonazepam in epileptic patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 1977; 15: 403-8
91. Perucca E, Gatti G, Frigo GM, et al. Disposition of sodium valproate in epileptic patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1978; 5: 495-9
92. Mihaly GW, Vajda FJ, Miles JL, et al. Single and chronic dose pharmacokinetic studies of sodium valproate in epileptic patients. Eur J Pharmacol 1979; 16: 23-9
93. Johannessen SI, Henriksen O. Pharmacokinetic observations of sodium valproate in healthy subjects and in patients with epilepsy. In: Johannessen SI, Morselli PL, Pippenger CE, et al., editors. Antiepileptic therapy: advances in drug monitoring. New York: Raven Press, 1980: 131-40
94. Reunanen MI, Luoma P, Myllyla VV, et al. Low serum valproic acid concentrations in epileptic patients on combination therapy. Curr Ther Res 1980; 28: 456-62
95. Sackellares JC, Sato S, Dreifuss FE, et al. Reduction of steady-state valproate levels by other antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 1981; 22: 437-41
96. May T, Rambeck B. Serum concentrations of valproic acid: influence of dose and co-medication. Ther Drug Monit 1985; 7: 387-90
97. Cramer JA, Mattson RH, Bennett DM, et al. Variable free and total valproic acid concentrations in sole and multidrug therapy. Ther Drug Monit 1986; 8: 411-6
98. Kondo T, Otani K, Hirano T, et al. The effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine on serum concentrations of mono-unsaturated metabolites of valproic acid. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 29: 116-9
99. Perucca E, Hebdige S, Frigo GM, et al. Interaction between phenytoin and valproic acid: plasma protein binding and metabolic effects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 28: 779-89
100. Monks A, Boobis S, Wadsworth J, et al. Plasma protein binding interaction between phenytoin and valproic acid in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1978; 6: 487-92
101. Monks A, Richens A. Effect of single doses of sodium valproate on serum phenytoin levels and protein binding in epileptic patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 27: 89-95
102. Riva R, Albani F, Contin M, et al. Time-dependent interaction between phenytoin and valproic acid. Neurology 1985; 35: 510-5
103. Nation RL, Evans AM, Milne RW. Pharmacokinetic interactions with phenytoin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1990; 18: 37-60
104. May T, Rambeck B. Fluctuations of unbound and total phenytoin concentrations during the day in epileptic patients on valproic acid comedication. Ther Drug Monit 1990; 12: 124-8
105. Bruni J, Gallo JM, Lee CS, et al. Interactions of valproic acid with phenytoin. Neurology 1980; 30: 1233-6
106. Wilder BJ, Willmore LJ, Bruni J, et al. Valproic acid: interaction with other anticonvulsant drugs. Neurology 1978; 28: 892-6
107. Rodin EA, De Sousa G, Haidukewych D, et al. Dissociation between free and bound phenytoin levels in presence of valproate sodium. Arch Neurol 1981; 38: 240-2
108. Lehtovaara R, Bardy A, Hari R, et al. Sodium valproate and clonazepam interaction with phenytoin and carbamazepine. In: Meinardi H, Rowan AJ, editors. Advances in epileptology: 1977. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger, BV, 1978: 269-70
109. Redenbaugh JE, Sato S, Penry JK, et al. Sodium valproate: pharmacokinetics and effectiveness in treating intractable seizures. Neurology 1980; 30: 1-6
110. Windorfer A, Sauer W, Gadeke R. Elevation of diphenylhydantoin and primidone serum concentration by addition of dipropylacetate, a new anticonvulsant drug. Acta Paediatr Scand 1972; 64: 771-2
111. Cramer JA, Mattson RH. Valproic acid: in vitro plasma protein binding and interaction with phenytoin. Ther Drug Monit 1979; 1: 105-16
112. Knott C, Hamshaw-Thomas A, Reynolds F. Phenytoin-valproate interaction: importance of saliva monitoring in epilepsy. BMJ 1982; 284: 13-6
113. Suzuki Y, Nagai T, Mano T, et al. Interaction between valproate formulation and phenytoin concentrations. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 48: 61-3
114. Zagnoni P, Avanzini G, Baruzzi A, et al. Sodium 2-n-propyl pentanoate (2-PP) plasma concentrations in epileptic patients. Pharm Weekbl 1977; 112: 300-4
115. Henriksen O, Johannessen SI. Clinical and pharmacokinetic observations on sodium valproate: a 5-year follow-up study in 100 children with epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 1982; 65: 504-23
116. Cloyd JC, Kriel RL, Fischer JH, et al. Pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in children: I. Multiple antiepileptic drug therapy. Neurology 1983; 33: 185-91
117. Cloyd JC, Kriel RL, Fischer JH. Valproic acid pharmacokinetics in children: II. Discontinuation of concomitant antiepileptic drug therapy. Neurology 1985; 35: 1623-7
118. Kapetanovic IM, Kupferberg HJ, Porter RJ, et al. Mechanism of valproate-phenobarbital interaction in epileptic patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 29: 480-6
119. Bernus I, Dickinson RG, Hooper WD, et al. Inhibition of phenobarbitone N-glucosidation by valproate. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 38: 411-6
120. Patel IH, Levy RH, Cutler RE. Phenobarbital-valproic acid interaction in normal man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 27: 515-21
121. Loiseau P, Orgogozo JM, Centaud B, et al. Further pharmacokinetic observations on the interaction between phenobarbital and valproic acid in epileptic patients. In: Wada JA, Penry JK, editors. Advances in epileptology. Xth Epilepsy International Symposium; Vancouver; 1978 Sept. New York: Raven Press, 1980: 353-4
122. Bruni J, Wilder BJ, Perchalski RJ, et al. Valproic acid and plasma levels of phenobarbital. Neurology 1980; 30: 94-7
123. Schobben F, van der Kleijn D, Gabreels FJM. Pharmacokinetics of di-N-propylacetate in epileptic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1975; 8: 97-105
124. Richens A, Ahmad S. Controlled trial of sodium valproate. BMJ 1975; 4: 255-6
125. de Gatta MRF, Gonzales ACA, Sanchez MJG, et al. Effect of sodium valproate on phenobarbital serum levels in children and adults. Ther Drug Monit 1986; 8: 416-20
126. Suganuma T, Ishizaki T, Chiba K, et al. The effect of concurrent administration of valproate sodium on phenobarbital plasma concentration/dosage ratio in pediatric patients. J Pediatr 1981; 99: 314-7
127. Perucca E, Hedges A, Makki K, et al. A comparative study of the enzyme-inducing properties of anticonvulsant drugs in epileptic patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 18: 401-10
128. Cereghino JJ, Van Meter JC, Brock JT, et al. Preliminary observations of serum carbamazepine concentrations in epileptic patients. Neurology 1973; 23: 357-66
129. Miyakoshi M. Aging variabilities of level-dose relationship in antiepileptic monopharmacy - with reference to drug interaction between mono- and bipharmacy. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1986; 40: 329-35
130. Riva R, Contin M, Albani F, et al. Free concentration of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in children and adults: influence of age and phenobarbital co-medication. Clin Pharmacokinet 1985; 10: 524-31
131. Eylas AA, Patsalos PN, Agbato OA, et al. Factors influencing simultaneous concentrations of total and free carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in serum of children with epilepsy. Ther Drug Monit 1986; 8: 288-92
132. Rambeck B, May T, Juergens U. Serum concentrations of carbamazepine and its epoxide and diol metabolites in epileptic patients: the influence of dose and comedication. Ther Drug Monit 1987; 9: 298-303
133. Suzuki Y, Cox S, Hayes J, et al. Carbamazepine age-dose ratio relationship in children. Ther Drug Monit 1991; 13: 201-8
134. Tybring G, von Bahr C, Bertilsson L, et al. Metabolism of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite in human and rat liver in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos 1981; 9: 561-4
135. Wedlund PJ, Patel IH, Levy RH. Induction effect of phenobarbital on carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide kinetics in the rhesus monkey. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1982; 10: 427-35
136. Riva R, Contin M, Albani F, et al. Free and total serum concentrations of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in infancy and childhood. Epilepsia 1985; 26: 320-2
137. Korinthenberg R, Haug C, Hannak D. The metabolization of carbamazepine to CBZ-10,11-epoxide in children from the newborn age to adolescence. Neuropediatrics 1994; 25: 214-6
138. Adams DJ, Luders H, Pippenger C. Sodium valproate in the treatment of intractable seizure disorders: a clinical and electroencephalographic study. Neurology 1978; 28: 152-7
139. Bowdle TA, Levy RH, Cutler RE. Effects of carbamazepine on valproic acid kinetics in normal subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979; 26: 629-34
140. Jann MW, Fidone GS, Israel MK, et al. Increased valproate serum concentrations upon carbamazepine cessation. Epilepsia 1988; 29: 578-81
141. Panesar SK, Orr JM, Farrell K, et al. The effect of carbamazepine on valproic acid disposition in adult volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 27: 323-8
142. Levy RH, Rettenmeier AW, Anderson GD, et al. Effects of polytherapy with phenytoin, carbamazepine and stiripentol on formation of 4-ene valproate, a hepatotoxic metabolite of valproic acid. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990; 48: 225-35
143. McKee PJW, Blacklaw J, Butler E, et al. Variability and clinical relevance of the interaction between sodium valproate and carbamazepine in epileptic patients. Epilepsy Res 1992; 11: 193-8
144. Levy RH, Moreland TA, Morselli PL, et al. Carbamazepine/valproic acid interaction in man and rhesus monkey. Epilepsia 1984; 25: 338-45
145. Robbins DK, Wedlund PJ, Kuhn R, et al. Inhibition of epoxide hydrolase by valproic acid in epileptic patients receiving carbamazepine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 29: 759-62
146. Svinarov DA, Pippenger CE. Valproic acid-carbamazepine interaction: is valproic acid a selective inhibitor of epoxide hydrolase? Ther Drug Monit 1995; 17: 217-20
147. Chang SL, Levy RH. Inhibitory effect of valproic acid on the disposition of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos 1986; 14: 281-6
148. Kerr BM, Rettie AE, Eddy AC, et al. Inhibition of human liver microsomal epoxide hydrolase by valproate and valpromide: in vitrolin vivo correlation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989; 46: 82-93
149. Pisani F, Caputo M, Fazio A, et al. Interaction of carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide, an active metabolite of carbamazepine. with valproate: a pharmacokinetic study. Epilepsia 1990; 31: 339-42
150. Mattson GF, Mattson RH, Cramer JA. Interaction between valproic acid and carbamazepine: an in vitro study of protein binding. Ther Drug Monit 1982; 4: 181-4
151. Haidukewych D, Zielinski JJ, Rodin EA. Derivation and evaluation of an equation for prediction of free carbamazepine concentration in patients coniedicated with valproic acid. Ther Drug Monit 1989; 11: 528-32
152. Hassan MN, Laljee HCK, Parsonage MJ. Sodium valproate in the treatment of resistant epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 1976; 54: 209-18
153. Jeavons PM, Clark JE, Maheswari MC. Treatment of generalized epilepsies of childhood and adolescence with sodium valproate (Epilim). Dev Med Child Neurol 1977; 19: 9-25
154. Lhermitte F, Marteau R, Serdaru M. Dipropylacetate (valproate de sodium) et carbamazepine: une association antiepileptique suspecte. Presse Med 1978; 7: 3780
155. Bourgeois BFD, Wad N. Individual and combined antiepileptic and neurotoxic activity of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1984; 231: 411-5
156. Schoeman JL, Elyas AA, Brett EM, et al. Correlation between plasma carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide concentration and drug side-effects in children with epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1984; 26: 756-64
157. Patsalos PN, Stephenson TJ, Krishna S, et al. Side-effects induced by carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide. Lancet 1985; 11: 496
158. Gillham RA, Williams N, Wiedmann K, et al. Concentration-effect relationships with carbamazepine and its epoxide on psychomotor and cognitive function in epileptic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 929-33
159. Theodore WH, Narang PK, Holmes MD, et al. Carbamazepine and its epoxide: relation of plasma levels to toxicity and seizure control. Ann Neurol 1989; 25: 194-6
160. Bertilsson L, Tomson T. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects of carbamazepine and carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide: an update. Clin Pharmacokinet 1986; 11: 177-98
161. Fincham RW, Schottelius DD, Sahs AL. The influence of diphenylhydantoin on primidone metabolism. Arch Neurol 1974; 30: 259-62
162. Reynolds EH. Longitudinal studies of antiepileptic drug levels. Preliminary observations: interaction of phenytoin and primidone. In: Schneider H, Janz D, Gardner-Thorpe C, et al., editors. Clinical pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1975: 79-85
163. Reynolds EH, Fenton G, Fenwick P, et al. Interaction of phenytoin and primidone. BMJ 1975; 14: 594-5
164. Schmidt D. The effect of phenytoin and ethosuximide on primidone metabolism in patients with epilepsy. J Neurol 1975; 209: 115-23
165. Callaghan N, Feely M, Duggan F, et al. The effect of anticonvulsant drugs which induce liver microsomal enzymes on derived and ingested phenobarbitone levels. Acta Neurol Scand 1977; 56: 1-6
166. Callaghan N, Duggan F, O'Hare J, et al. Serum levels of phenobarbitone and phenylethylmalonamide with primidone used as a single drug and in combination with carbamazepine or phenytoin. In: Johannessen SL, Morselli PL, Pippenger CE, et al., editors. Antiepileptic therapy: advances in drug monitoring. New York: Raven Press, 1980: 307-13
167. Cloyd JC, Miller KW, Leppik IE. Primidone kinetics: effect of concurrent drugs and duration of therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 29: 402-7
168. Lambie DG, Johnson RH. The effects of phenytoin on phenobarbitone and primidone metabolism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981; 44: 148-51
169. Porro MG, Kupferberg HG, Porter RJ, et al. Phenytoin: an inhibitor and inducer of primidone metabolism in an epileptic patient. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 14: 294-7
170. Syversen GB, Morgan JP, Weintraub M, et al. Acetazolamide-induced interference with primidone absorption. Case report and metabolic studies. Arch Neurol 1977; 34: 80-4
171. Warren JW, Benmaman JD, Wannamaker BB, et al. Kinetics of a carbamazepine-ethosuximide interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 28: 646-51
172. Battino D, Cusi C, Franceschetti S, et al. Ethosuximide plasma concentrations: influence of age and associated concomitant therapy. Clin Pharmacokinet 1982; 7: 176-80
173. Bachmann KA, Jauregui L. Use of single sample clearance estimates of cytochrome P450 substrates to characterize human hepatic CYP status in vivo. Xenobiotica 1993; 23: 307-15
174. Mattson RH, Cramer JA. Valproic acid and ethosuximide interaction. Ann Neurol 1980; 7: 583-4
175. Pisani F, Narbone MC, Trunfio C, et al. Valproic acid-ethosuximide interaction: a pharmacokinetic study. Epilepsia 1984; 25: 229-33
176. Smith GA, McKauge L, Dubety D, et al. Factors influencing plasma concentrations of ethosuximide. Clin Pharmacokinet 1979; 4: 38-52
177. Bauer LA, Harris C, Wilensky AJ, et al. Ethosuximide kinetics: possible interaction with valproic acid. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982; 31: 741-5
178. Dawson GW, Brown HW, Clark BG. Serum phenytoin after ethosuximide. Ann Neurol 1978; 4: 583-4
179. Kumps A, Wurth C. Oxcarbazepine disposition: preliminary observations in patients. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1990; 11: 365-70
180. van Parys JAP, Meijer JWA, Segers JP. Dose-concentration proportionality in epileptic patients stabilized on oxcarbazepine: effects of co-medication [abstract]. Epilepsia 1991; 32 Suppl. 1: 70
181. Tartara A, Galimberti CA, Manni R, et al. The pharmacokinetic profile of oxcarbazepine and its active metabolite 10-hydroxy-carbamazepine in normal subjects and in epileptic patients treated with phenobarbitone or valproic acid. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 36: 366-8
182. Hulsman JARJ, Rentmeester TW, Banfield CR, et al. Effects of felbamate on the pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy and dihydroxy metabolites of oxcarbazepine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58: 383-9
183. McKee PJW, Blacklaw J, Forrest G, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled interaction study between oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine, sodium valproate and phenytoin in epileptic patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 37: 27-32
184. Arnoldussen W, Hulsman J, Rentmeester T. Oxcarbazepine interactive with valproate? Clinical and pharmacokinetic study in several patient groups [abstract]. Epilepsia 1992; 33 Suppl.
185. Larkin JG, McKee PJW, Forrest G, et al. Lack of enzyme induction with oxcarbazepine (600 mg daily) in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 31: 65-71
186. Houtkooper MA, Lammertsma A, Meyer JWA, et al. Oxcarbazepine (GP 47680): a possible alternative to carbamazepine? Epilepsia 1987; 28: 693-8
187. Battino D, Croci D, Granata T, et al. Changes in unbound and total valproic acid concentrations after replacement of carbamazepine with oxcarbazepine. Ther Drug Monit 1992; 14: 376-9
188. Yuen AWC. Lamotrigine: interactions with other drugs. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 883-7
189. Binnie CD, van Emde Boas W, Kasteleijn-Nolste-Trenite DGA, et al. Acute effects of lamotrigine (BW430C) in persons with epilepsy. Epilepsia 1986; 27: 248-54
190. Jawad S, Yuen AWC, Peck AW, et al. Lamotrigine: single-dose pharmacokinetics and initial 1 week experience in refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1987; 1: 194-201
191. Cohen AF, Land GS, Breimer DD, et al. Lamotrigine, a new anticomulsant: pharmacokinetics in normal humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987; 42: 535-41
192. Binnie CD, Debets RMC, Engelsman M, et al. Double-blind crossover trial of lamotrigine (Lamictal) as add-on therapy in intractable epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1989; 4: 222-9
193. Ramsay RE, Pellock JM, Garnett WR, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of lamotrigine (Lamictal) in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1991; 10: 191-200
194. Wolf P. Lamotrigine: preliminary clinical observations on pharmacokinetics and interactions with traditional antiepileptic drugs. J Epilepsy 1992; 5: 73-9
195. Yuen AWC, Land G, Weatherley BC, et al. Sodium valproate inhibits lamotrigine metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 33: 511-3
196. Yau MK, Wargin WA, Wolf KB, et al. Effect of valproate on pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine (Lamictal) at steady state [abstract]. Epilepsia 1992; 33 Suppl. 3: 82
197. Betts T, Goodwin G, Withers RM, et al. Human safety of lamotrigine. Epilepsia 1991; 32 Suppl. 2: 17-21
198. Graves NM, Ritter FJ, Wagner ML, et al. Effect of lamotrigine on carbamazepine epoxide concentrations [abstract]. Epilepsia 1991; 32 Suppl. 3: 13
199. Warner T, Patsalos PN, Prevett M, et al. Lamotrigine-induced carbamazepine toxicity: an interaction with carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide. Epilepsy Res 1992; 11: 147-50
200. Loiseau P, Yuen AWC, Duchè B, et al. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover add-on trial of lamotrigine in patients with treatment-resistant partial seizures. Epilepsy Res 1990; 7: 136-45
201. Sander JWAS, Patsalos PN, Oxley JR, et al. A randomised double-blind placebo controlled add-on trial of lamotrigine in patients with severe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1990; 6: 221-6
202. Schapel GJ, Beran RG, Vajda FJE, et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study of lamotrigine in treatment resistant partial seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 448-53
203. Pisani F, Xiao B, Fazio A, et al. Single dose pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in patients on lamotrigine monotherapy. Epilepsy Res 1994; 19: 245-8
204. Gidal BE, Zupanc ML. Potential pharmacokinetic interaction between felbamate and phenobarbital. Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28: 455-8
205. Fuerst RH, Graves NM, Leppik IE, et al. Felbamate increases phenytoin but decreases carbamazepine concentrations. Epilepsia 1988; 29: 488-91
206. Graves NM, Holmes GB, Fuerst RH, et al. Effect of felbamate on phenytoin and carbamazepine serum concentrations. Epilepsia 1989; 30: 225-9
207. Wagner ML, Graves NM, Leppik IE, et al. The effect of felbamate on valproic acid disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 56; 494-502
208. Leppik IE, Dreifuss FE, Pledger GW, et al. Felbamate for partial seizures: results of a controlled clinical trial. Neurology 1991; 41: 1785-9
209. Albani F, Theodore WH, Washington P, et al. Effect of felbamate on plasma levels of carbamazepine and its metabolites. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 130-2
210. Wagner ML, Remmel RP, Graves NM, et al. Effect of felbamate on carbamazepine and its major metabolites. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 53: 536-43
211. Sachdeo R, Wagner M, Sachdeo S, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin when coadministered with Felbatol (felbamate) [abstract]. Epilepsia 1992; 33 Suppl. 3: 84
212. Colucci R, Glue P, Holt B, et al. Effect of felbamate on the pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine. J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 36: 634-8
213. Wagner ML, Graves NM, Marienau K, et al. Discontinuation of phenytoin and carbamazepine in patients receiving felbamate. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 398-406
214. Sachdeo R, Wagner M, Sachdeo S, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of Felbatol (felbamate) when coadministered with phenytoin [abstract]. Epilepsia 1992; 33 Suppl. 3: 84
215. Wilensky AJ, Friel PN, Ojemann LM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of W-554 (ADD 03055) in epileptic patients. Epilepsia 1985; 26: 602-6
216. Rimmer EM, Richens A. Double-blind study of gamma-vinyl GABA in patients with refractory epilepsy. Lancet 1984; 1: 189-90
217. Browne TR, Mattson RH, Penry JK, et al. Vigabatrin for refractory complex partial seizures: multicenter single-blind study with long-term follow-up. Neurology 1987; 37: 184-9
218. Rimmer EM, Richens A. Interaction between vigabatrin and phenytoin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 27 Suppl. 1: 27-33
219. Doose DR, Walker SA, Sachedeo R, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of Tegretol (carbamazepine) and Topamax (Topiramate) in patients with epilepsy on monotherapy, and during combination therapy [abstract]. Epilepsia 1994; 35 Suppl. 8: 54
220. Gisclon LG, Curtis CR, Kramer LD. The steady-state (ss) pharmacokinetics (pk) of phenytoin (dilantin) and topiramate (topamax) in epileptic patients on monotherapy, and during combination therapy [abstract]. Epilepsia 1994; 35 Suppl. 8: 54
221. Wilensky AJ, Ojemann LM, Chmelir T, et al. Topiramate pharmacokinetics in epileptic patients receiving carbamazepine [abstract]. Epilepsia 1989; 30: 645-6
222. Doose DR, Walker SA, Pledger G, et al. Evaluation of phenobarbital and primidone/phenobarbital (primidone's active metabolite) plasma concentrations during administration of add-on topiramate therapy in five multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in outpatients with partial seizures [abstract]. Epilepsia 1995; 36 Suppl. 3: 158
223. Guidolin L, Canevini MP, Sgro V, et al. Topiramate as add-on therapy in drug-resistant partial epilepsies [abstract]. Epilepsia 1995; 36 Suppl. 3: 151
224. Ojemann EM, Shastri RA, Wilensky AJ, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of zonisamide (CI-912) in epileptic patients on carbamazepine or phenytoin monotherapy. Ther Drug Monit 1986; 8: 293-6
225. Schentag JJ, Gengo FM, Wilton JH, et al. Influence of phenobarbital, cimetidine, and renal disease on zonisamide kinetics [abstract]. Pharm Res 1987; Suppl. 4: 79s
226. Kimura M, Tanaka N, Kimura Y, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction of zonisamide in rats: effect of other antiepileptics on zonisamide. J Pharmacobiodyn 1992; 15: 631-9
227. Abo J, Miura H, Takanashi S, et al. Drug interaction between zonisamide and carbamazepine: a pharmacokinetic study in children with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsies [abstract]. Epilepsia 1995; 36 Suppl. 3: S162
228. Sackellares JC, Donofrio PD, Wagner JG, et al. Pilot study of zonisamide (1,2-benzisoxazole-3-methanesulfonamide) in patients with refractory partial seizures. Epilepsia 1985; 26: 206-11
229. Minami T, Ieiri I, Ohtsubo K, et al. Influence of additional therapy with zonisamide (Excegran) on protein binding and metabolism of carbamazepine. Epilepsia 1994; 35: 1023-5
230. Browne TR, Szabo GK, Kres J, et al. Drug interactions of zonisamide (CI-912) with phenytoin and carbamazepine [abstract]. J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 26: 555
231. Hammond EJ, Perchalski RJ, Wilder BJ. Neuropharmacology of zonisamide, a new antiepileptic drug. Gen Pharmacol 1987; 18: 303-7
232. Schmidt D, Jacob R, Loiseau P, et al. Zonisamide for add-on treatment of refractory partial epilepsy: a European double-blind trial. Epilepsy Res 1993; 15: 67-73
233. Tasaki K, Minami T, Ieiri I, et al. Drug interactions of zonisamide with phenytoin and sodium valproate: serum concentrations and protein binding. Brain Dev 1995; 17: 182-5
234. Homan RW, Rosenberg HC, Benzodiazepines. In: Wyllie E, editor. The treatment of epilepsy. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1993: 932-49
235. Levy RH, Lane EA, Guyot M, et al. Analysis of parent drug-metabolite relationship in the presence of an inducer. Application to the carbamazepine-clobazam interaction in normal man. Drug Metab Dispos 1983; 11: 286-92
236. Jawad S, Richens A, Oxley J. Single dose pharmacokinetic study of clobazam in normal volunteers and epileptic patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 18: 873-7
237. Bardy AH, Seppala T, Salokorpi T, et al. Monitoring of concentrations of clobazam and norclobazam in serum and saliva of children with epilepsy. Brain Dev 1991; 13: 174-9
238. Dhillon S, Richens A. Pharmacokinetics of diazepam in epileptic patients and normal volunteers following intravenous administration. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 12: 841-4
239. Perucca E. Pharmacokinetic interactions with antiepileptic drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1982; 7: 57-84
240. Nanda RN, Johnson RH, Keogh HJ, et al. Treatment of epilepsy with clonazepam and its effect on other anticonvulsants. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977; 40: 538-43
241. Lai AA, Levy RH, Cutler RE. Time-course of interaction between carbamazepine and clonazepam in normal man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 24: 316-23
242. Sjo O, Hvidberg EF, Naestoft J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and side effects of clonazepam and its 7-amino metabolite in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1975; 8: 249-54
243. Khoo K, Mendels J, Rothbart M, et al. Influence of phenytoin and phenobarbital on the disposition of a single oral dose of clonazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 28: 368-75
244. Hvidberg EF, Sjo O. Clinical pharmacokinetic experiences with clonazepam. In: Schneider H, Janz D, Gardner-Thorpe C, et al., editors. Clinical pharmacology of anti-epileptic drugs. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1975: 242-6
245. Wilensky AJ, Ojemann LM, Temkin NR, et al. Clorazepate kinetics in treated epileptics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 24: 22-30
246. Sennoune S, Mesdjian E, Bonneton J, et al. Interaction between clobazam and standard antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy. Ther Drug Monit 1992; 14: 269-74
247. Dhillon S, Richens A. Serum protein binding of diazepam and its displacement by valproic acid in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 12: 591-2
248. Menke G, Pfister P, Sauerwein S, et al. Age-dependence and free fatty acid modulation of binding kinetics at the benzodiazepine binding site of serum albumin in neonates and adults determined using fast reaction methods. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 23: 439-45
249. Anderson GD, Gidal BE, Kantor ED, et al. Lorazepam-valproate interaction: studies in normal subjects and isolated perfused rat liver. Epilepsia 1994; 35: 221-5
250. Dhillon S, Richens A. Valproic acid and diazepam interaction in vivo. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 13: 553-60
251. Sobaniec W, Sobaniec H, Sobaniec-Lotowska M, et al. Interaction of valproate with other antiepileptic drugs in children treated for epilepsy [abstract]. Epilepsia 1995; 36 Suppl. 3: 68
252. Jeavons PM, Clark JE. Sodium valproate in treatment of epilepsy. BMJ 1974; 2: 584-6
253. Jeavons PM. Choice of drug therapy in epilepsy. Practitioner 1977; 219: 542-56
254. Perucca E, Manzo L, Crema A. Pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic and psychotropic drugs. In: Trimble MR, editor. The psychopharmacology of epilepsy. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1985: 95-105
255. Goggin T, Callaghan N. Blood levels of clobazam and its metabolites and therapeutic effect. In: Hindmarch I, Stonier PD, Trimble MR, editors. Clobazam: human psychopharmacology and clinical applications. London: Royal Society of Medicine, 1985: 149-53
256. Vajda FJE, Prineas RJ, Lowell RRH. Interaction between phenytoin and the benzodiazepines. BMJ 1971; 1: 346
257. Huang CY, McLead JG, Sampson D, et al. Clonazepam in the treatment of epilepsy. Med J Aust 1974; 2: 5-8
258. Inami M, Hara T. The effects of clonazepam on the plasma diphenylhydantoin level in epileptic patients [abstract]. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1977; 43: 497
259. Saavedra IN, Aguilera LI, Faure E, et al. Phenytoin/clonazepam interaction. Ther Drug Monit 1985; 7: 481-4
260. Collaborative Group for Epidemiology of Epilepsy. Adverse reactions to antiepileptic drugs: a multicenter survey of clinical practice. Epilepsia 1986; 27: 323-30