Polypharmacy of bipolar disorder

Polypharmacy in Psychiatry

Volumn , Issue , 2002, Pages 35-78

  Ghaemi, S Nassir ^a   Ko, James Y ^a  

^a CAMBRIDGE HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0013383419     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (120)

1. Ghaemi SN, et al. Is bipolar disorder still underdiagnosed? Are antidepressants overutilized? J Affect Disord 52:135-144, 1999.
2. Levine J, et al. Illness characteristics and their association with prescription patterns for bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord 3:41-49, 2001.
3. IMS. National Disease and Therapeutic Index. Plymouth Meeting, New Jersey: IMS America, 1998.
4. Goldberg J, Harrow M, eds. Bipolar Disorders: Clinical Course and Outcome. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1999.
5. Goodwin GM. Prophylaxis of bipolar disorder: How and who should we treat in the long term? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol S125-129, 1999.
6. Gurland BJ, et al. Cross-national study of diagnosis of mental disorders: hospital diagnoses and hospital patients in New York and London. Compr Psychiatry 11(1): 18-25, 1970.
7. Pope HG Jr, Lipinski JF. Diagnosis in schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35:811-828, 1978.
8. Vieta E, et al. Differential features between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Compr Psychiatry 38(2):98-101, 1997.
9. Ghaemi SN, Boiman EE, Goodwin FK. Diagnosing bipolar disorder and the effect of antidepressants: a naturalistic study. J Clin Psychiatry 61(10):804-808, 2000.
10. Fava M, et al. Anger attacks in unipolar depression. Part I: Clinical correlates and response to fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 150:1158-1163, 1993.
11. Benazzi F. Depression with DSM-IV atypical features: a marker for bipolar II disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 250(1):53-55, 2000.
12. Angst J. The emerging epidemiology of hypomania and bipolar II disorder. Affect Disord 50:143-151, 1998.
13. Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic Depressive Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
14. Sullivan HS. The Psychiatric Interview. New York: Norton, 1954.
15. Havens L. Making Contact: Uses of Language in Psychotherapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986.
16. van Praag HM. “Make-believes” in Psychiatry: Or The Perils of Progress. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1993.
17. Ghaemi SN, Stoll AL, Pope HG. Lack of insight in bipolar disorder: The acute manic episode. Nervous Mental Dis 183:464-467, 1995.
18. Amador XA, et al. Awareness of illness in schizophrenia and schizoaffective and mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:826-836, 1994.
19. Keitner GI, et al. Prodromal and residual symptoms in bipolar I disorder. Compr Psychiatry 37:362-367, 1996.
20. Ghaemi SN, et al. Insight in seasonal affective disorder. Compr Psychiatry 38:345-348, 1997.
21. Ghaemi S. Insight and psychiatric disorders: a review of the literature, with a focus on its clinical relevance for bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Ann 27:782-790, 1997.
22. Wehr TA, Goodwin FK. Rapid cycling in manic-depressives induced by tricyclic antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 36:555-559, 1979.
23. Kukopulos A, et al. Course of the manic-depressive cycle and changes caused by treatments. Pharmakopsychiatrie 13:156-167, 1980.
24. Altshuler LL, et al. Antidepressant-induced mania and cycle acceleration: a controversy revisited. Am J Psychiatry 152:1130-1138, 1995.
25. Turvey CL, et al. Long-term prognosis of bipolar I disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 99(2):110-119, 1999.
26. Sachs G, et al. The Expert Consensus Guideline Series: Medication Treatment of Bipolar Disorder 2000. Postgraduate Medicine, 2000.
27. Ghaemi SN, Goodwin FK. Long-term naturalistic treatment of depressive symptoms in bipolar illness with divalproex vs. lithium in the setting of minimal antidepressant use. J Affect Disord 65:281-287, 2001.
28. Baldessarini R, et al. Pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder throughout the life-cycle. In: Shulman K, Tohen M, Kutcher S, eds. Bipolar Disorder Through the Life-Cycle. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996, pp. 299-338.
29. Sernyak MJ, et al. Neuroleptic exposure following inpatient treatment of acute mania with lithium and neuroleptic. Am J Psychiatry. 151(1):133-135, 1994.
30. Tohen M, Zarate CA Jr. Antipsychotic agents and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 59 (suppl 1):38-48, 49, 1998.
31. Ahlfors UG, Baastrup PC, Dencker SJ. Flupenthixol decanoate in recurrent manic depressive illness. A comparison with lithium. Acta Psychiatr Scand 64:226-237, 1981.
32. Coppen A, et al. A double blind comparison of lithium carbonate and maprotiline in the prophylaxis of the affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 128:479-485, 1976.
33. Esparon J, et al. Comparison of the prophylactic action of flupenthixol with placebo in lithium treated manic-depressive patients. Br J Psychiatry 148:723-725, 1986.
34. Suppes T, et al. Clinical outcome in a randomized 1-year trial of clozapine versus treatment as usual for patients with treatment-resistant illness and a history of mania. Am J Psychiatry 156:1164-1169, 1999.
35. Vieta E, et al. Risperidone safety and efficacy in the treatment of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders: results from a 6-month, multicenter, open study. J Clin Psychiatry 62:818-825, 2001.
36. Sanger T, et al. Long-term olanzapine therapy in the treatment of bipolar I disorder: an open-label continuation phase study. J Clin Psychiatry 62:273-281, 2001.
37. Guille C, Sachs GS, Ghaemi SN. A naturalistic comparison of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 61(9): 638-642, 2000.
38. Post RM, Non-lithium treatment for bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 51(8, suppl): 9-16, 1990.
39. Schaff MR, Fawcett J, Zajecka JM. Divalproex sodium in the treatment of refractory affective disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 54(10):380-384, 1993.
40. Ketter TA, Pazzaglia PJ, Post RM. Synergy of carbamazepine and valproic acid in affective illness: case report and review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol12(4):276-281, 1992.
41. Tohen M, et al. Concomitant use of valproate and carbamazepine in bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 14:67-70, 1994.
42. Solomon DA, et al. A pilot study of lithium carbonate plus divalproex sodium for the continuation and maintenance treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 58:95-99, 1997.
43. Denicoff K, et al. Valproate prophylaxis in a prospective clinical trial of refractory bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154:1456-1458, 1997.
44. Denicoff K, et al. Comparative prophylactic efficacy of lithium, carbamazepine, and the combination in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 58:470-478, 1997.
45. Calabrese J, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine monotherapy in outpatients with bipolar I depression. J Clin Psychiatry 60:79-88, 1999.
46. Calabrese JR, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, prophylaxis study of lamotrigine in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Lamictal 614 Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry 61(11):841-850, 2000.
47. Pande A. Adjunctive treatment with gabapentin for bipolar disorder (abstr). In 3rd International Conference on Bipolar Disorder, Pittsburgh, 1999.
48. Frye M, et al. A placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory mood disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20:607-614, 2000.
49. Ghaemi SN, et al. Gabapentin treatment of mood disorders: a preliminary study. J Clin Psychiatry 59:426-429, 1998.
50. McIntyre R, et al. Topiramate vs. buproprion SR added to mood stabilizer therapy for the depressive phase of bipolar disorder: a single blind study (abstr). In Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuropsychoendocrinology, Rhodes, Greece, 2000.
51. Pi-Sunyer FX. Medical hazards of obesity. Ann Intern Med 119(7 Pt 2):655-660, 1993.
52. Calle EE, et al. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 341(15):1097-1105, 1999.
53. Weeke A, Juel K, Vaeth M. Cardiovascular death and manic-depressive psychosis. J Affect Disord 13(3):287-292, 1987.
54. Green AI, et al. Weight gain from novel antipsychotic drugs: need for action. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 22(4):224-235, 2000.
55. Arana G, Rosenbaum J. Handbook of Psychiatric Drug Therapy. Philadelphia: Lip-pincott Williams and Wilkins, 2000.
56. Wirshing DA, et al. Novel antipsychotics: comparison of weight gain liabilities. J Clin Psychiatry 60(6):358-363, 1999.
57. Allison DB, et al. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis. Am J Psychiatry 156(11):1686-1696, 1999.
58. Ghaemi SN, Sachs GS, Baldassano CF. Treatment-resistant bipolar disorder: clinical aspects and management. In: Pollack M, Rosenbaum JF, eds. Challenges in Psychiatric Treatment: Pharmacologic and Psychosocial Strategies. New York: Guilford Press, 1996, pp. 53-88.
59. Taylor DM, McAskill R. Atypical antipsychotics and weight gain—a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 101(6):416-432, 2000.
60. Zajecka J, Weisler R, Sommerville D. Divalproex sodium vs olanzapine for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder (abstr). In Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2000.
61. Tohen M, et al. Olanzapine vs divalproex for the treatment of acute mania (abstr). In Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2000
62. Calabrese J, et al. Spectrum of activity of lamotrigine in treatment-refractory bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 156:1019-1023, 1999.
63. Frye MA, et al. A placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory mood disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20(6):607-614, 2000.
64. Ghaemi SN, Gaughan S. Novel anticonvulsants: a new generation of mood stabilizers? Harv Rev Psychiatry 8(1):1-7, 2000.
65. Jacobsen FM. Low-dose valproate: a new treatment for cyclothymia, mild rapid cycling disorders, and premenstrual syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 54:229-234, 1993.
66. Richelson E. Receptor pharmacology of neuroleptics: relation to clinical effects. J Clin Psychiatry 60(suppl 10(7)):5-14, 1999.
67. Harvey PD, Keefe RS. Studies of cognitive change in patients with schizophrenia following novel antipsychotic treatment. Am J Psychiatry 158(2):176-184, 2001.
68. Kane JM. The role of neuroleptics in manic-depressive illness. J Clin Psychiatry 49 suppl(11):12-14, 1988.
69. Sachdev P. The development of the concept of akathisia: a historical overview. Schizophr Res 16(1):33-45, 1995.
70. Ayd F Jr. A survey of drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions. JAMA 175:1054-1060, 1961.
71. Halstead SM, Barnes TR, Speller JC. Akathisia: prevalence and associated dysphoria in an in-patient population with chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 164(2): 177-183, 1994.
72. [Deleted in proof.]
73. Morgenstern H, Glazer W. Identifying risk factors for tardive dyskinesia among long-term outpatients maintained with neuroleptic medications. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:723-733, 1993.
74. Ghaemi S, Goodwin F. Use of atypical antipsychotic agents in bipolar and schizo-affective disorders: review of the empirical literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol 19: 354-361, 1999.
75. Lemmens P, Brecher M, Van Baelen B. A combined analysis of double-blind studies with risperidone vs. placebo and other antipsychotic agents: factors associated with extrapyramidal symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 99(3):160-170, 1999.
76. Tollefson GD, et al. Blind, controlled, long-term study of the comparative incidence of treatment-emergent tardive dyskinesia with olanzapine or haloperidol. Am J Psychiatry 154(9):1248-1254, 1997.
77. Fleischhacker WW, Roth SD, Kane JM. The pharmacologic treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 10(1):12-21, 1990.
78. Sachdev P, Kruk J. Restlessness: the anatomy of a neuropsychiatric symptom. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 30(1):38-53, 1996.
79. Van Putten T, May PR, Marder SR. Akathisia with haloperidol and thiothixene. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41(11):1036-1039, 1984.
80. Van Putten T, Mutalipassi LR, Malkin MD. Phenothiazine-induced decompensation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 30(1):102-105, 1974.
81. Brown T. Clozapine for drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 341:456, 1999.
82. Claghorn J, et al. The risks and benefits of clozapine versus chlorpromazine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 7:377-384, 1987.
83. Cohen BM, et al. Prevalence and severity of akathisia in patients on clozapine. Biol Psychiatry 29:1215-1219, 1991.
84. Miller CH, et al. The prevalence of acute extrapyramidal signs and symptoms in patients treated with clozapine, risperidone, and conventional antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 59(2):69-75, 1998.
85. Tran PV, et al. Extrapyramidal symptoms and tolerability of olanzapine versus haloperidol in the acute treatment of schizophrenia [published erratum appears in J Clin Psychiatry 58(6):275, 1997]. J Clin Psychiatry 58(5):205-211, 1997.
86. Tollefson GD, et al. Olanzapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective and schizophreniform disorders: results of an international collaboration. Am J Psychiatry 154:457-465, 1997.
87. Sachdev P. The epidemiology of drug-induced akathisia: Part I. Acute akathisia. Schizophr Bull 21(3):431-449, 1995.
88. Spivak B, et al. Clozapine treatment for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism, and chronic akathisia in schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychiatry58(7):318-322, 1997.
89. Levine K, Chengappa K. Second thoughts about clozapine as a treatment for neuroleptic-induced akathisia (letter). Am J Psychiatry 59:195, 1998.
90. Sachdev P, Loneragan C. Reported association of akathisia with suicide. J Nerv Ment Dis 180(5):339, 1992.
91. Caley CF. Extrapyramidal reactions and the selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 31(12):1481-1489, 1997.
92. Leo R. Movement disorders associated with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry 57:449-454, 1996.
93. Grant SM, Faulds D. Oxcarbazepine. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia and affective disorders. Drugs 43(6): 873-888, 1992.
94. Arana GW. An overview of side effects caused by typical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 2000. 61(suppl 8(2)):5-11, 12-13, 2000.
95. Guberman AH, et al. Lamotrigine-associated rash: risk/benefit considerations in adults and children. Epilepsia 40:985-991, 1999.
96. Messenheimer JA. The incidence of AED-related Stevens Johnson syndrome in the German registry of severe cutaneous reactions. (Abstr.) Annual meeting of the American Epilepsy Society, Dec. 3-6, 2000, Philadelphia.
97. Wilson D, et al. Glucose intolerance with atypical antipsychotics (abstr). In Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2000.
98. Osser DN, Najarian DM, Dufresne RL. Olanzapine increases weight and serum triglyceride levels. J Clin Psychiatry 60(11):767-770, 1999.
99. Liebzeit KA, Markowitz JS, Caley CF. New onset diabetes and atypical antipsychotics. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 11(1):25-32, 2001.
100. Lindenmayer JP, Patel R. Olanzapine-induced ketoacidosis with diabetes mellitus. Am J Psychiatry 156(9):1471, 1999.
101. Gatta B, Rigalleau V, Gin H. Diabetic ketoacidosis with olanzapine treatment. Diabetes Care 22(6):1002-1003, 1999.
102. Goldstein LE, et al. New-onset diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis associated with olanzapine treatment. Psychosomatics 40(5):438-443, 1999.
103. Conley RR. Risperidone side effects. J Clin Psychiatry 61(suppl 8(3)):20-23, 2425, 2000.
104. O’Connor JC, et al. Role of prolactin in chloro-S-triazine rat mammary tumorigene-sis. Drug Chem Toxicol 23(4):575-601, 2000.
105. Klibanski A, Greenspan SL. Increase in bone mass after treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 315(9):542-546, 1986.
106. Frye MA, et al. Association between lower serum free T4 and greater mood instability and depression in lithium-maintained bipolar patients. Am J Psychiatry 156(12): 1909-1914, 1999.
107. Frye MA, et al. The increasing use of polypharmacotherapy for refractory mood disorders: 22 years of study. J Clin Psychiatry 61(1):9-15, 2000.
108. Pinel P. A Treatise on Insanity. Birmingham: Classics of Medicine, 1983.
109. Cohn JB, et al. A comparison of fluoxetine, imipramine and placebo in patients with bipolar depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 4:313-314, 1989.
110. Sachs GS, et al. A double-blind trial of bupropion versus desiprimine for bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 55:391-393, 1994.
111. Nemeroff CB, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of imipramine and paroxetine in the treatment of bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 158:906-912, 2001.
112. Amsterdam J, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in treating bipolar II major depressive episode. J Clin Psychopharmacol 18:435-440, 1998.
113. Young L, et al. Double-blind comparison of addition of a second mood stabilizer versus an antidepressant to an initial mood stabilizer for treatment of patients with bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 157:124-126, 2000.
114. Amsterdam JD, Garcia-Espana F. Venlafaxine monotherapy in women with bipolar II and unipolar major depression. J Affect Disord 59:225-229, 2000.
115. Prien RF, Klett CJ, Caffey EM. Lithium carbonate and imipramine in prevention of affective episodes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 29:420-425, 1973.
116. Quitkin FM, et al. Prophylactic lithium carbonate with and without imipramine for bipolar 1 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38:902-907, 1981.
117. Kane JM, et al. Lithium carbonate and imipramine in the prophylaxis of unipolar and bipolar II illness: a prospective, placebo-controlled comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39(9):1065-1069, 1982.
118. Prien RF, et al. Drug therapy in the prevention of recurrences in unipolar and bipolar affective disorders: a report of the NIMH Collaborative Study Group comparing lithium carbonate, imipramine, and a lithium carbonate-imipramine combination. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:1096-1104, 1984.
119. Amsterdam J. Efficacy and safety of venlafaxine in the treatment of bipolar II major depressive episode. J Clin Psychopharmacol 18:414-417, 1998.
120. Ghaemi SN. Bipolar disorder and antidepressants: an ongoing controversy. Primary Psychiatry 8(2):28-34, 2001.