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HeLa nuclear extract in buffer D-0.1 M KCI [20 mM Hepes-KOH (pH 7.9), 20% (v/v) glycerol, 0.1 M KCI, 0.2 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM dithiothreitol, 0.5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride] was loaded onto a phosphocellulose column preequilibrated with the same buffer. The flow-through was loaded onto a DEAE-Sepharose FF (Pharmacia) matrix column preequilibrated with buffer D-0.1 M KCI. After the column was washed with the same buffer, Tat-SF activity was eluted from the column with buffer D-0.3 M KCI. This fraction was dialyzed against buffer D-0.1 M KCI and applied to a Q-Sepharose FF (Pharmacia) matrix column preequilibrated with the same buffer. The column was washed with buffer D-0.1 M KCI, and the bound proteins were eluted with a gradient of 0.1 to 0.7 M KCI in buffer D. Fractions were analyzed for Tat-SF activity in reconstituted transcription assays and for pp140 in kinase reactions. The 0.4 to 0.5 M KCI Q-Sepharose fraction containing Tat-SF activity and pp 140 was dialyzed against buffer D-0.1 M KCI and applied to a heparin Sepharose column. After the column was washed extensively with buffer D-0.1 M KCI, Tat-SF/pp140 was eluted with in-creasing salt concentrations and was detected mostly in 0.2 to 0.4 M KCI fractions. These fractions were pooled, dialyzed against buffer D-0.1 M KCI, and loaded onto a glutathione Sepharose (Pharmacia) column containing GST-Tat fusion proteins. After the column was washed with buffer D-0.4 M KCI, Tat-SF/pp 140 was eluted from the column with buffer D containing 1.4 M KCI. The estimated overall purification after these steps was -3000-fold. In the experiment shown in Fig. 3, the 0.2 to 0.4 M KCI heparin Sepharose fraction containing Tat-SF activity was subjected to fractionation through an Affi-Gel 10 matrix column (Bio-Rad) containing immobilized Tat. Tat-SF activity was eluted from the column with increasing salt concentrations. The 0.6 M KCI fraction was analyzed as described in Fig 3.
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We are grateful to B. Pepinsky and Biogen for providing pure HIV Tat protein and Tat mutant TatΔC; to J. Borrow [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT ) Center for Cancer Research] for human cDNA libraries; and to R. Cook (MIT Biopolymers Laboratory) for peptide sequencing We thank K. Luo, J. Borrow, and H. Kawasaki for valuable advice and discussions; and B. Blencowe, K. Cepek, G. Jones, K. Luo, and C. Query for helpful comments on the manuscript. We also thank M. Siafaca for secretarial support. Supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (GM34277 and AI32486) to P.A.S., and partially supported by a National Cancer Institute Center core grant (CA14051). Q.Z. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship of The Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research.
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