Antiretroviral therapy

Medical Clinics of North America

Volumn 80, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 1263-1282

  Threlkeld, S C ^a   Hirsch, M S ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; DIDANOSINE; INDINAVIR; LAMIVUDINE; NEVIRAPINE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RITONAVIR; SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; ZALCITABINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

ANEMIA; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; CELL COUNT; DATA ANALYSIS; DIARRHEA; DISEASE CONTROL; DOSE RESPONSE; ENZYME INHIBITION; FOLLOW UP; HEADACHE; HELPER CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROVIRUS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION; REVIEW; TREATMENT PLANNING; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 0029804592     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70490-9     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. D. Abrams A. Goldman C. Launer A comparative trial of didanosine or zalcitabine after treatment with zidovudine in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection N Engl J Med 330 1994 657 662
2. ACTG 152: Executive Summary, February, 1996
3. C. Boucher N. Cammack P. Schipper High-level resistance to (−) enantiomeric 2′-deoxy-3′-thiacytidine in vitro is due to one amino acid substitution in the catalytic site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37 1993 2231 2234
4. C. Boucher E. O'Sullivan J. Mulder Ordered appearance of zidovudine resistance mutations during treatment of 18 human immunodeficiency virus–positive subjects J Infect Dis 165 1992 105 110
5. S. Broder Pharmacodynamics of 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine: An inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus Am J Med 88 1990 2S 7S
6. Cameron B, Heath-Chiozzi M, Kravcik S, et al: Prolongation of life and prevention of AIDS in advanced immunodeficiency with ritonavir [abstr LB6a]. Presented at Third Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Washington, DC, 1996
7. Centers for Disease Control Case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health-care workers after percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood—France, United Kingdom, and United States, January 1988–August 1994 MMWR 44 1995 929 933
8. Centers for Disease Control Update: Provisional Public Health Service recommendations for chemoprophylaxis after occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus MMWR 45 1996 468 480
9. Chong K, Zipp G, Ruwart M, et al: U-103017: An improved 4-hydroxy-2-pyrone inhibitor of HIV protease [abstr I70]. Presented at 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, 1995
10. A. Collier S. Bozzette R. Coombs A pilot study of low-dose zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus infection N Engl J Med 323 1990 1015 1021
11. A. Collier R. Coombs D. Schoenfeld Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection with saquinavir, zidovudine, and zalcitabine: AIDS Clinical Trials Group N Engl J Med 334 1996 1011 1017
12. Concorde Coordinating Committee Concorde: MRC/ANRS randomised double-blind controlled trial of immediate and deferred zidovudine in symptom-free HIV infection Lancet 343 1994 871 881
13. J. Condra W. Schleif O. Blahy In vivo emergence of HIV-1 variants resistant to multiple protease inhibitors Nature 374 1995 569 571
14. K. Connolly J. Allan H. Fitch Phase I study of 2′-3′-dideoxyinosine administered orally twice daily to patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex and hematologic intolerance to zidovudine Am J Med 91 1991 471 478
15. E. Connor R. Sperling R. Gelber Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment: Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group N Engl J Med 331 1994 1173 1180
16. T. Cooley L. Kunches C. Saunders Once-daily administration of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI) in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS-related complex: Results of a Phase I trial N Engl J Med 322 1990 1340 1345
17. D. Cooper J. Gatell S. Kroon Zidovudine in persons with asymptomatic HIV infection and CD4+ cell counts greater than 400 per cubic millimeter N Engl J Med 329 1993 297 303
18. M. Dalakas I. Illa G. Pezeshkpour Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy N Engl J Med 322 1990 1098 1105
19. S. Danner A. Carr J. Leonard A short-term study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease N Engl J Med 333 1995 1528 1533
20. R. D'Aquila M. Hughes V. Johnson Nevirapine, zidovudine, and didanosine compared with zidovudine and didanosine in patients with HIV-1 infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol Z41 Investigators Ann Intern Med 124 1996 1019 1030
21. R. D'Aquila V. Johnson S. Welles Zidovudine resistance and HIV-1 disease progression during antiretroviral therapy: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 116B/117 Team and the Virology Committee Resistance Working Group Ann Intern Med 122 1995 401 408
22. A. Erice D. Mayers D. Strike Primary infection with zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 N Engl J Med 328 1993 1163 1165
23. J. Eron S. Benoit J. Jemsek Treatment with lamivudine, zidovudine, or both in HIV-positive patients with 200–500 CD4+ cells per cubic millimeter N Engl J Med 333 1995 1662 1669
24. J. Eron Y. Chow A. Caliendo po1 mutations conferring zidovudine and didanosine resistance with different effects in vitro yield multiply resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolated in vivo Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37 1993 1480 1487
25. Falloon J, Owen C, Kovacs J, et al: MK-639 (Merck HIV protease inhibitor) with interleukin-2 in HIV [abstr I86]. Presented at 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, 1995
26. Federici M, Dunkle L, Rutkiewicz V, et al: Safety profile of children on long-term therapy with Zerit (Stavudine, d4T) [abstr I161]. Presented at 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, 1995
27. M. Fischl D. Richman M. Grieco The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex N Engl J Med 317 1987 185 191
28. M. Fischl D. Richman N. Hansen The safety and efficacy of zidovudine (AZT) in the treatment of subjects with mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Ann Intern Med 112 1990 727 737
29. M. Fischl K. Stanley A. Collier Combination and monotherapy with zidovudine and zalcitabine in patients with advanced HIV disease Ann Intern Med 122 1995 24 32
30. R. Fisher J. Bertonis W. Meier HIV infection is blocked in vitro by recombinant soluble CD4 Nature 331 1988 76 78
31. J. Fitzgibbon R. Howell C. Haberzettl Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 po1 gene mutations which cause decreased susceptibility to 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36 1992 153 157
32. L. Frenkel L.I. Wagner L. Demeter Effects of zidovudine use during pregnancy on resistance and vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type I Clin Infect Dis 20 1995 1321 1326
33. Q. Gao Z. Gu M. Parniak The same mutation that encodes low-level human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine and 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine confers high-level resistance to the (−) enantiomer of 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37 1993 1390 1392
34. Q. Gao Z. Gu M. Parniak In vitro selection of variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine J Virol 66 1992 12 19
35. Gazzard B, on behalf of the International Coordinating Committee, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom: Further results from European/Australian Delta Trial [abstr LB5a]. Presented at Third Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Washington, DC, 1996
36. M. Goldman J. Nunberg J. O'Brien Pyridinone derivatives: Specific human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors with antiviral activity Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88 1991 6863 6867
37. N. Graham S. Zeger L. Park The effects on survival of early treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection N Engl J Med 326 1992 1037 1042
38. J. Groopman Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human immunodeficiency virus disease Semin Hematol 27 3 suppl 1990 8 14
39. Z. Gu Q. Gao X. Li Novel mutation in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase gene that encodes cross-resistance to 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine and 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine J Virol 66 1992 7128 7135
40. Gulick R, Mellors J, Havlir D, et al: Potent and sustained antiretroviral activity of indinavir (IDV) in combination with zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC) [abstr LB7]. Presented at Third Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Washington, DC, 1996
41. J. Hamilton P. Hartigan M. Simberkoff A controlled trial of early versus late treatment with zidovudine in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection—results of the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study N Engl J Med 326 1992 437 443
42. 3 [abstr LB-1]. Presented at 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, 1995
43. R. Haubrich C. Flexner M. Lederman A randomized trial of the activity and safety of Ro 24-7429 (Tat antagonist) versus nucleoside for human immunodeficiency virus infection J Infect Dis 172 1995 1246 1252
44. D. Havlir S. Cheeseman M. McLaughlin High-dose nevirapine: Safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral effect in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection J Infect Dis 171 1995 537 545
45. Heath-Chiozzi M, Leonard J, Henry D, et al: Anti-HIV activity and lymphocyte surrogate marker response dynamics to ritonavir therapy in advanced HIV immunodeficiency [abstr LB6b]. Presented at Third Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Washington, DC, 1996
46. D. Ho Time to hit HIV, early and hard N Engl J Med 333 1995 450 451
47. D. Ho A. Neumann A. Perelson Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection Nature 373 1995 123 126
48. T. Hodges J. Kahn L. Kaplan Phase I study of recombinant human CD4-immunoglobulin G therapy of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35 1991 2580 2586
49. V. Johnson D. Merrill T. Chou Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) inhibitory interactions between protease inhibitor Ro 31-8959 and zidovudine, 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine, or recombinant interferon-alpha A against zidovudine-sensitive or -resistant HIV-1 in vitro J Infect Dis 166 1992 1143 1146
50. J. Kahn J. Allan T. Hodges The safety and pharmacokinetics of recombinant soluble CD4 (rCD4) in subjects with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex Ann Intern Med 112 1990 254 261
51. J. Kahn W. Lagakos D. Richman A controlled trial comparing continued zidovudine with didanosine in human immunodeficiency virus infection N Engl J Med 327 1992 581 587
52. F. Kamali Clinical pharmacology of 3′-dideoxynucleoside analogues Clin Invest 71 1993 392 405
53. A. Kaplan J. Zack M. Knigge Partial inhibition of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease results in aberrant virus assembly and the formation of noninfectious particles J Virol 67 1993 4050 4055
54. 3 [abstr LB31]. Presented at Second National Conference on Human Retroviruses, Washington, DC, 1995
55. Katzenstein D, Hammer S, Hughes M, et al, for the ACTG 175 Virology Team: Plasma virion RNA in response to early antiretroviral drug therapy in ACTG 175: Do changes in virus load parallel clinical and immunologic outcomes [abstr LB-2]. Presented at 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, 1995
56. P. Kellam C. Boucher B. Larder Fifth mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase contributes to the development of high-level resistance to zidovudine Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 1992 1934 1938
57. D. Kempf K. Marsh J. Denissen ABT-538 is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease and has high oral bioavailability in humans Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 1995 2484 2488
58. S. Kinloch-de Loes B. Hirschel A controlled trial of zidovudine in primary human immunodeficiency virus infection N Engl J Med 333 1995 408 413
59. V. Kitchen C. Skinner K. Ariyoshi Safety and activity of saquinavir in HIV infection Lancet 345 1995 952 955
60. N. Kohl E. Emini W. Schleif Active human immunodeficiency virus protease is required for viral infectivity Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 1988 4686 4690
61. H. Kuster M. Vogt B. Joos A method for the quantification of intracellular zidovudine nucleotides J Infect Dis 164 1991 773 776
62. S. Lacey B. Larder Novel mutation (V75T) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase confers resistance to 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine in cell culture Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38 1994 1428 1432
63. J. Lambert M. Seidlin R. Reichman 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI) in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS-related complex: A phase I trial N Engl J Med 322 1990 1333 1340
64. B. Larder P. Kellam S. Kemp Zidovudine resistance predicted by direct detection of mutations in DNA from HIV-infected lymphocytes AIDS 5 1991 137 144
65. B. Larder S. Kemp Multiple mutations of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase confer high-level resistance to zidovudine (AZT) Science 246 1989 1155 1158
66. B. Larder S. Kemp P. Harrigan Potential mechanism for sustained antiretroviral efficacy of AZT-3TC combination therapy Science 269 1995 696 699
67. P. Lin H. Samanta R. Rose Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from patients on prolonged stavudine therapy J Infect Dis 170 1994 1157 1164
68. M. Markowitz M. Saag W. Powderly A preliminary study of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease, to treat HIV-1 infection N Engl J Med 333 1995 1534 1539
69. Massari R, Staszewski S, Berry P, et al: A double-blind, randomized trial of indinavir (MK-639) alone or with zidovudine vs. zidovudine alone in zidovudine naive patients. Presented at 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, 1995
70. J. Mellors C.R. Rinaldo Jr P. Gupta Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma Science 272 1996 1167 1170
71. V. Merluzzi K. Hargrave M. Labadia Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor Science 250 1990 1411 1413
72. S. Miles R. Mitsuyasu J. Moreno Combined therapy with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin decreases hematologic toxicity from zidovudine Blood 77 1991 2109 2117
73. H. Mitsuya S. Broder Inhibition of the in vitro infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) by 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83 1986 1911 1915
74. H. Mitsuya K. Weinhold P. Furman 3′-Azido-3′-deoxythymidine (BWA509U): An antiretroviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in vitro Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 1985 7096 7100
75. J. Mulder D. Cooper L. Mathiesen Zidovudine twice daily in asymptomatic subjects with HIV infection and a high risk of progression to AIDS: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study: The European-Australian Collaborative Study Group (Study 017) AIDS 8 1994 313 321
76. Murphy R, Havlir D, Saag M, et al: Safety, immunologic, and virologic activity of nevirapine in combination with zidovudine therapy in HIV infected patients [abstr 262]. Presented at Second National Conference on Human Retroviruses, Washington, DC, 1995
77. NV 14256 Analysis of Clinical Endpoints: Executive summary, May, 1996
78. W. O'Brien P. Hartigan D. Martin Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS N Engl J Med 334 1996 426 431
79. R. Pauwels K. Andries J. Desmyter Potent and selective inhibition of HIV-1 replication in vitro by a novel series of TIBO derivatives Nature 343 1990 470 474
80. Pavia A, Gathe J, et al, and BMS-019 Study Group Investigators: Clinical efficacy of stavudine (d4T, Zerit) compared to zidovudine (ZDV, Retrovir) in ZDV-pretreated HIV positive patients. N Engl J Med in press
81. C. Peng B. Ho T. Chang Role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 specific protease in core maturation and viral infectivity J Virol 63 1989 2550 2556
82. M. Ragni L. Kingsley S. Zhou The effect of antiviral therapy on the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection in a cohort of hemophiliacs J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 5 1992 120 126
83. R. Reichman G. Morse L. Demeter Phase I study of atevirdine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in combination with zidovudine for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection J Infect Dis 171 1995 297 304
84. D. Richman M. Fischl M. Grieco The toxicity of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial N Engl J Med 317 1987 192 197
85. D. Richman J. Grimes S. Lagakos Effect of stage of disease and drug dose on zidovudine susceptibilities or isolates of human immunodeficiency virus J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 3 1990 743 746
86. D. Richman J. Guatelli J. Grimes Detection of mutations associated with zidovudine resistance in human immunodeficiency virus by use of the polymerase chain reaction J Infect Dis 164 1991 1075 1081
87. D. Richman D. Havlir J. Corbeil Nevirapine resistance mutations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selected during therapy J Virol 68 1994 1660 1666
88. T. Robins J. Plattner HIV protease inhibitors: Their anti-HIV activity and potential role in treatment J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 6 1993 162 170
89. R. Rooke M. Parniak M. Tremblay Biological comparison of wild-type and zidovudine-resistant isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from the same subjects: Susceptibility and resistance to other drugs Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35 1991 988 991
90. S. Rusconi M. Moonis D. Merrill Naphthalene sulfonate condensates with CD4-blocking and anti-HIV-1 activity Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 1996 234 236
91. T. Schaker A. Collier R. Coombs A phase I study of high dose, intravenous rsCD4 in subjects with advanced HIV-1 infection J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 9 1994 145 152
92. Schapiro J, Winters M, Kozal M, et al: Saquinavir monotherapy trial: Prolonged suppression of viral load and resistance mutations with higher dosage. Presented at 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, 1995
93. R. Schuurman M. Nihjuis R. van Leeuwen Rapid changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA load and appearance of drug-resistant virus populations in persons treated with lamivudine (3TC) J Infect Dis 171 1995 1411 1419
94. D. Simpson M. Tagliati Nucleoside analogue-associated peripheral neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus infection J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 9 1995 153 161
95. D. Smith R. Byrn S. Marsters Blocking of HIV-1 infectivity by a soluble, secreted form of the CD4 antigen Science 238 1987 1704 1707
96. S. Spruance A. Pavia D. Peterson Didanosine compared with continuation of zidovudine in HIV-infected patients with signs of clinical deterioration while receiving zidovudine: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial Ann Intern Med 120 1994 360 368
97. 3 [abstr LB32]. Presented at Second National Conference on Human Retroviruses, Washington, DC, 1995
98. M. St. Clair J. Martin G. Tudor-Williams Resistance to ddI and sensitivity to AZT induced by a mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase Science 253 1991 1557 1559
99. J. Vacca B. Dorsey W. Schleif L-735.524: An orally bioavailable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 1994 4096 4100
100. R. van Leeuwen C. Katlama V. Kitchen Evaluation of safety and efficacy of 3TC (lamivudine) in patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: A phase I/II study J Infect Dis 171 1995 1166 1171
101. S. Vella M. Giuliano L. Dally Long-term follow-up of zidovudine therapy in asymptomatic HIV infection: Results of a multicenter cohort study J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 7 1994 31 38
102. P. Volberding S. Lagakos M. Koch Zidovudine in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: A controlled trial in persons with fewer than 500 CD4-positive cells per cubic millimeter N Engl J Med 322 1990 941 949
103. X. Wei S. Ghosh M. Taylor Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection Nature 373 1995 117 122
104. J. Wu T. Warren J. Adams A novel dipyridodiazepinone inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase acts through a nonsubstrate binding site Biochemistry 30 1991 2022 2026
105. R. Yarchoan H. Mitsuya C. Myers Clinical pharmacology of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (zidovudine) and related dideoxynucleosides N Engl J Med 321 1989 726 738
106. R. Yarchoan H. Mitsuya R. Thomas In vivo activity against HIV and favorable toxicity profile of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine Science 245 1989 412 415
107. Yeni P, for the International Coordinating Committee: Preliminary results of the European/Australian Delta trial based on data up to 31 May, 1995 [abstr]. Presented at 5th European Conference of Clinical Aspects and Treatment of HIV Infection, Copenhagen, 1995