메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 240, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 491-507

The regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gene expression

Author keywords

AIDS; Human immunodeficiency virus type 1; Rev; Tat

Indexed keywords

MESSENGER RNA; REGULATOR PROTEIN; TRANSACTIVATOR PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

EID: 0029741456     PISSN: 00142956     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0491h.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (108)

References (177)
  • 1
    • 0026794096 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of action of regulatory proteins encoded by complex retroviuses
    • Cullen, B. R. (1992) Mechanism of action of regulatory proteins encoded by complex retroviuses, Microbiol. Rev. 56, 375-394.
    • (1992) Microbiol. Rev. , vol.56 , pp. 375-394
    • Cullen, B.R.1
  • 2
    • 0027531918 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Levy, J. A. (1993) Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection, Microbiol. Rev. 57, 183-289.
    • (1993) Microbiol. Rev. , vol.57 , pp. 183-289
    • Levy, J.A.1
  • 3
    • 0028002972 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus infection: Implications for pathogenesis
    • Antoni, B. A., Stein, S. & Rabson, A. B. (1994) Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus infection: implications for pathogenesis, Adv. Virus Res. 43, 53-145.
    • (1994) Adv. Virus Res. , vol.43 , pp. 53-145
    • Antoni, B.A.1    Stein, S.2    Rabson, A.B.3
  • 5
    • 0027983619 scopus 로고
    • Tracking HIV during disease progression
    • Pantaleo, G. & Fauci, A. S. (1994) Tracking HIV during disease progression, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6, 600-604.
    • (1994) Curr. Opin. Immunol. , vol.6 , pp. 600-604
    • Pantaleo, G.1    Fauci, A.S.2
  • 6
    • 0025255387 scopus 로고
    • Transmission of signals from the T lymphocyte antigen receptor to the genes responsible for cell proliferation and immune function: The missing link
    • Ullman, K. S., Northrop, J. P., Verweij, C. L. & Crabtree, G. R. (1990) Transmission of signals from the T lymphocyte antigen receptor to the genes responsible for cell proliferation and immune function: the missing link, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 8, 421-452.
    • (1990) Ann. Rev. Immunol. , vol.8 , pp. 421-452
    • Ullman, K.S.1    Northrop, J.P.2    Verweij, C.L.3    Crabtree, G.R.4
  • 7
    • 0029008045 scopus 로고
    • In vivo estimates of division and death rates of human T lymphocytes
    • McLean, A. R. & Michie, C. A. (1995) In vivo estimates of division and death rates of human T lymphocytes, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3707-3711.
    • (1995) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.92 , pp. 3707-3711
    • McLean, A.R.1    Michie, C.A.2
  • 8
    • 0029120216 scopus 로고
    • Viral latency in HIV disease
    • McCune, J. M. (1995) Viral latency in HIV disease, Cell 82, 183-188.
    • (1995) Cell , vol.82 , pp. 183-188
    • McCune, J.M.1
  • 9
    • 0026526144 scopus 로고
    • Incompletely reverse-transcribed human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes in quiescent cells can function as intermediates in the retroviral life cycle
    • Zack, J., Haislip, A. M., Krogstad, P. & Chen, I. S. Y. (1992) Incompletely reverse-transcribed human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes in quiescent cells can function as intermediates in the retroviral life cycle, J. Virol. 66, 1717-1725.
    • (1992) J. Virol. , vol.66 , pp. 1717-1725
    • Zack, J.1    Haislip, A.M.2    Krogstad, P.3    Chen, I.S.Y.4
  • 10
    • 0028958338 scopus 로고
    • Establishment of a stable, inducible form of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA in quiescent CD4 lymphocytes in vitro
    • Spina, C. A., Guatelli, J. & Richman, D. D. (1995) Establishment of a stable, inducible form of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA in quiescent CD4 lymphocytes in vitro, J. Virol. 69, 2977-2988.
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 2977-2988
    • Spina, C.A.1    Guatelli, J.2    Richman, D.D.3
  • 11
    • 0027538456 scopus 로고
    • HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease
    • Pantaleo, G., Graziosi, C., Demarest, J. F., Butini, L., Montroni, M., Fox, C. H. & Orenstein, J. M. (1993) HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease, Nature 362, 355-358.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.362 , pp. 355-358
    • Pantaleo, G.1    Graziosi, C.2    Demarest, J.F.3    Butini, L.4    Montroni, M.5    Fox, C.H.6    Orenstein, J.M.7
  • 12
    • 0028874048 scopus 로고
    • Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection
    • Ho, D. D., Heumann, A. U., Perelson, A. S., Chen, W., Leonard, J. M. & Markowitz, M. (1995) Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection, Nature 373, 123-126.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.373 , pp. 123-126
    • Ho, D.D.1    Heumann, A.U.2    Perelson, A.S.3    Chen, W.4    Leonard, J.M.5    Markowitz, M.6
  • 14
    • 0028952146 scopus 로고
    • HIV population dynamics in vivo: Implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy
    • Coffin, J. M. (1995) HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy, Science 267, 483-489.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 483-489
    • Coffin, J.M.1
  • 15
    • 0029967721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 dynamcis in vivo: Virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time
    • Perelson, A. S., Neumann, A. U., Markowitz, M., Leonard, J. M. & Ho, D. D. (1996) HIV-1 dynamcis in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time, Science 271, 1582-1585.
    • (1996) Science , vol.271 , pp. 1582-1585
    • Perelson, A.S.1    Neumann, A.U.2    Markowitz, M.3    Leonard, J.M.4    Ho, D.D.5
  • 16
    • 0029150052 scopus 로고
    • HIV accessory proteins: Leading roles for the supporting cast
    • Trono, D. (1995) HIV accessory proteins: leading roles for the supporting cast, Cell 82, 189-192.
    • (1995) Cell , vol.82 , pp. 189-192
    • Trono, D.1
  • 17
    • 0028116642 scopus 로고
    • Molecular biology of the human immunodeficiency virus accessory proteins
    • Subbramanian, R. A. & Cohen, E. A. (1994) Molecular biology of the human immunodeficiency virus accessory proteins, J. Virol. 68, 6831-6835.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 6831-6835
    • Subbramanian, R.A.1    Cohen, E.A.2
  • 18
    • 0025335833 scopus 로고
    • Cloning and functional analysis of multiply spliced mRNA species of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Schwartz, S., Felber, B. K., Benko, D. M., Fenyo, E. M. & Pavlakis, G. N. (1990) Cloning and functional analysis of multiply spliced mRNA species of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol. 64, 2519-2529.
    • (1990) J. Virol. , vol.64 , pp. 2519-2529
    • Schwartz, S.1    Felber, B.K.2    Benko, D.M.3    Fenyo, E.M.4    Pavlakis, G.N.5
  • 19
    • 0024347717 scopus 로고
    • Temporal aspects of DNA and RNA synthesis during human immunodeficiency virus infection: Evidence for differential gene expression
    • Kim, S., Byrn, R., Groopman, J. E. & Baltimore, D. (1989) Temporal aspects of DNA and RNA synthesis during human immunodeficiency virus infection: evidence for differential gene expression, J. Virol. 63, 3708-3713.
    • (1989) J. Virol. , vol.63 , pp. 3708-3713
    • Kim, S.1    Byrn, R.2    Groopman, J.E.3    Baltimore, D.4
  • 20
    • 0026561508 scopus 로고
    • Efficient replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 requires a threshold level of Rev: Potential implications for latency
    • Pomerantz, F. J., Seshamma, T. & Trono, D. (1992) Efficient replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 requires a threshold level of Rev: potential implications for latency, J. Virol. 66, 1809-1813.
    • (1992) J. Virol. , vol.66 , pp. 1809-1813
    • Pomerantz, F.J.1    Seshamma, T.2    Trono, D.3
  • 21
    • 0026132560 scopus 로고
    • Induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in chronically infected cells is associated primarily with a shift in RNA splicing patterns
    • Michael, N. L., Morrow, P., Mosca, J., Vahey, M., Burke, D. & Redfield, R. R. (1991) Induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in chronically infected cells is associated primarily with a shift in RNA splicing patterns. J. Virol. 65, 1291-1303.
    • (1991) J. Virol. , vol.65 , pp. 1291-1303
    • Michael, N.L.1    Morrow, P.2    Mosca, J.3    Vahey, M.4    Burke, D.5    Redfield, R.R.6
  • 22
    • 0028301838 scopus 로고
    • Cellular latency in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with high CD4 levels can be detected by the presence of promoter-proximal transcripts
    • Adams, M., Sharmeen, L., Kimpton, J., Romeo, J. M., Garcia, J. V., Peterlin, B. M., Groudin, M. & Ermerman, M. (1994) Cellular latency in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with high CD4 levels can be detected by the presence of promoter-proximal transcripts, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3862-3866.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 3862-3866
    • Adams, M.1    Sharmeen, L.2    Kimpton, J.3    Romeo, J.M.4    Garcia, J.V.5    Peterlin, B.M.6    Groudin, M.7    Ermerman, M.8
  • 23
    • 0029165291 scopus 로고
    • The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr gene arrests infected T cells in the G2 + M phase of the cell cycle
    • Jowett, J. B. M., Planelles, V., Poon, B., Shah, N. P., Chen, M. L. & Chen, I. S. Y. (1995) The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr gene arrests infected T cells in the G2 + M phase of the cell cycle, J. Virol. 69, 6304-6313.
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 6304-6313
    • Jowett, J.B.M.1    Planelles, V.2    Poon, B.3    Shah, N.P.4    Chen, M.L.5    Chen, I.S.Y.6
  • 24
    • 0028967421 scopus 로고
    • The glucocorticoid receptor type 1I complex is a target of the HIV-1 vpr gene product
    • Refaeli, Y., Levy, D. N. & Weiner, D. B. (1995) The glucocorticoid receptor type 1I complex is a target of the HIV-1 vpr gene product, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3621-3625.
    • (1995) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.92 , pp. 3621-3625
    • Refaeli, Y.1    Levy, D.N.2    Weiner, D.B.3
  • 25
    • 0029081917 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of cellular gene expression and function by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat protein
    • Chang, H.-K., Gallo, R. C. & Ensoli, B. (1995) Regulation of cellular gene expression and function by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat protein, J. Biomed. Sci. 2, 189-202.
    • (1995) J. Biomed. Sci. , vol.2 , pp. 189-202
    • Chang, H.-K.1    Gallo, R.C.2    Ensoli, B.3
  • 26
    • 0029062573 scopus 로고
    • Induction of apoptosis in unifected lymphocytes by HIV-1 Tat protein
    • Li, C. J., Friedman, D. J., Wang, C., Metelev, V. & Pardee, A. B. (1995) Induction of apoptosis in unifected lymphocytes by HIV-1 Tat protein, Science 268, 429-431.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 429-431
    • Li, C.J.1    Friedman, D.J.2    Wang, C.3    Metelev, V.4    Pardee, A.B.5
  • 27
    • 0027618875 scopus 로고
    • Tat and the HIV-1 promoter
    • Jones, K. A. (1993) Tat and the HIV-1 promoter, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5, 461-468.
    • (1993) Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. , vol.5 , pp. 461-468
    • Jones, K.A.1
  • 28
    • 0023513563 scopus 로고
    • Anti-termination of transcription within the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 by tat gene product
    • Kao, S. Y., Calman, A. F., Luciw, P. A. & Peterlin, B. M. (1987) Anti-termination of transcription within the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 by tat gene product. Nature 330, 489-493.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.330 , pp. 489-493
    • Kao, S.Y.1    Calman, A.F.2    Luciw, P.A.3    Peterlin, B.M.4
  • 29
    • 0025817413 scopus 로고
    • The role of Tat in the human immunodeficiency virus life cycle indicates a primary effect on transcriptional elongation
    • Feinberg, M. B., Baltimore, D. & Frankel, A. D. (1991) The role of Tat in the human immunodeficiency virus life cycle indicates a primary effect on transcriptional elongation, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 4045-4049.
    • (1991) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.88 , pp. 4045-4049
    • Feinberg, M.B.1    Baltimore, D.2    Frankel, A.D.3
  • 30
    • 0028065074 scopus 로고
    • Effects of human chromosome 12 on interactions between tat and TAR of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Alonso, A., Cujec, T. P. & Peterlin, M. (1994) Effects of human chromosome 12 on interactions between tat and TAR of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol. 68, 6505-6513.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 6505-6513
    • Alonso, A.1    Cujec, T.P.2    Peterlin, M.3
  • 32
    • 0026064723 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 Tat protein promotes formation of more processive elongation complexes
    • Marciniak, R. & Sharp, P. A. (1991) HIV-1 Tat protein promotes formation of more processive elongation complexes, EMBO J. 10, 4189-4196.
    • (1991) EMBO J. , vol.10 , pp. 4189-4196
    • Marciniak, R.1    Sharp, P.A.2
  • 33
    • 0024414213 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 Tat protein increases transcriptional intitation and stabilizes elongation
    • Laspia, M. F., Rice, A. & Mathews, M. B. (1989) HIV-1 Tat protein increases transcriptional intitation and stabilizes elongation, Cell 59, 283-292.
    • (1989) Cell , vol.59 , pp. 283-292
    • Laspia, M.F.1    Rice, A.2    Mathews, M.B.3
  • 34
    • 0022571442 scopus 로고
    • Post-transcriptional regulation accounts for the trans-activation of the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1II
    • Rosen, C. A., Sodroski, J., Goh, W. C., Dayton, A. I., Lippke, J. & Haseltine, W. (1986) Post-transcriptional regulation accounts for the trans-activation of the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1II, Nature 319, 555-559.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.319 , pp. 555-559
    • Rosen, C.A.1    Sodroski, J.2    Goh, W.C.3    Dayton, A.I.4    Lippke, J.5    Haseltine, W.6
  • 35
    • 0023005976 scopus 로고
    • Trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus occurs via a bimodal mechanism
    • Cullen, B. R. (1986) Trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus occurs via a bimodal mechanism, Cell 46, 973-982.
    • (1986) Cell , vol.46 , pp. 973-982
    • Cullen, B.R.1
  • 36
    • 0028236808 scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II is stimulated by transactivators
    • Yankulov, K., Blau, J., Purton, T., Roberts, S. & Bentley, D. L. (1994) Transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II is stimulated by transactivators, Cell 77, 749-759.
    • (1994) Cell , vol.77 , pp. 749-759
    • Yankulov, K.1    Blau, J.2    Purton, T.3    Roberts, S.4    Bentley, D.L.5
  • 38
    • 0028025481 scopus 로고
    • Differential growth kinetics are exhibited by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAR mutants
    • Harrich, D., Hsu, C., Race, E. & Gaynor, R. B. (1994) Differential growth kinetics are exhibited by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAR mutants, J. Virol. 68, 5899-5910.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 5899-5910
    • Harrich, D.1    Hsu, C.2    Race, E.3    Gaynor, R.B.4
  • 39
    • 0027296170 scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional antitermination
    • Greenblatt, J., Nodwell, J. R. & Mason, S. W. (1993) Transcriptional antitermination, Nature 364, 401-406.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.364 , pp. 401-406
    • Greenblatt, J.1    Nodwell, J.R.2    Mason, S.W.3
  • 40
    • 0026513698 scopus 로고
    • DNA sequence requirements for generating paused polymerase at the start of hsp70
    • Lee, H.-S., Kraus, K. W., Wolfner, M. F. & Lis, J. T. (1992) DNA sequence requirements for generating paused polymerase at the start of hsp70. Genes & Dev. 6, 284-295.
    • (1992) Genes & Dev. , vol.6 , pp. 284-295
    • Lee, H.-S.1    Kraus, K.W.2    Wolfner, M.F.3    Lis, J.T.4
  • 41
    • 0024095898 scopus 로고
    • Elements required for transcription initiation of the human U2 snRNA gene coincide with elements required for snRNA3′ end formation
    • Hernandez, N. & Lucito, R. (1988) Elements required for transcription initiation of the human U2 snRNA gene coincide with elements required for snRNA3′ end formation, EMBO J. 7, 3125-3134.
    • (1988) EMBO J. , vol.7 , pp. 3125-3134
    • Hernandez, N.1    Lucito, R.2
  • 42
    • 0025340514 scopus 로고
    • Transcription elongation and eucaryotic gene regulation
    • Spencer, C. A. & Groudine, M. (1990) Transcription elongation and eucaryotic gene regulation, Oncogene 5, 777-785.
    • (1990) Oncogene , vol.5 , pp. 777-785
    • Spencer, C.A.1    Groudine, M.2
  • 43
    • 0027193751 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transactivator protein,tat, stimulates transcriptional read-though of distal terminator sequences in vitro
    • Graeble, M. A., Churcher, M. J., Lowe, A. D., Gait, M. J. & Karn, J. (1993) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transactivator protein,tat, stimulates transcriptional read-though of distal terminator sequences in vitro, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 6184-6188.
    • (1993) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.90 , pp. 6184-6188
    • Graeble, M.A.1    Churcher, M.J.2    Lowe, A.D.3    Gait, M.J.4    Karn, J.5
  • 44
    • 0028102865 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat directs transcription through attenuation sites within the mouse c-myc gene
    • Wright, S., Lu, X. & Peterlin, B. M. (1994) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat directs transcription through attenuation sites within the mouse c-myc gene, J. Mol. Biol. 243, 568-573.
    • (1994) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.243 , pp. 568-573
    • Wright, S.1    Lu, X.2    Peterlin, B.M.3
  • 45
    • 0025602656 scopus 로고
    • The HIV-1 long terminal repeat contains an unusual element that induces the synthesis of short RNAs from various mRNA and snRNA promoters
    • Ratnasabapathy, R., Sheldon, M., Johal, L. & Hernandez, N. (1990) The HIV-1 long terminal repeat contains an unusual element that induces the synthesis of short RNAs from various mRNA and snRNA promoters, Genes & Dev. 4, 2061-2074.
    • (1990) Genes & Dev. , vol.4 , pp. 2061-2074
    • Ratnasabapathy, R.1    Sheldon, M.2    Johal, L.3    Hernandez, N.4
  • 46
    • 0024651195 scopus 로고
    • Structure, sequence, and position of the stem-loop in TAR determine transcriptional elongation by Tat through the HIV-1 long terminal repeat
    • Selby, M. J., Bain, E. S., Luciw, P. A. & Peterlin, B. M. (1989) Structure, sequence, and position of the stem-loop in TAR determine transcriptional elongation by Tat through the HIV-1 long terminal repeat, Genes & Dev. 3, 547-558.
    • (1989) Genes & Dev. , vol.3 , pp. 547-558
    • Selby, M.J.1    Bain, E.S.2    Luciw, P.A.3    Peterlin, B.M.4
  • 47
    • 0027191817 scopus 로고
    • Does HIV-1 tat induce a change in viral initiation rights?
    • Cullen, B. R. (1993) Does HIV-1 tat induce a change in viral initiation rights? Cell 73, 417-420.
    • (1993) Cell , vol.73 , pp. 417-420
    • Cullen, B.R.1
  • 48
    • 0027446368 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the inducer of short transcripts, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcriptional element that activates the sysnthesis of short RNAs
    • Sheldon, M., Ratnasabapathy, R. & Hernandez, N. (1993) Characterization of the inducer of short transcripts, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcriptional element that activates the sysnthesis of short RNAs, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 1251-1263.
    • (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.13 , pp. 1251-1263
    • Sheldon, M.1    Ratnasabapathy, R.2    Hernandez, N.3
  • 49
    • 0025837282 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of transacting response decoy RNA-mediated inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transactivation
    • Sullenger, B. A., Gallardo, H. F., E. U. G. & Gilboa, E. (1991) Analysis of transacting response decoy RNA-mediated inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transactivation, J. Virol. 65, 6811-6816.
    • (1991) J. Virol. , vol.65 , pp. 6811-6816
    • Sullenger, B.A.1    Gallardo, H.F.2    G, E.U.3    Gilboa, E.4
  • 50
    • 0027198459 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by regulated expression of a polymeric Tat activation response RNA decoy as a strategy for gene therapy in AIDS
    • Lisziewicz, J., Sun, D., Smythe, J., Lusso, P., Lori, F., Louie, A., Markham, P., Rossi, J., Reitz, M. & Gallo, R. C. (1993) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by regulated expression of a polymeric Tat activation response RNA decoy as a strategy for gene therapy in AIDS, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 8000-8004.
    • (1993) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.90 , pp. 8000-8004
    • Lisziewicz, J.1    Sun, D.2    Smythe, J.3    Lusso, P.4    Lori, F.5    Louie, A.6    Markham, P.7    Rossi, J.8    Reitz, M.9    Gallo, R.C.10
  • 51
    • 0025169566 scopus 로고
    • U1 small nuclear RNA plays a direct role in the formation of a Rev-regulated human immunodeficiency virus env mRNA that remains unspliced
    • Lu, X., Heimer, J., Rekosh, D. & Hammarskjoeld, M. L. (1990) U1 small nuclear RNA plays a direct role in the formation of a Rev-regulated human immunodeficiency virus env mRNA that remains unspliced. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7598-7602.
    • (1990) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.87 , pp. 7598-7602
    • Lu, X.1    Heimer, J.2    Rekosh, D.3    Hammarskjoeld, M.L.4
  • 52
    • 0027360912 scopus 로고
    • In vivo footprinting analysis of constitutive and inducible protein-DNA interactions at the king terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Demarchi, F., D'Agaro, P., Falaschi, A. & Giacca, M. (1993) In vivo footprinting analysis of constitutive and inducible protein-DNA interactions at the king terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol. 67, 7450-7460.
    • (1993) J. Virol. , vol.67 , pp. 7450-7460
    • Demarchi, F.1    D'Agaro, P.2    Falaschi, A.3    Giacca, M.4
  • 53
    • 0029026576 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of HIV-1 gene expression by the transactivator protein tat
    • (Srinivasan, A. & Vogt, P. K., eds) Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg
    • Gaynor, R. B. (1995) Regulation of HIV-1 gene expression by the transactivator protein tat, in Transacting functions of human retroviruses (Srinivasan, A. & Vogt, P. K., eds) pp. 51-77, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
    • (1995) Transacting Functions of Human Retroviruses , pp. 51-77
    • Gaynor, R.B.1
  • 54
    • 0028922113 scopus 로고
    • Molecular and functional interactions of transcription factor USF with the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Fagagna D'Adda di, F., Marzio, G., Gutierrex, M. I., Kang, L. Y., Falaschi, A. & Giacca, M. (1995) Molecular and functional interactions of transcription factor USF with the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol. 69, 2765-2775.
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 2765-2775
    • Fagagna D'Adda Di, F.1    Marzio, G.2    Gutierrex, M.I.3    Kang, L.Y.4    Falaschi, A.5    Giacca, M.6
  • 55
    • 0028357738 scopus 로고
    • A synthetic retinoid antagonist inhibits the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter
    • Lee, M.-O., Hobbs, P. D., Zhang, X.-K., Dawson, M. I. & Pfahl, M. (1994) A synthetic retinoid antagonist inhibits the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5632-5636.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 5632-5636
    • Lee, M.-O.1    Hobbs, P.D.2    Zhang, X.-K.3    Dawson, M.I.4    Pfahl, M.5
  • 57
    • 0023176085 scopus 로고
    • An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T-cells
    • Nabel, G. & Baltimore, D. (1987) An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T-cells, Nature 326, 711-713.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.326 , pp. 711-713
    • Nabel, G.1    Baltimore, D.2
  • 58
    • 0028120915 scopus 로고
    • Transcription factor PRDII-BF1 activates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gene expression
    • Seeler, J.-S., Muchardt, C. Suessle, A. & Gaynor, R. B. (1994) Transcription factor PRDII-BF1 activates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gene expression, J. Virol. 68, 1002-1009.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 1002-1009
    • Seeler, J.-S.1    Muchardt, C.2    Suessle, A.3    Gaynor, R.B.4
  • 59
    • 0027313302 scopus 로고
    • TAR-independent activation of HIV-1 requires the activation domain but not the RNA-binding domain of Tat
    • Taylor, J. P., Kundu, M. & Khalili, K. (1993) TAR-independent activation of HIV-1 requires the activation domain but not the RNA-binding domain of Tat, Virology 195, 780-785.
    • (1993) Virology , vol.195 , pp. 780-785
    • Taylor, J.P.1    Kundu, M.2    Khalili, K.3
  • 60
    • 0028174061 scopus 로고
    • Function and activation of NF-κB in the immune system
    • Baeuerle, P. A. & Henkel, T. (1994) Function and activation of NF-κB in the immune system. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12, 141-591.
    • (1994) Annu. Rev. Immunol. , vol.12 , pp. 141-591
    • Baeuerle, P.A.1    Henkel, T.2
  • 61
    • 0024428086 scopus 로고
    • The NF-κB binding sites in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat are not required for virus infectivity
    • Leonard, J., Parrott, C., Buckler-White, J., Turner, W., Ross, E. K., Martin, M. A. & Rabson, A. B. (1989) The NF-κB binding sites in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat are not required for virus infectivity, J. Virol. 63, 4919-4924.
    • (1989) J. Virol. , vol.63 , pp. 4919-4924
    • Leonard, J.1    Parrott, C.2    Buckler-White, J.3    Turner, W.4    Ross, E.K.5    Martin, M.A.6    Rabson, A.B.7
  • 63
    • 0028157555 scopus 로고
    • Differential role of long terminal repeat control elements for the regulation of basal and tat-mediated transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus in stimulated and unstimulated primary human macrophages
    • Moses, A. V., Ibanez, C., Gaynor, R., Ghazal, P. & Nelson, J. A. (1994) Differential role of long terminal repeat control elements for the regulation of basal and tat-mediated transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus in stimulated and unstimulated primary human macrophages, J. Virol. 68, 298-307.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 298-307
    • Moses, A.V.1    Ibanez, C.2    Gaynor, R.3    Ghazal, P.4    Nelson, J.A.5
  • 64
    • 0028900378 scopus 로고
    • Real lime analysis of the transcriptional regulation of HIV and hCMV promoters in single mammalian cells
    • White, M., Masuko, M., Amet, L., Elliott, G., Braddock, M., Kingsman, A. J. & Kingsman, S. M. (1995) Real lime analysis of the transcriptional regulation of HIV and hCMV promoters in single mammalian cells, J. Cell Sci. 108, 441.
    • (1995) J. Cell Sci. , vol.108 , pp. 441
    • White, M.1    Masuko, M.2    Amet, L.3    Elliott, G.4    Braddock, M.5    Kingsman, A.J.6    Kingsman, S.M.7
  • 65
    • 0026309016 scopus 로고
    • Tat protein activates transcription from an upstream DNA binding site: Implications for tat function
    • Southgate, C. M. & Green, M. R. (1991) Tat protein activates transcription from an upstream DNA binding site: implications for tat function, Genes & Dev. 5, 2496-2507.
    • (1991) Genes & Dev. , vol.5 , pp. 2496-2507
    • Southgate, C.M.1    Green, M.R.2
  • 66
    • 0028889028 scopus 로고
    • Functional similarities between HIV-1 tat and DNA sequence-specific transcriptional activators
    • Madore, S. J. & Cullen, B. R. (1995) Functional similarities between HIV-1 tat and DNA sequence-specific transcriptional activators, Virology 206, 1150-1154.
    • (1995) Virology , vol.206 , pp. 1150-1154
    • Madore, S.J.1    Cullen, B.R.2
  • 67
    • 0029132031 scopus 로고
    • Sp1 transcription factor is required for in vitro basal and tat-activated transcription from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat
    • Sune, C. & Garcia-Blanco, M. (1995) Sp1 transcription factor is required for in vitro basal and tat-activated transcription from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat, J. Virol. 69, 6572-6576.
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 6572-6576
    • Sune, C.1    Garcia-Blanco, M.2
  • 68
    • 0027488528 scopus 로고
    • Increased spacing between Sp1 and TATAA renders human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication defective: Implication for Tat function
    • Huang, L. M. & Jeang, K.-T. (1993) Increased spacing between Sp1 and TATAA renders human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication defective: implication for Tat function, J. Virol. 67, 6937-6944.
    • (1993) J. Virol. , vol.67 , pp. 6937-6944
    • Huang, L.M.1    Jeang, K.-T.2
  • 69
    • 0028291252 scopus 로고
    • The basics of basal transcription by RNA polymerase 11
    • Buratowski, S. (1994) The basics of basal transcription by RNA polymerase 11, Cell 77, 1-3.
    • (1994) Cell , vol.77 , pp. 1-3
    • Buratowski, S.1
  • 70
    • 0028337542 scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional activation: A complex puzzle with few easy pieces
    • Tjian, R. & Maniatis, T (1994) Transcriptional activation: A complex puzzle with few easy pieces, Cell 77, 5-8.
    • (1994) Cell , vol.77 , pp. 5-8
    • Tjian, R.1    Maniatis, T.2
  • 71
    • 0028053873 scopus 로고
    • Role of flanking E box motifs in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TATA element function
    • Ou, S.-H. I., Garcia-Martinez, L. F., Paulssen, E. J. & Gaynor, R. B. (1994) Role of flanking E box motifs in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TATA element function, J. Virol. 68, 7188-7199.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 7188-7199
    • Ou, S.-H.I.1    Garcia-Martinez, L.F.2    Paulssen, E.J.3    Gaynor, R.B.4
  • 72
    • 0026794243 scopus 로고
    • Contribution of the TATA motif to Tat-mediated transcriptional activation of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression
    • Olsen, H. S. & Rosen, C. (1992) Contribution of the TATA motif to Tat-mediated transcriptional activation of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression, J. Virol. 66, 5594-5597.
    • (1992) J. Virol. , vol.66 , pp. 5594-5597
    • Olsen, H.S.1    Rosen, C.2
  • 73
    • 0026501088 scopus 로고
    • Functional roles for the TATA promoter and enhancers in basal and Tat-induced expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat
    • Berkhout, B. & Jeang, K.-T. (1992) Functional roles for the TATA promoter and enhancers in basal and Tat-induced expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat, J. Virol. 66, 139-149.
    • (1992) J. Virol. , vol.66 , pp. 139-149
    • Berkhout, B.1    Jeang, K.-T.2
  • 74
    • 0027460061 scopus 로고
    • The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat specifies two different transcription complexes, only one of which is regulated by tat
    • Lu, X., Welsh, T. M. & Peterlin, M. (1993) The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat specifies two different transcription complexes, only one of which is regulated by tat, J. Virol. 67, 1752-1760.
    • (1993) J. Virol. , vol.67 , pp. 1752-1760
    • Lu, X.1    Welsh, T.M.2    Peterlin, M.3
  • 75
    • 0028940546 scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional trans activation by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat requires specific coactivators that are not basal factors
    • Sune, C. & Garcia-Blanco, M. A. (1995) Transcriptional trans activation by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat requires specific coactivators that are not basal factors, J. Virol. 69, 3098-3107.
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 3098-3107
    • Sune, C.1    Garcia-Blanco, M.A.2
  • 76
    • 0025996912 scopus 로고
    • Cooperative interaction of an initiator binding transcription initiation factor and the helix-loop-helix activator USF
    • Roy, A. L., Meisterernst, M., Pognonec, P. & Roeder, R. G. (1991) Cooperative interaction of an initiator binding transcription initiation factor and the helix-loop-helix activator USF, Nature 354, 245-248.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.354 , pp. 245-248
    • Roy, A.L.1    Meisterernst, M.2    Pognonec, P.3    Roeder, R.G.4
  • 77
    • 0027328806 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 core promoter lacks a simple initiator element but contains a bipartite activator at the transcription start site
    • Zenzie-Gregory, B., Sheridan, P., Jones, K. A. & Smale, S. T. (1993) HIV-1 core promoter lacks a simple initiator element but contains a bipartite activator at the transcription start site, J. Biol. Chem. 268, 15823-15832.
    • (1993) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.268 , pp. 15823-15832
    • Zenzie-Gregory, B.1    Sheridan, P.2    Jones, K.A.3    Smale, S.T.4
  • 78
    • 0027476091 scopus 로고
    • Human transcription factor USF stimulates transcription through the initiator elements of the HIV-1 and the Ad-ML promoters
    • Du, H., Roy, A. L. & Roeder, R. G. (1993) Human transcription factor USF stimulates transcription through the initiator elements of the HIV-1 and the Ad-ML promoters, EMBO J. 12, 501-511.
    • (1993) EMBO J. , vol.12 , pp. 501-511
    • Du, H.1    Roy, A.L.2    Roeder, R.G.3
  • 80
    • 0028120913 scopus 로고
    • Human transcription factor YY1 represses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription and virion production
    • Margolis, D. M., Somasundaran, M. & Green, M. R. (1994) Human transcription factor YY1 represses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription and virion production, J. Virol. 68, 905-910.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 905-910
    • Margolis, D.M.1    Somasundaran, M.2    Green, M.R.3
  • 81
    • 0029066110 scopus 로고
    • Cloning and characterization of a novel cellular protein, TDP-43, that binds to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAR DNA sequence motifs
    • Ou, S.-H. I., Wu, F., Harrich, D., Garcia-Martinez, L. F. & Gaynor, R. B. (1995) Cloning and characterization of a novel cellular protein, TDP-43, that binds to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAR DNA sequence motifs, J. Virol. 69, 3584-3596.
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 3584-3596
    • Ou, S.-H.I.1    Wu, F.2    Harrich, D.3    Garcia-Martinez, L.F.4    Gaynor, R.B.5
  • 82
    • 0028950286 scopus 로고
    • A novel LBP-1 mediated restruction of HIV-1 transcription at the level of elongation in vitro
    • Parada, C. A., Yoon, J.-B. & Roeder, R. G. (1995) A novel LBP-1 mediated restruction of HIV-1 transcription at the level of elongation in vitro, J. Biol. Chem. 270, 2274-2283.
    • (1995) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.270 , pp. 2274-2283
    • Parada, C.A.1    Yoon, J.-B.2    Roeder, R.G.3
  • 83
    • 0028304885 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of a disrupted TAR RNA hairpin structure in the HIV-1 virus
    • Klaver, B. & Berkhout, B. (1994) Evolution of a disrupted TAR RNA hairpin structure in the HIV-1 virus, EMBO J. 13, 2650-2659.
    • (1994) EMBO J. , vol.13 , pp. 2650-2659
    • Klaver, B.1    Berkhout, B.2
  • 84
    • 0028227604 scopus 로고
    • The tumor suppressor protein p53 strongly alters human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication
    • Duan, L., Ozaki, I., Oakes, J. W., Taylor, J. P., Khalili, K. & Pomerantz, R. J. (1994) The tumor suppressor protein p53 strongly alters human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication, J. Virol. 68, 4302-4313.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 4302-4313
    • Duan, L.1    Ozaki, I.2    Oakes, J.W.3    Taylor, J.P.4    Khalili, K.5    Pomerantz, R.J.6
  • 85
    • 0025049117 scopus 로고
    • Chromatin structure implicated in activation of HIV-1 gene expression by ultraviolet light
    • Valerie, K. & Rosenberg, M. (1990) Chromatin structure implicated in activation of HIV-1 gene expression by ultraviolet light, New Biol. 2, 712-718.
    • (1990) New Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 712-718
    • Valerie, K.1    Rosenberg, M.2
  • 86
    • 0027258123 scopus 로고
    • Chromatin disruption in the promoter of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 during transcriptional activation
    • Verdin, E., Paras, P. & VanLint, C. (1993) Chromatin disruption in the promoter of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 during transcriptional activation, EMBO J. 12, 3249-3259.
    • (1993) EMBO J. , vol.12 , pp. 3249-3259
    • Verdin, E.1    Paras, P.2    Vanlint, C.3
  • 87
    • 0027196104 scopus 로고
    • RNA recognition by the human immuno-deficiency virus Tat and Rev proteins
    • Gait, M. J. & Karn, J. (1993) RNA recognition by the human immuno-deficiency virus Tat and Rev proteins, Trends Biochem. Sci. 18, 255-259.
    • (1993) Trends Biochem. Sci. , vol.18 , pp. 255-259
    • Gait, M.J.1    Karn, J.2
  • 88
    • 0027476547 scopus 로고
    • Electrostatic interactions modulate the RNA-binding and transactivation specificities of the human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus tat proteins
    • Tao, J. & Frankel, A. D. (1993) Electrostatic interactions modulate the RNA-binding and transactivation specificities of the human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus tat proteins, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 1571-1575.
    • (1993) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.90 , pp. 1571-1575
    • Tao, J.1    Frankel, A.D.2
  • 90
    • 0027452957 scopus 로고
    • High affinity binding of TAR RNA by the human immunodeficiency virus Type-1 tat protein requires base-pairs in the RNA stem and amino acid residues flanking the basic region
    • Churcher, M. J., Lamont, C., Hamy, F., Dingwall, C., Green, S. M., Lowe, A. D., Butler, P. J. G., Gait, M. J. & Kara, J. (1993) High affinity binding of TAR RNA by the human immunodeficiency virus Type-1 tat protein requires base-pairs in the RNA stem and amino acid residues flanking the basic region, J. Mol. Biol. 230, 90-110.
    • (1993) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.230 , pp. 90-110
    • Churcher, M.J.1    Lamont, C.2    Hamy, F.3    Dingwall, C.4    Green, S.M.5    Lowe, A.D.6    Butler, P.J.G.7    Gait, M.J.8    Kara, J.9
  • 91
    • 0027956167 scopus 로고
    • NMR structure of a biologically active peptide containing the RNA-binding domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat
    • Mujeeb, A., Bishop, K., Peterlin, B. M., Turck, C., Parslow, T. G. & James, T. L, (1994) NMR structure of a biologically active peptide containing the RNA-binding domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 8248-8252.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 8248-8252
    • Mujeeb, A.1    Bishop, K.2    Peterlin, B.M.3    Turck, C.4    Parslow, T.G.5    James, T.L.6
  • 92
    • 0028306105 scopus 로고
    • Structure of the equine infectious anemia virus tat protein
    • Willbold, D., Rosin-Arbesfeld, R., Sticht, H., Frank, R. & Rosch, P. (1994) Structure of the equine infectious anemia virus tat protein, Science 264, 1584-1587.
    • (1994) Science , vol.264 , pp. 1584-1587
    • Willbold, D.1    Rosin-Arbesfeld, R.2    Sticht, H.3    Frank, R.4    Rosch, P.5
  • 93
    • 0029048796 scopus 로고
    • Structural variety of arginine-rich RNA-binding peptides
    • Tan, R. & Frankel, A. D. (1995) Structural variety of arginine-rich RNA-binding peptides, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5282-5286.
    • (1995) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.92 , pp. 5282-5286
    • Tan, R.1    Frankel, A.D.2
  • 94
    • 0027444622 scopus 로고
    • An NMR study of the HIV-1 TAR element hairpin
    • Jaeger, J. A. & Tinoco, I. (1993) An NMR study of the HIV-1 TAR element hairpin, Biochemistry 32, 12522-12530.
    • (1993) Biochemistry , vol.32 , pp. 12522-12530
    • Jaeger, J.A.1    Tinoco, I.2
  • 95
    • 0027610610 scopus 로고
    • Modeling and solution structure probing of the HIV-1 TAR stem-loop
    • Critchley, A. D., Haneef, I., Cousens, D. J. & Stockley, P. G. (1993) Modeling and solution structure probing of the HIV-1 TAR stem-loop, J. Mol. Graphics 11, 92-97.
    • (1993) J. Mol. Graphics , vol.11 , pp. 92-97
    • Critchley, A.D.1    Haneef, I.2    Cousens, D.J.3    Stockley, P.G.4
  • 96
    • 0026694960 scopus 로고
    • Linking of RNA helices by bulged bases, and the structure of the human immunodeficiency virus transactivator response element
    • Riordan, F. A., Bhattacharyya, A.,. McAteer, S. & Lilley, D. M. J. (1992) Linking of RNA helices by bulged bases, and the structure of the human immunodeficiency virus transactivator response element, J. Mol. Biol. 226, 305-310.
    • (1992) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.226 , pp. 305-310
    • Riordan, F.A.1    Bhattacharyya, A.2    McAteer, S.3    Lilley, D.M.J.4
  • 97
    • 0025996720 scopus 로고
    • RNA recognition by Tat-derived peptides: Interaction in the major groove
    • Weeks, K. M. & Crothers, D. M. (1991) RNA recognition by Tat-derived peptides: interaction in the major groove, Cell 66, 577-588.
    • (1991) Cell , vol.66 , pp. 577-588
    • Weeks, K.M.1    Crothers, D.M.2
  • 98
    • 0027509632 scopus 로고
    • Hydrogen-bonding contacts in the major groove are required for human immunodeficiency virus Type-1 tat protein recognition of TAR RNA
    • Hamy, F., Asseline, U., Grasby, J., Shigenori, I., Pritchard, C., Slim, G., Butler, P. J. G., Karn, J. & Gait, M., J. (1993) Hydrogen-bonding contacts in the major groove are required for human immunodeficiency virus Type-1 tat protein recognition of TAR RNA, J. Mol. Biol. 230, 111-123.
    • (1993) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.230 , pp. 111-123
    • Hamy, F.1    Asseline, U.2    Grasby, J.3    Shigenori, I.4    Pritchard, C.5    Slim, G.6    Butler, P.J.G.7    Karn, J.8    Gait, M.J.9
  • 99
    • 0026035854 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of argininge-rich peptides from the HIV Tat protein reveals unusual features of RNA-protein recognition
    • Calnan, B. J., Biancalan, S., Hudson, D. & Frankel. A. D. (1991) Analysis of argininge-rich peptides from the HIV Tat protein reveals unusual features of RNA-protein recognition, Genes & Dev. 5, 201-210.
    • (1991) Genes & Dev. , vol.5 , pp. 201-210
    • Calnan, B.J.1    Biancalan, S.2    Hudson, D.3    Frankel, A.D.4
  • 101
    • 0029014899 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-derived peptides with TAR RNA
    • Long, K. S. & Crothers, D. M. (1995) Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-derived peptides with TAR RNA, Biochemistry 34, 8885-8895.
    • (1995) Biochemistry , vol.34 , pp. 8885-8895
    • Long, K.S.1    Crothers, D.M.2
  • 102
    • 0026660327 scopus 로고
    • An adenosine at position 27 in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 trans-activation response element is not critical for transcriptional or translational activation by Tat
    • Blanchard, A. D., Powell, R., Braddock, M., Kingsman, A. J. & Kingsman, S. M. (1992) An adenosine at position 27 in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 trans-activation response element is not critical for transcriptional or translational activation by Tat, J. Virol. 66, 6769-6772.
    • (1992) J. Virol. , vol.66 , pp. 6769-6772
    • Blanchard, A.D.1    Powell, R.2    Braddock, M.3    Kingsman, A.J.4    Kingsman, S.M.5
  • 103
    • 0026566568 scopus 로고
    • Conserved nucleotides in the TAR RNA stem of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are critical for Tat binding and trans activation: Model for TAR RNA tertiary structure
    • Delling, U., Reid, L. S., Barnett, R. W., Ma, M. Y.-X., Climie, S., Summer-Smith, M. & Sonenberg, N. (1992) Conserved nucleotides in the TAR RNA stem of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are critical for Tat binding and trans activation: model for TAR RNA tertiary structure, J. Virol. 66, 3018-3025.
    • (1992) J. Virol. , vol.66 , pp. 3018-3025
    • Delling, U.1    Reid, L.S.2    Barnett, R.W.3    Ma, M.Y.-X.4    Climie, S.5    Summer-Smith, M.6    Sonenberg, N.7
  • 104
    • 0023876147 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 tat transactivation requires the loop sequences within TAR
    • Feng, S. & Holland, E. C. (1988) HIV-1 tat transactivation requires the loop sequences within TAR, Nature 334, 165-167.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.334 , pp. 165-167
    • Feng, S.1    Holland, E.C.2
  • 105
    • 0025216682 scopus 로고
    • Structural requirements of transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat-directed gene expression by tat: Importance of base pairing, loop sequences and bulges in the tat-responsive region
    • Roy, S., Parkin, N. T., Rosen, C., Itovitch, J. & Sonenberg, N. (1990) Structural requirements of transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat-directed gene expression by tat: importance of base pairing, loop sequences and bulges in the tat-responsive region, J. Virol. 64, 1402-1406.
    • (1990) J. Virol. , vol.64 , pp. 1402-1406
    • Roy, S.1    Parkin, N.T.2    Rosen, C.3    Itovitch, J.4    Sonenberg, N.5
  • 106
    • 0026093989 scopus 로고
    • Detailed muational analysis of TAR RNA: Critical spacing between the bulge and loop recognition domains
    • Berkhout, B. & Jeang, K.-T. (1991) Detailed muational analysis of TAR RNA: critical spacing between the bulge and loop recognition domains, Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 6169-6176.
    • (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. , vol.19 , pp. 6169-6176
    • Berkhout, B.1    Jeang, K.-T.2
  • 107
    • 0028131904 scopus 로고
    • Orientation specific cis complementation by bulge- and loop mutated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAR RNAs
    • Braddock, M., Powell, R., Sutton, J., Kingsman, A. J. & Kingsman, S. M. (1994) Orientation specific cis complementation by bulge- and loop mutated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAR RNAs, J. Virol. 68, 8396-8400.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 8396-8400
    • Braddock, M.1    Powell, R.2    Sutton, J.3    Kingsman, A.J.4    Kingsman, S.M.5
  • 108
    • 0028833850 scopus 로고
    • Requirement for HIV-1 TAR sequences for Tat activation in rodent cells
    • Sutton, J. A., Braddock, M., Kingsman, A. J. & Kingsman, S. M. (1995) Requirement for HIV-1 TAR sequences for Tat activation in rodent cells, Virology 206, 690-694.
    • (1995) Virology , vol.206 , pp. 690-694
    • Sutton, J.A.1    Braddock, M.2    Kingsman, A.J.3    Kingsman, S.M.4
  • 109
    • 0027310927 scopus 로고
    • Genetic analysis of the cofactor requirement for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat function
    • Madore, S. J. & Cullen, B. R. (1993) Genetic analysis of the cofactor requirement for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat function, J. Virol. 67, 3703-3711.
    • (1993) J. Virol. , vol.67 , pp. 3703-3711
    • Madore, S.J.1    Cullen, B.R.2
  • 110
    • 0027472426 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 TAR RNA-binding proteins control Tat activation of translation in Xenopus oocytes
    • Braddock, M., Powell, R., Blanchard, A. D., Kingsman, A. J. & Kingsman, S. M. (1993) HIV-1 TAR RNA-binding proteins control Tat activation of translation in Xenopus oocytes, FASEB J. 7, 214-222.
    • (1993) FASEB J. , vol.7 , pp. 214-222
    • Braddock, M.1    Powell, R.2    Blanchard, A.D.3    Kingsman, A.J.4    Kingsman, S.M.5
  • 111
    • 0026275199 scopus 로고
    • Two distinct nuclear transcription factors recognize loop and bulge residues of the HIV-1 TAR RNA hairpin
    • Sheline, T., Milocco, L. H. & Jones, K. A. (1991) Two distinct nuclear transcription factors recognize loop and bulge residues of the HIV-1 TAR RNA hairpin, Genes & Dev. 5, 2508-2520.
    • (1991) Genes & Dev. , vol.5 , pp. 2508-2520
    • Sheline, T.1    Milocco, L.H.2    Jones, K.A.3
  • 112
    • 0027478445 scopus 로고
    • Relatedness of an RNA-binding motif in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAR RNA-binding protein TRBP to human P1/dsI kinase and Drosophila staufen
    • Gatignol, A., Buckler, C. & Jeang, K.-T. (1993) Relatedness of an RNA-binding motif in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAR RNA-binding protein TRBP to human P1/dsI kinase and Drosophila staufen, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 2193-2202.
    • (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.13 , pp. 2193-2202
    • Gatignol, A.1    Buckler, C.2    Jeang, K.-T.3
  • 114
    • 0028952477 scopus 로고
    • Genetic mapping in human and mouse of the locus encoding TRBP, a protein that binds the TAR region of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)
    • Kozak, C. A., Gatignol, A., Graham, K., Jeang, K. T. & McBride, O. W. (1995) Genetic mapping in human and mouse of the locus encoding TRBP, a protein that binds the TAR region of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), Genomics 25, 66-72.
    • (1995) Genomics , vol.25 , pp. 66-72
    • Kozak, C.A.1    Gatignol, A.2    Graham, K.3    Jeang, K.T.4    McBride, O.W.5
  • 117
    • 0026066839 scopus 로고
    • Tat regulates binding of the human immunodeficiency virus transactivating region RNA loop-binding protein TRP-185
    • Wu, F. J., Garcia, D. Sigman, D. & Gaynor, R. (1991) Tat regulates binding of the human immunodeficiency virus transactivating region RNA loop-binding protein TRP-185, Genes & Dev. 5, 2128-2140.
    • (1991) Genes & Dev. , vol.5 , pp. 2128-2140
    • Wu, F.J.1    Garcia, D.2    Sigman, D.3    Gaynor, R.4
  • 118
    • 0028844508 scopus 로고
    • The cellular factor TRP-185 regulates RNA polymerase II binding to HIV-1 TAR RNA
    • Wu-Baer, F., Lane, W. S. & Gaynor, R. B. (1995) The cellular factor TRP-185 regulates RNA polymerase II binding to HIV-1 TAR RNA, EMBO J. 14, 5995-6009.
    • (1995) EMBO J. , vol.14 , pp. 5995-6009
    • Wu-Baer, F.1    Lane, W.S.2    Gaynor, R.B.3
  • 119
    • 0029094557 scopus 로고
    • A human chromosome 12 associated 83 kilodalton cellular protein specifically binds to the loop region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 trans-activation response element RNA
    • Hart, C. E., Saltarelli, M. M. J., Galphin, J. C. & Schochetman, G. (1995) A human chromosome 12 associated 83 kilodalton cellular protein specifically binds to the loop region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 trans-activation response element RNA, J. Virol. 69. 6593-6599.
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 6593-6599
    • Hart, C.E.1    Saltarelli, M.M.J.2    Galphin, J.C.3    Schochetman, G.4
  • 120
    • 0025340978 scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterisation of a Hela nuclear protein that specifically binds to the transactivation response element of human immunodeficiency virus
    • Marciniak, R. A., Garcia-Blanco, M. A. & Sharp, P. A. (1990) Identification and characterisation of a Hela nuclear protein that specifically binds to the transactivation response element of human immunodeficiency virus, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3624-3628.
    • (1990) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.87 , pp. 3624-3628
    • Marciniak, R.A.1    Garcia-Blanco, M.A.2    Sharp, P.A.3
  • 121
    • 0028130256 scopus 로고
    • Direct interactions between autoantigen la and Human immunodeficiency virus leader RNA
    • Chang, Y.-N., Kenan, D. J., Keene, J. D., Gatignol, A. & Jeang, K.-T. (1994) Direct interactions between autoantigen La and Human immunodeficiency virus leader RNA, J. Virol. 68, 7008-7020.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 7008-7020
    • Chang, Y.-N.1    Kenan, D.J.2    Keene, J.D.3    Gatignol, A.4    Jeang, K.-T.5
  • 122
    • 0026752139 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat-mediated trans activation correlates with the phosphorylation state of a cellular TAR RNA stem-binding factor
    • Han, X.-M., Laras, A., Rounseville, M. P., Kumar, A. & Shank, P. R. (1992) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat-mediated trans activation correlates with the phosphorylation state of a cellular TAR RNA stem-binding factor, J. Virol. 66, 4065-4072.
    • (1992) J. Virol. , vol.66 , pp. 4065-4072
    • Han, X.-M.1    Laras, A.2    Rounseville, M.P.3    Kumar, A.4    Shank, P.R.5
  • 123
    • 0028058185 scopus 로고
    • Induction of RNA-binding proteins in mammalian cells by DNA-damaging agents
    • Carrier, K. Gatignol, A., Hollander, M. C. & Jeang, K.-T. (1994) Induction of RNA-binding proteins in mammalian cells by DNA-damaging agents, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 1554-1558.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 1554-1558
    • Carrier, K.1    Gatignol, A.2    Hollander, M.C.3    Jeang, K.-T.4
  • 124
    • 0028140591 scopus 로고
    • Features in the 5′ non-coding sequences of rabbit alpha and beta-globin mRNAs that affect translational efficiency
    • Kozak, M. (1994) Features in the 5′ non-coding sequences of rabbit alpha and beta-globin mRNAs that affect translational efficiency, J. Mol. Biol. 235, 95-110.
    • (1994) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.235 , pp. 95-110
    • Kozak, M.1
  • 125
    • 11944264616 scopus 로고
    • Direct evidence for translational regulation by leader RNA and Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • SenGupta, D. N., Berkhout, B., Gatignol, A., Zhou, A. & Silverman, R. H. (1990) Direct evidence for translational regulation by leader RNA and Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7492-7496.
    • (1990) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.87 , pp. 7492-7496
    • Sengupta, D.N.1    Berkhout, B.2    Gatignol, A.3    Zhou, A.4    Silverman, R.H.5
  • 126
    • 0024075591 scopus 로고
    • Mutational analysis of the 5′ non-coding region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Effects of secondary structure on translation
    • Parkin, N. T. Cohen, E. A., Darveau, A., Rosen, C., Haseltine, W. & Sonenberg, N. (1988) Mutational analysis of the 5′ non-coding region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: effects of secondary structure on translation, EMBO J. 7, 2831-2837.
    • (1988) EMBO J. , vol.7 , pp. 2831-2837
    • Parkin, N.T.1    Cohen, E.A.2    Darveau, A.3    Rosen, C.4    Haseltine, W.5    Sonenberg, N.6
  • 127
    • 0024576640 scopus 로고
    • Activation of double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase (dsl) by the TAR region of HIV-1 messenger RNA: A novel translational control mechanism
    • Edery, I., Petryshyn, R. & Sonenberg, N. (1989) Activation of double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase (dsl) by the TAR region of HIV-1 messenger RNA: A novel translational control mechanism, Cell 56, 303-312.
    • (1989) Cell , vol.56 , pp. 303-312
    • Edery, I.1    Petryshyn, R.2    Sonenberg, N.3
  • 128
    • 0026490072 scopus 로고
    • Tat responsive region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 stimulates protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro: Relationship between structure and function
    • Gunnery, S., Greeen, S. R. & Mathews, M. B. (1990) Tat responsive region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 stimulates protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro: relationship between structure and function, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 11556-11561.
    • (1990) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.89 , pp. 11556-11561
    • Gunnery, S.1    Greeen, S.R.2    Mathews, M.B.3
  • 129
    • 0028034999 scopus 로고
    • La autoantigen alleviates translational repression by the 5′ leader sequence of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNA
    • Svitkin, Y. V. Pause, A. & Sonenberg, N. (1994) La autoantigen alleviates translational repression by the 5′ leader sequence of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNA, J. Virol. 68, 7001-7007.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 7001-7007
    • Svitkin, Y.V.1    Pause, A.2    Sonenberg, N.3
  • 130
    • 0026057918 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat does not transactivate mature transacting responsive region RNA species in the nucleus or cytoplasm of primate cells
    • Chin, D. J., Selby, M. J. & Peterlin, B. M. (1991) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat does not transactivate mature transacting responsive region RNA species in the nucleus or cytoplasm of primate cells, J. Virol. 65, 1758-1764.
    • (1991) J. Virol. , vol.65 , pp. 1758-1764
    • Chin, D.J.1    Selby, M.J.2    Peterlin, B.M.3
  • 131
    • 0027377289 scopus 로고
    • Activation of a heterologous promoter by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat requires Sp1 and is distinct from the mode of activation by acidic transcriptional activators
    • Kamine, J., Subramanian, T. & Chinnadurai, G. (1993) Activation of a heterologous promoter by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat requires Sp1 and is distinct from the mode of activation by acidic transcriptional activators, J. Virol. 67, 6828-6834.
    • (1993) J. Virol. , vol.67 , pp. 6828-6834
    • Kamine, J.1    Subramanian, T.2    Chinnadurai, G.3
  • 132
    • 0027965905 scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional activation in vitro by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein: Evidence for specific interaction with a co-activator(s)
    • Song, C.-Z., Loewenstein, P. M. & Green, M. (1994) Transcriptional activation in vitro by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein: evidence for specific interaction with a co-activator(s), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 9357-9361.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 9357-9361
    • Song, C.-Z.1    Loewenstein, P.M.2    Green, M.3
  • 133
    • 0028859150 scopus 로고
    • Novel mechanism and factor for regulation by HIV-1 Tat
    • Zhou, Q. & Sharp, P. A. (1995) Novel mechanism and factor for regulation by HIV-1 Tat, EMBO J. 14, 321-328.
    • (1995) EMBO J. , vol.14 , pp. 321-328
    • Zhou, Q.1    Sharp, P.A.2
  • 135
    • 0025039584 scopus 로고
    • Transactivation by HIV-1 tat via a heterologous RNA-binding protein
    • Selby, M. J. & Peterlin, M. B. (1990) Transactivation by HIV-1 tat via a heterologous RNA-binding protein, Cell 62, 769-776.
    • (1990) Cell , vol.62 , pp. 769-776
    • Selby, M.J.1    Peterlin, M.B.2
  • 136
    • 0027260617 scopus 로고
    • In vitro and in vivo binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 4 Tat protein and Sp1 transcription factor
    • Jeang, K.-T., Chun, R., Lin, N. H., Gatignol, A., Glabe, C. G. & Fan, H. (1993) In vitro and in vivo binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 4 Tat protein and Sp1 transcription factor, J. Virol. 67, 6224-6233.
    • (1993) J. Virol. , vol.67 , pp. 6224-6233
    • Jeang, K.-T.1    Chun, R.2    Lin, N.H.3    Gatignol, A.4    Glabe, C.G.5    Fan, H.6
  • 137
    • 0026568822 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 Tat acts as a processivity factor in vitro in conjunction with cellular elongation factors
    • Kato, H. M., Sumimoto, H., Pognonec, P., Chen, C.-H., Rosen, C. A. & Roeder, R. G. (1992) HIV-1 Tat acts as a processivity factor in vitro in conjunction with cellular elongation factors, Genes & Dev. 6, 655-666.
    • (1992) Genes & Dev. , vol.6 , pp. 655-666
    • Kato, H.M.1    Sumimoto, H.2    Pognonec, P.3    Chen, C.-H.4    Rosen, C.A.5    Roeder, R.G.6
  • 138
    • 0028960684 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning and characterization of a cellular protein that interacts with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat transactivator and encodes a strong transcriptional activation domain
    • Yu, L., Zhang, Z., Loewenstein, P. M., Desai, K., Tang, Q., Mao, D., Symington, J. S. & Green, M. (1995) Molecular cloning and characterization of a cellular protein that interacts with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat transactivator and encodes a strong transcriptional activation domain, J. Virol. 69, 3007-3016.
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 3007-3016
    • Yu, L.1    Zhang, Z.2    Loewenstein, P.M.3    Desai, K.4    Tang, Q.5    Mao, D.6    Symington, J.S.7    Green, M.8
  • 139
    • 0028831057 scopus 로고
    • Lentivirus Tat proteins specifically associate with a cellular protein kinase, TAK, that hyperphosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal domain of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II: Candidate for a Tat cofactor
    • Herrmann, C. H. & Rice, A. (1995) Lentivirus Tat proteins specifically associate with a cellular protein kinase, TAK, that hyperphosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal domain of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II: candidate for a Tat cofactor, J. Virol. 69, 1612-1620.
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 1612-1620
    • Herrmann, C.H.1    Rice, A.2
  • 140
    • 0028305843 scopus 로고
    • Phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain and transcriptional elongation
    • O'Brien, T., Hardin, S., Greenleaf, A. & Lis, J. T. (1994) Phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain and transcriptional elongation, Nature 370, 75-77.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.370 , pp. 75-77
    • O'Brien, T.1    Hardin, S.2    Greenleaf, A.3    Lis, J.T.4
  • 141
    • 0026211594 scopus 로고
    • Trans-dominant tat mutants with alterations in the basic domain inhibit HIV-1 gene expression
    • Modesti, N., Garcia, J., Debouck, C., Peterlin, M. & Gaynor, R. (1991) Trans-dominant tat mutants with alterations in the basic domain inhibit HIV-1 gene expression, New Biol. 3, 759-768.
    • (1991) New Biol. , vol.3 , pp. 759-768
    • Modesti, N.1    Garcia, J.2    Debouck, C.3    Peterlin, M.4    Gaynor, R.5
  • 142
    • 0029055286 scopus 로고
    • Identification of a novel human zinc finger protein that specifically interacts with the activation domain of lentiviral tat proteins
    • Fridell, R. A., Harding, L. S., Bogerd, H. P. & Cullen, B. R. (1995) Identification of a novel human zinc finger protein that specifically interacts with the activation domain of lentiviral tat proteins, Virology 209, 347-357.
    • (1995) Virology , vol.209 , pp. 347-357
    • Fridell, R.A.1    Harding, L.S.2    Bogerd, H.P.3    Cullen, B.R.4
  • 143
    • 0027465924 scopus 로고
    • The type 1 human immunodeficiency virus Tat binding protein is a transcriptional activator belonging to an additional family of evolutionarily conserved genes
    • Ohana, B., Moore, P. A., Ruben, S. M., Southgate, C. D., Green, M. R. & Rosen, C. A. (1993) The type 1 human immunodeficiency virus Tat binding protein is a transcriptional activator belonging to an additional family of evolutionarily conserved genes, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 138-142.
    • (1993) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.90 , pp. 138-142
    • Ohana, B.1    Moore, P.A.2    Ruben, S.M.3    Southgate, C.D.4    Green, M.R.5    Rosen, C.A.6
  • 144
    • 0026006288 scopus 로고
    • Rapid activation and subsequent down-regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter in the presence of Tat: Possible mechanisms contributing to latency
    • Drysdale, C. M. & Pavlakis, G. N. (1991) Rapid activation and subsequent down-regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter in the presence of Tat: possible mechanisms contributing to latency, J. Virol. 65, 3044-3051.
    • (1991) J. Virol. , vol.65 , pp. 3044-3051
    • Drysdale, C.M.1    Pavlakis, G.N.2
  • 146
    • 0028157550 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-dependent activation for translation in Xenopus oocytes by the benzodiazepine Ro24-7429 requires transactivation response element loop sequences
    • Braddock, M., Cannon, P., Muckenthaler, M., Kingsman, A. J. & Kingsman, S. M. (1994) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-dependent activation for translation in Xenopus oocytes by the benzodiazepine Ro24-7429 requires transactivation response element loop sequences, J. Virol. 68, 25-33.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 25-33
    • Braddock, M.1    Cannon, P.2    Muckenthaler, M.3    Kingsman, A.J.4    Kingsman, S.M.5
  • 147
    • 0025761244 scopus 로고
    • Blocking of Tat-dependent HIV-1 RNA modification by an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II processivity
    • Braddock, M., Thorburn, A. M., Kingsman, A. J. & Kingman, S. M. (1991) Blocking of Tat-dependent HIV-1 RNA modification by an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II processivity, Nature 350, 439-441.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.350 , pp. 439-441
    • Braddock, M.1    Thorburn, A.M.2    Kingsman, A.J.3    Kingman, S.M.4
  • 148
    • 0027990609 scopus 로고
    • A functional interaction between Rev and yeast pre-mRNA in the nucleus
    • Stutz, F. & Rosbash, M. (1994) A functional interaction between Rev and yeast pre-mRNA in the nucleus, EMBO J. 13, 4096-4104.
    • (1994) EMBO J. , vol.13 , pp. 4096-4104
    • Stutz, F.1    Rosbash, M.2
  • 149
    • 0027981916 scopus 로고
    • Evidence that HIV-1 Rev directly promotes the nuclear export of unspliced RNA
    • Fisher, U., Meyer, S., Teufel, M., Heckel, C., Luhrmann, R. & Rautmann, G. (1994) Evidence that HIV-1 Rev directly promotes the nuclear export of unspliced RNA, EMBO J. 13, 4105-4112.
    • (1994) EMBO J. , vol.13 , pp. 4105-4112
    • Fisher, U.1    Meyer, S.2    Teufel, M.3    Heckel, C.4    Luhrmann, R.5    Rautmann, G.6
  • 150
    • 0024853361 scopus 로고
    • Regulation by HIV Rev depends upon recognition of splice sites
    • Chang, D. D. & Sharp, P. A. (1989) Regulation by HIV Rev depends upon recognition of splice sites, Cell 59, 789-795.
    • (1989) Cell , vol.59 , pp. 789-795
    • Chang, D.D.1    Sharp, P.A.2
  • 152
    • 0026555177 scopus 로고
    • Distinct RNA sequences in the gag region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 decrease RNA stability and inhibit expression in the absence of Rev protein
    • Schwartz, S., Felber, B. K. & Pavlakis, G. N. (1992) Distinct RNA sequences in the gag region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 decrease RNA stability and inhibit expression in the absence of Rev protein, J. Virol. 66, 150-159.
    • (1992) J. Virol. , vol.66 , pp. 150-159
    • Schwartz, S.1    Felber, B.K.2    Pavlakis, G.N.3
  • 153
    • 0027434118 scopus 로고
    • Rev and the fate of pre-mRNA in the nucleus: Implications for the regulation of RNA processing in eukaryotes
    • Malim, M. H. & Cullen, B. R. (1993) Rev and the fate of pre-mRNA in the nucleus: implications for the regulation of RNA processing in eukaryotes, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 6180-6189.
    • (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.13 , pp. 6180-6189
    • Malim, M.H.1    Cullen, B.R.2
  • 154
    • 0025818452 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 structural gene expression requires the binding of multiple Rev monomers to the viral RRE: Implications for HIV-1 latency
    • Malim, M. H. & Cullen, B. R. (1991) HIV-1 structural gene expression requires the binding of multiple Rev monomers to the viral RRE: implications for HIV-1 latency, Cell 65, 241-248.
    • (1991) Cell , vol.65 , pp. 241-248
    • Malim, M.H.1    Cullen, B.R.2
  • 155
    • 0025882673 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 regulator of virion expression, rev, forms nucleoprotein filaments after binding to a purine-rich 'bubble' located within the rev-responsive region of viral mRNAs
    • Heaphy, S., Finch, J., Gait, M. J., Karn, J. & Singh, M. (1991) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 regulator of virion expression, rev, forms nucleoprotein filaments after binding to a purine-rich 'bubble' located within the rev-responsive region of viral mRNAs, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7366-7370.
    • (1991) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.88 , pp. 7366-7370
    • Heaphy, S.1    Finch, J.2    Gait, M.J.3    Karn, J.4    Singh, M.5
  • 156
    • 0026045893 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 rev regulation involves recognition of non-Watson-Crick base pairs in viral RNA
    • Bartel, D. P., Zapp, M. L., Green, M. R. & Szostak, J. W. (1991) HIV-1 rev regulation involves recognition of non-Watson-Crick base pairs in viral RNA, Cell 67, 529-536.
    • (1991) Cell , vol.67 , pp. 529-536
    • Bartel, D.P.1    Zapp, M.L.2    Green, M.R.3    Szostak, J.W.4
  • 157
    • 0028268016 scopus 로고
    • Binding of an HIV Rev peptide to Rev responsive element RNA induces formation of purine-purine base pairs
    • Battiste, J. L., Tan, R., Frankel, A. D. & Williamson, J. R. (1994) Binding of an HIV Rev peptide to Rev responsive element RNA induces formation of purine-purine base pairs, Biochemistry 33, 2741-2747.
    • (1994) Biochemistry , vol.33 , pp. 2741-2747
    • Battiste, J.L.1    Tan, R.2    Frankel, A.D.3    Williamson, J.R.4
  • 158
    • 0028175778 scopus 로고
    • 1H NMR studies of the high-affinity Rev binding site of the Rev responsive element of HIV-1 mRNA: Base pairing in the core binding element
    • Peterson, R. D., Bartel, D. P., Szostak, J. W., Horvath, S. J. & Feigon, J. (1994) 1H NMR studies of the high-affinity Rev binding site of the Rev responsive element of HIV-1 mRNA: base pairing in the core binding element, Biochemistry 33, 5357-5366.
    • (1994) Biochemistry , vol.33 , pp. 5357-5366
    • Peterson, R.D.1    Bartel, D.P.2    Szostak, J.W.3    Horvath, S.J.4    Feigon, J.5
  • 159
    • 0028239268 scopus 로고
    • The HIV-1 Rev trans-activator shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
    • Meyer, B. E. & Malim, M. H. (1994) The HIV-1 Rev trans-activator shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, Genes & Dev. 8, 1538-1547.
    • (1994) Genes & Dev. , vol.8 , pp. 1538-1547
    • Meyer, B.E.1    Malim, M.H.2
  • 160
    • 0029098538 scopus 로고
    • A human nucleoporin-like protein that specifically interacts with HIV Rev
    • Fritz, C. C., Zapp, M. L. & Green, M. R. (1995) A human nucleoporin-like protein that specifically interacts with HIV Rev, Nature 376, 530.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 530
    • Fritz, C.C.1    Zapp, M.L.2    Green, M.R.3
  • 161
    • 0029122732 scopus 로고
    • Identification of a novel nuclear pore-associated protein as a functional target of the HIV-1 rev protein in yeast
    • Stutz, F., Neville, M. & Rosbash, M. (1995) Identification of a novel nuclear pore-associated protein as a functional target of the HIV-1 rev protein in yeast, Cell 82, 495-506.
    • (1995) Cell , vol.82 , pp. 495-506
    • Stutz, F.1    Neville, M.2    Rosbash, M.3
  • 162
    • 0029149833 scopus 로고
    • Identification of a novel cellular cofactor for the Rev/Rex class of retroviral regulatory proteins
    • Bogerd, H. P., Fridell, R. A., Madore, S. & Cullen, B. R. (1995) Identification of a novel cellular cofactor for the Rev/Rex class of retroviral regulatory proteins, Cell 82, 485-494.
    • (1995) Cell , vol.82 , pp. 485-494
    • Bogerd, H.P.1    Fridell, R.A.2    Madore, S.3    Cullen, B.R.4
  • 163
    • 0029130169 scopus 로고
    • The HIV-1 rev activation domain is a nuclear export signal that accesses an export pathway used by specific cellular RNAs
    • Fischer, U., Huber, J., Boelens, W. C., Mattaj, I. W. & Luhrmann, R. (1995) The HIV-1 rev activation domain is a nuclear export signal that accesses an export pathway used by specific cellular RNAs, Cell 82, 475-483.
    • (1995) Cell , vol.82 , pp. 475-483
    • Fischer, U.1    Huber, J.2    Boelens, W.C.3    Mattaj, I.W.4    Luhrmann, R.5
  • 164
    • 0028362130 scopus 로고
    • Cellular protein modulates effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev
    • Luo, Y., Yu, H. & Peterlin, B. M. (1994) Cellular protein modulates effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev, J. Virol. 68, 3850-3856.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 3850-3856
    • Luo, Y.1    Yu, H.2    Peterlin, B.M.3
  • 167
    • 0024973850 scopus 로고
    • Some cis and trans-acting mutants for splicing target pre-mRNA to the cytoplasm
    • Legrain, P. & Rosbash, M. (1989) Some cis and trans-acting mutants for splicing target pre-mRNA to the cytoplasm, Cell 57, 573-583.
    • (1989) Cell , vol.57 , pp. 573-583
    • Legrain, P.1    Rosbash, M.2
  • 168
    • 0025852347 scopus 로고
    • Rev is necessary for translation but not cytoplasmic accumulation of HIV-1 vif, vpr, and enby vol. pu 2 RNAs
    • Arrigo, S. & Chen, I. S. Y. (1991) Rev is necessary for translation but not cytoplasmic accumulation of HIV-1 vif, vpr, and enby vol. pu 2 RNAs,
    • (1991) Genes & Dev. , vol.5 , pp. 808-819
    • Arrigo, S.1    Chen, I.S.Y.2
  • 169
    • 0026354448 scopus 로고
    • The HIV-1 rev protein: A model system for coupled RNA transport and translation
    • Lawrence, J., Cochrane, A., Johnson, C. V., Perkins, A. & Rosen, C. A. (1991) The HIV-1 rev protein: A model system for coupled RNA transport and translation, New Biol. 3, 1220-1232.
    • (1991) New Biol. , vol.3 , pp. 1220-1232
    • Lawrence, J.1    Cochrane, A.2    Johnson, C.V.3    Perkins, A.4    Rosen, C.A.5
  • 170
    • 0027955795 scopus 로고
    • A small element from the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus genome makes human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression and replication Rev-independent
    • Bray, M., Prasad, S., Dubay, J. W., Hunter, E., Jeang, K.-T. & Rekosh, D., Hammerskjold, M.-L. (1994) A small element from the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus genome makes human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression and replication Rev-independent, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 1256-1260.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 1256-1260
    • Bray, M.1    Prasad, S.2    Dubay, J.W.3    Hunter, E.4    Jeang, K.-T.5    Rekosh, D.6    Hammerskjold, M.-L.7
  • 171
    • 0028944744 scopus 로고
    • The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat antagonist, Ro 5 - 3335, predominantly inhibits transcription initiation from the viral promoter
    • Cupelli, L. A. & Hsu, M.-C. (1995) The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat antagonist, Ro 5 - 3335, predominantly inhibits transcription initiation from the viral promoter, J. Virol. 69, 2640-2643.
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 2640-2643
    • Cupelli, L.A.1    Hsu, M.-C.2
  • 172
    • 0027370433 scopus 로고
    • Small molecules that selectively block RNA binding of HIV-1 Rev protein inhibit Rev function and viral production
    • Zapp, M. L., Stern, S. & Green, M. R. (1993) Small molecules that selectively block RNA binding of HIV-1 Rev protein inhibit Rev function and viral production, Cell 74, 969-978.
    • (1993) Cell , vol.74 , pp. 969-978
    • Zapp, M.L.1    Stern, S.2    Green, M.R.3
  • 173
    • 0027332125 scopus 로고
    • Cooperative inhibition of NF-κB and Tat-induced superactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat
    • Biswas, D. K., Ahlers, C. M., Dezube, B. J. & Pardee, A. B. (1993) Cooperative inhibition of NF-κB and Tat-induced superactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11044-11048.
    • (1993) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.90 , pp. 11044-11048
    • Biswas, D.K.1    Ahlers, C.M.2    Dezube, B.J.3    Pardee, A.B.4
  • 174
    • 0024382709 scopus 로고
    • Functional dissection of the HIV-1 rev trans-activator-derivation of a trans-dominant repressor of rev function
    • Malim, M. G., Bohnlein, S., Hauber, J. & Cullen, B. R. (1989) Functional dissection of the HIV-1 rev trans-activator-derivation of a trans-dominant repressor of rev function, Cell 58, 205-214.
    • (1989) Cell , vol.58 , pp. 205-214
    • Malim, M.G.1    Bohnlein, S.2    Hauber, J.3    Cullen, B.R.4
  • 175
    • 0028914482 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of HIV-1 Tat-mediated transactivation and HIV-1 infection by anti-Tat single chain intrabodies
    • Mhashilkar, A. M., Bagley, J., Chen, S. Y. Szilvay, A. M. Helland, D. G. & Marasco, W. A. (1995) Inhibition of HIV-1 Tat-mediated transactivation and HIV-1 infection by anti-Tat single chain intrabodies, EMBO J. 14, 1542-1551.
    • (1995) EMBO J. , vol.14 , pp. 1542-1551
    • Mhashilkar, A.M.1    Bagley, J.2    Chen, S.Y.3    Szilvay, A.M.4    Helland, D.G.5    Marasco, W.A.6
  • 176
    • 0028944408 scopus 로고
    • Gene therapy for HIV infection
    • Lever, A. M. L. (1995) Gene therapy for HIV infection, Br. Med. Bull. 1995, 149-166.
    • (1995) Br. Med. Bull. , vol.1995 , pp. 149-166
    • Lever, A.M.L.1
  • 177
    • 0026332720 scopus 로고
    • Formation of a small ribonucleoprotein particle between tat protein and trans-acting response element in human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells
    • Pfeifer, K., Bachmann, M., Schroder, H. C., Weiler, B. E., Ugarkovic, D., et al. (1991) Formation of a small ribonucleoprotein particle between tat protein and trans-acting response element in human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells, J. Biol. Chem. 266, 14620-14626.
    • (1991) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.266 , pp. 14620-14626
    • Pfeifer, K.1    Bachmann, M.2    Schroder, H.C.3    Weiler, B.E.4    Ugarkovic, D.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.