Halo observations provide evidence of airborne cubic ice in the earth’s atmosphere

Applied Optics

Volumn 39, Issue 33, 2000, Pages 6080-6085

  Riikonen, Marko ^a   Sillanpää, Mika ^b   Virta, Leena ^a   Sullivan, Daniel ^a   Moilanen, Jarmo ^a   Luukkonen, Ismo ^a  

^a Tahtitieteellinen yhdistys Ursa ry   (Finland)

^b AALTO UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS; EARTH (PLANET); ICE;

HALO OBSERVATIONS;

ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS;

EID: 0013285505     PISSN: 1559128X     EISSN: 21553165     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.39.006080     Document Type: Article

References (16)

1. W. Tape, Atmospheric Halos, Vol. 64 of Antarctic Research Series, (American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C, 1994).
2. M. Pekkola, M. Riikonen, J. Ruoskanen, and J. Moilanen, “Halo arcs from airborne, pyramidal ice crystals falling with their c axes in vertical orientation,” Appl. Opt. 37, 1435-1440 (1998).
3. M. Sillanpaa, J. Moilanen, M. Pekkola, M. Penttinen, and J. Piikki, “Unusual pyramidal ice in the atmosphere as the origin of elliptical halos,” Appl. Opt. 38, 5089-5095 (1999).
4. E. Whalley, “Scheiner’s halo: evidence for ice Ic in the atmosphere,” Science 211, 389-390 (1981).
5. E. Whalley, “Cubic ice in nature,” J. Phys. Chem. 87, 4174-4179 (1983).
6. A. J. Weinheimer and C. A. Knight, “Scheiner’s halo: cubic ice or polycrystalline hexagonal ice?,” J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 3304-3308 (1987).
7. N. Sato and K. Kikuchi, “Crystal structure of typical snow crystals of low temperature type,” J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 60, 521-528 (1989).
8. R. P. Turco, “Noctilucent clouds: simulation studies of their genesis, properties and global influences,” Planet. Space Sci. 30, 1147-1191 (1982).
9. E. Mayer and A. Hallbrucker, “Cubic ice from liquid water,” Nature (London) 325, 601-602 (1987).
10. P. V. Hobbs, Ice physics (Clarendon, Oxford, 1974).
11. G. P. Arnold, E. D. Finch, S. W. Rabideau, and R. G. Wenzel, “Neutron-diffraction study of ice polymorphs, III. Ice Ic,” J. Chem. Phys. 49, 4365-4369 (1968).
12. M. Kurnai, “Hexagonal and cubic ice at low temperatures,” J. Glaciol. 7, 95-108 (1968).
13. F. Pattloch and E. Trankle, “Monte Carlo simulation and analysis of halo phenomena,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1, 520-526 (1984).
14. S. D. Gedzelman, “Simulating rainbows and halos in color,” Appl. Opt. 33, 4607-4613 (1994).
15. J. Moilanen, “New halo in Northern Finland,” Weather 53, 241-243 (1998).
16. C. Magono, S. Fujita, and T. Taniguchi, “Unusual type of single ice crystals originating from frozen cloud droplets,” J. Atmos. Sci. 36, 2495-2501 (1979).