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85069256483
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note
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We surveyed an area 20 km by 30 km in the field in May 1995 with the help of 1:20,000 topographical maps. All suitable habitat patches were drawn onto the maps, and their spatial coordinates were determined. The areas of the patches were estimated either in the field or on the maps. The median area of the patches is 0.2 ha (range, 0.005 to 4.0 ha).
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35
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85069241668
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note
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All suitable patches were resurveyed during the butterfly flight season in June through July 1995. A constant search time relative to patch area was used. In the case of empty patches, additional time was allocated to search for the species to ensure its absence. On the basis of our experience with the congeneric M. cinxia (7), we are confident that this survey yielded a reliable snapshot of the presence or absence of the species in the patches.
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36
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85069259898
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note
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Melitaea diamina occurs in two areas other than our study area in the Tampere region of Finland. The other known metapopulations occur on the west coast (Kristiinankaupunki and Merikarvia), several hundred kilometers away from Tampere.
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37
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85069245120
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note
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Before this study, nothing was known about the biology of M. diamina. As a part of this study, we investigated its larval biology and adult reproductive biology.
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A) were calculated from these results. Each simulation run (600 time units) was started with the observed patch occupancy pattern for M. diamina. The results for the first 100 time units were omitted from the calculations to give the metapopulation time to reach stochastic equilibrium.
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We thank M. Pitkänen, J.-P. Bäckman, and members of the Tampere Entomological Society for help in the field. We are grateful to M. Singer and C. Thomas for useful comments on the manuscript. This study was funded by a grant from the Academy of Finland to I.H., the World Wide Fund for Nature of Finland, and the City of Tampere.
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