Antithrombotic therapy in children

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 56-64

  Streif, Werner ^b   Mitchell, Lesley G ^b   Andrew, Maureen ^a  

^a HAMILTON HEALTH SCIENCES   (Canada)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACENOCOUMAROL; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBIN; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ASPARAGINASE; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10A; DANAPAROID; DIPYRIDAMOLE; ENOXAPARIN; FIBRINOGEN; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; PHENPROCOUMON; PLASMINOGEN; PROTAMINE SULFATE; PROTEIN C; REVIPARIN; STREPTOKINASE; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; UROKINASE; VITAMIN K GROUP; WARFARIN;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; AGE; ALLERGIC REACTION; ALOPECIA; ANTITHROMBIN DEFICIENCY; BLEEDING; BONE DENSITY; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNIT; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MENINGOCOCCOSIS; META ANALYSIS; MUCOCUTANEOUS LYMPH NODE SYNDROME; NEWBORN; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; OSTEOPOROSIS; PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN C DEFICIENCY; PROTHROMBIN TIME; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; REVIEW; REYE SYNDROME; SUBCUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ANTICOAGULANTS; CHILD; HEPARIN, LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; HUMANS; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 0013147567     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008480-199902000-00011     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Andrew M: Acquired Disorders in Children. In Hematology: of Infancy and Childhood, edn 5. Edited by Nathan DG, Oski FA. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1996.
2. Hirsh J, Dalen J, Warkentin T, Deykin D, Poller L, Raschke R: Heparin: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy and safety. Chest 1995, 108(suppl):258S-275S.
3. Andrew M, Ofosu F, Schmidt B, Brooker L, Hirsh J, Buchanan M: Heparin clearance and ex vivo recovery in newborn piglets and adult pigs. Thromb Res 1988, 52:517-527.
4. Schmidt B, Ofosu F, Mitchell L, Brooker L, Andrew M: Anticoagulant effects of heparin in neonatal plasma. Pediatr Res 1989, 25:405-408.
5. Andrew M, Paes B, Milner R, Johnston M, Mitchell L, Tollefsen D, Powers P: Development of the human coagulation system in the full-term infant. Blood 1987, 70:165-172.
6. Andrew M, Pass B, Johnston M: Development of the hemostatic system in the neonate and young infant. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1990, 12:95-104.
7. Andrew M, Pass B, Milner R, Johnston M, Mitchell L, Tollefsen D, et al.: Development of the human coagulation system in the healthy premature infant. Blood 1988, 72:1651-1657.
8. Andrew M, Vegh P, Johnston M, Bowker J, Ofosu F, Mitchell L: Maturation of the hemostatic system during childhood. Blood 1992, 80:1998-2005.
9. Nowak-Gottl U, Kuhn N, Wolff JEA, Boos J, Kehrel B, Rath B: Inhibition of hypercoagulation by antithrombin substitution in E coli L-asparaginase treated children. Eur J Haematol 1996, 56:35-38.
10. Jones GL, Hebert D: Pulmonary thrombo-embolism in the nephrotic syndrome. Padiatr Nephrol 1991, 5:56-58.
11. Dantal H, Bigor E, Bogers W: Effect of plasma protein absorption on protein excretion in kidney-transplant recipients with recurrent nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1994, 330:7-14.
12. Cameron JS, Ogg CS, Ellis FG, Salmon MA: Femoral artery thormbosis and intermittent claudication in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Arch Dis Child 1971, 46:215-216.
13. Cruickshank M, Levine M, Hirsh J, Roberts R, Siguenza M: A standard heparin nomogram for the management of heparin therapy. Arch Intern Med 1991, 151:333-337.
14. Andrew M, Marzinotto V, Blanchette V, Ginsberg J, Burrows P, Benson L, et al.: Heparin therapy in pediatric patients: a prospective cohort study. Pediatr Res 1994, 35:78-83.
15. Michelson AD, Bovill E, Andrew M: Antithrombotic therapy in children. Chest 1995, 108(suppl):506S-522S.
16. Gallus A, Jackaman J, Tillett J, Mills W, Wycherley A: Safety and efficacy of warfarin started early after submassive venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1986, 2:1293-1296.
17. Hull R, Raskob G, Rosenbloom D: Heparin for 5 days as compared with 10 days in the initial treatment of proximal venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:1260-1264.
18. Hirsh J: Heparin. N Engl J Med 1991, 324(22):1565-1574.
19. Michelson AD, Bovill E, Andrew M: Antithrombotic therapy in children. Chest 1998, 114:1S-23S.
20. Murdoch I, Beattie R, Silver D: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in children. Acta Paediatr 1993, 82:495-497.
21. Spadone D, Clark F, James E, Laster J, Hoch J, Silver D: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the newborn. J Vasc Surg 1992, 15:306-311.
22. Mocan H, Beattie T, Murphy A: Renal venous thrombosis in infancy: long-term follow-up. Pediatr Nephrol 1991, 5:45-49.
23. Andrew M, Deveber G: Pediatric Thrombembolism and Stroke Protocols. Hamilton: B.C. Decker Inc.; 1997.
24. Melissari E, Parker CJ, Wilson NV, Monte G, Kanthou C, Pemberton KD, et al.: Use of low molecular weight heparin in pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 1992, 68:652-656.
25. Allen BT, Day DL, Dehner LP: CT demonstration of asymptomatic pulmonary emboli after bone marrow transplantation: case report. Pediatr Radiol 1987, 17:65-67.
26. Murphy M: Heparin therapy and bone fractures. Lancet 1992, 340:1098.
27. Sackler JP: Heparin induced osteoporosis. Br J Radiol 1973, 46:548-550.
28. Schuster J, Meier-Ruge W, Egli F: Pathology of osteopathy following heparin therapy. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1969, 94:2334-2338.
29. Bratt G, Tornebohm E, Lockner D, Bergstrom K: A human pharmacological study comparing conventional heparin and a low molecular weight heparin fragment. Thromb Haemost 1988, 53:208-211.
30. Borm J, Krediet R, Sturk A, Ten Cate J: Heparin versus low molecular weight heparin K2165 in chronic hemodialysis patients: A randomized cross-over study. Hemost 1986, 16:59-68.
31. Matzsch T, Bergquist D, Fredin H, Hedner U: Safety and efficacy of a low molecular weight heparin (Logiparin) versus dextran as prophylaxis against thrombosis after total hip replacement. Acta Chir Scand 1988, Suppl 543:80-84.
32. Hirsh J, Levine M: Low molecular weight heparin. Blood 1992, 79:1-17.
33. McDonald MM, Hathaway WE: Anticoagulant therapy by continuous heparinization in newborn and older infants. J Pediatr 1982, 101:451-457.
34. Boneu B, Buchanan MR, Caranobe C, Gabaig AM, Dupouy D, Sie P, Hirsh J: The disappearance of a low molecular weight heparin fraction (CY216) differs from standard heparin in rabbits. Thromb Res 1987, 46:845-853.
35. Andersson L, Barrowcliffe T, Holmer E, Johnson E, Sims G: Anticoagulant properties of heparin fractionated by affinity chromatography on matrix-bound antithrombin III and by gel filtration. Thromb Res 1976, 9:575-583.
36. Johnson E, Kirkwood T, Stirling Y, Perez-Requejo J, Ingram G, Bangham D, Brozovic M: Four heparin preparations: anti-Xa potentiating effects of heparin after subcutaneous injection. Thromb Haemost 1976, 35:586-591.
37. Bergqvist D, Hedner U, Sjorin E, Holmer E: Anticoagulant effects of two types of low molecular weight heparin administered subcutaneously. Thromb Res 1983, 32:381-391.
38. Ofosu FA: In vitro and ex-vivo activities of CY216: comparison with other low molecular weight heparins. Haemostasis 1990, 20(suppl 1):180-192.
39. Massicotte P, Adams M, Marzinotto V, Brooker L, Andrew M: Low molecular weight heparin in pediatric patients with thrombotic disease: A dose finding study. J Pediatr 1996, 128:313-318.
40. Nuss R, Hays T, Chudgar U, Manco-Johnson M: Antiphospholipid antibodies and coagulation regulatory protein abnormalities in children with pulmonary embolism. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1997, 19:202-207.
41. Massicotte MP, Adams M, Leaker M, Andrew M: A nomogram to establish therapeutic levels of the low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), clivarine in children requiring treatment for venous thromboembolism (VTE) (abstract). Thromb Haemost 1997, (suppl):282.
42. Monagle P, Andrew M, Halton J, Marlar R, Jardine L, Vegh P, et al.: Homozygous protein C deficiency: description of a new mutation and successful treatment with low molecular weight heparin. Thromb Haemost 1998, 79:756-761.
43. Van Ryn-Mckenna J, Cai L, Ofosu F, Hirsh J, Buchanan M: Neutralization of enoxapanne induced bleeding by protamine sulfate. Thromb Haemost 1990, 63:271-274.
44. Spadone D: Heparin induced thrombocytopenia in the newborn. J Vasc Surg 1996, 15:306-312.
45. Magnani HN: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT); an overview of 230 patients treated with Orgaran (Org 10172). Thromb Haemost 1993, 70:554-561.
46. Hurley M: Structural determinants of the capacity of heparin to inhibit collagen synthesis in 21 day fetal rat calvarie. J Bone Miner Res 1990:1127-1133.
47. Shaughnessy SG, Young E, Deschamps P, Hirsh J: The effects of low molecular weight and standard heparin on calcium loss from fetal rat calvaria. Blood 1995, 86:1368-1373.
48. Thompson RC: Heparin osteoporosis: an experimental model using rats. J Bone Joint Surg 1973, 55:606-612.
49. Bhandari M, Hirsh J, Weitz JI, Young E, Venner TJ, Shaughnessy SG: The effects of standard and low molecular weight heparin on bone nodule formation in vitro. Thromb Heamost 1998, 80:413-417.
50. Engelhardt W, Cousin K, Esser A, Von Bernuth G: Kapillare Bestimmung des INR (Quick)-Wertes bei Kindem und Jugendlichen mit und ohne Phenprocoumon-Therapie-Eine Validisierungsstudie. In Anikoagulation bei Thrombosen im Kindersalter. Edited by Sutor AH. Stuttgart-New York: Schattauer; 1997.
51. Sutor AH: Oral anticoagulation in children. Semin Thromb Hemost 1998, in press.
52. Hathaway W, Corrigan J: Report of scientific and standardization subcommittee on neonatal hemostasis. Thromb Haemost 1991, 65:323-325.
53. Corrigan J: Normal hemostasis in Fetus and Newborn: Coagulation. In Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. Edited by Polin R, Fox W. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1992:1368-1371.
54. Hathaway WE, Bonnar J: Hemostatic disorders of the pregnant woman and newborn infant. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Company; 1987.
55. Poller L: Progress in standardization anticoagulation control. Hematol Rev 1987, 1:225-241.
56. Poller L: Laboratory control of oral anticoagulants. BMJ 1987, 294:1184.
57. International Committee For Standardization In Haematology. International Committee On Thrombosis And Haemostasis: Recommendations for reporting prothrombin time in oral anticoagulant control. Thromb Haemost 1985, 53:155-156.
58. Andrew M, David M, Adams M, Ali K, Anderson R, Barnard D, et al.: Venous thromboembolic complications (VTE) in children: first analyses of the Canadian Registry of VTE. Blood 1994, 83:1251-1257.
59. Gugliotta L, D'Angelo A, Mattioli Belmonte M, Vigano-D'Angelo S, Colombo G, Catani L, et al.: Hypercoagulability during L-asparaginase treatment: the effect of antithrombin III supplementation in vivo. Br J Haematol 1990, 74:465-470.
60. Andrew M, Marzinotto V, Pencharz P, Zlotkin S, Burrows P, Ingram J, et al.: A cross-sectional study of catheter-related thrombosis in children receiving total parenteral nutrition at home. J Pediatr 1995, 126:358-363.
61. Kawamata T, Taksehita M, Kubo O, Izawa M, Kagawa M, Takakura K: Management of intracranial hemorrhage associated with anticoagulant therapy. Surg Neurol 1995, 44:438-443.
62. Andrew M, Marzinotto V, Brooker L, Adams M, Ginsberg J, Freedom R, Williams W: Oral anticoagulant therapy in pediatric patients: A prospective study. Thromb Haemost 1994, 71:265-269.
63. Aballi A, De Lamerens S: Coagulation changes in the neonatal period and in early infancy. Pediatr Clin North Am 1962, 9:785-817.
64. 1 in mothers and their newborn babies. Lancet 1982, 2:460-463.
65. 2 (menaquinone) status in newborns during the first week of life. Pediatrics 1988, 81:137-140.
66. 1) in human milk, cow's milk, and infant formula foods determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Nutr 1982, 112:1105-1117.
67. 1 supplements given to the mother. Pediatr Res 1987, 22:513-517.
68. Widdershoven J, Kollee L, Van Munster P, Bosman Am, Monnens L: Biochemical vitamin K deficiency in early infancy: diagnostic limitation of conventional coagulation tests. Helv Paediatr Acta 1986, 41:195-201.
69. Von Kries R, Stannigel H, Gobel U: Anticoagulant therapy by continuous heparin-antithrombin III infusion in newborns with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Eur J Pediatr 1985, 114:191-194.
70. Stewart S, Cianciotta D, Alexson C, Manning J: The long-term risk of warfarin sodium therapy and the incidence of thromboembolism in children after prosthetic cardiac valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987, 93:551-554.
71. Rao S, Solymar L, Mardini M, Fawzy M, Guinn G: Anticoagulant therapy in children with prosthetic valves. Ann Thorac Surg 1989, 47:589-592.
72. Harada Y, Imai Y, Kurosawa H, Ishihara K, Kawada M, Fukuchi S: Ten-year follow-up after valve replacement with the St. Jude Medical prosthesis in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990, 100:175-180.
73. Woods A, Vargas J, Berri G, Kreutzer G, Meschengisser S, Lazzari MA: Antithrombotic therapy in children and adolescents. Thromb Res 1986, 42:289-301.
74. Hooshang T, Capitanio M: Tracheobronchial calcification: An observation in three children after mitral valve replacement and warfarin sodium therapy. Radiology 1990, 176:728-730.
75. Corrigan J, Sluth J, Jeter M, Lox C: Newborn's fibrinolytic mechanism: Components and plasmin generation. Am J Hematol 1989, 32:273-278.
76. Andrew M, Brooker L, Paes B, Weitz J: Fibrin clot lysis by thrombolytic agents is impaired in newborns due to a low plasminogen concentration. Thromb Haemost 1992, 68:325-330.
77. Leaker M, Superina R, Andrew M: Fibrin clot lysis by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is impaired in plasma from pediatric liver transplant patients. Transplantation 1995, 60:144-147.
78. Leaker M, Brooker L, Ofosu K, Paes B, Weitz J, Andrew M: Anisoylated streptokinase-plasminogen activator complex offers no advantage over streptokinase for fibrin clot lysis in cord plasma. 1998, submitted.
79. Leaker M, Massicotte MP, Brooker L, Andrew M: Thrombolytic therapy in pediatric patients: a comprehensive review of the literature. Thromb Haemost 1996, 76:132-134.
80. Monagle P, Phelan E, Downie P, Andrew M: Local thrombolytic therapy in children (abstract). Thromb Haemost 1997:504.
81. Bovill E, Becker R, Tracy R: Monitoring thrombolytic therapy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1992, 34:279-294.
82. Sobel B, Nachowiak D, Fry E, Bergmann S, Torr S: Paradoxical attenuation of fibrinolysis attributable to "plasminogen steal" and its implications for coronary thrombosis. Coron Artery Dis 1990, 1:111-119.
83. Zenz W, Arlt F, Sodia S, Berghold A: Intracerebral hemorrhage during fibrinolytic therapy in children: a review of the literature of the last thirty years. Semin Thromb Haemost 1997, 23:321-332.
84. Hall S: Reye's syndrome and aspirin: a review. London: Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre; 1990. Br J Clin Pract 1990, 70(suppl):4-11.
85. Freed M, Rosenthal A, Fyler D: Attempts to reduce arterial thrombosis after cardiac catheterization in children: use of percutaneous technique and aspirin. Am Heart J 1974, 87:283-286.
86. Alho A, Stangeland L, Rottingen J, Wiig JN: Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism by aspirin: warfarin and heparin in patients with hip fracture. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1984, 73:225-228.
87. Collins R, Pedo R, Baigent C, Sleight P: Aspirin, heparin, and fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:847-860.
88. Koefoed BG, Feddersen C, Gullov AL, Petersen P: Effect of fixed minidose warfarin, conventional dose warfarin and aspirin on INR and prothrombin fragment 1+2 in patients with atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost 1997, 77:845-848.
89. Koren G, Rose, V, Lavi S, Rowe R: Probable efficacy of high-dose salicylates in reducing coronary involvement in Kawasaki disease. JAMA 1985, 254:767-769.
90. Nakamura Y, Yanagawa H, Ojima T, Kawasaki T, Kato H: Cardiac sequelae of Kawasaki disease among recurrent cases. Arch Dis Child 1998, 78:163-165.
91. Durongpisitkul K, Fururaj VJ, Park JM, Martin CF: The prevention of coronary artery aneurysm in Kawasaki disease: A meta-analysis on the efficacy of aspirin and immunoglobulin treatment. Pediatrics 1995, 96:1057-1061.
92. Hurwitz ES, Barrett MJ, Bregman D, Gunn WJ, Pinsky P, Schonberger LB, et al.: Public health service study of Reye's syndrome and medications: report of a main study. JAMA 1987, 257:1905-1911.
93. Schmidt B, Gillie P, Mitchell L, Andrew M, Caco C, Roberts R: A placebo-controlled randomized trial of antithrombin therapy in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med Mod 1998, 158:470-476.
94. Arul Gs, Sacks L, Wolf A, Gargan M, Spicer Rd: Protein-C concentrate for meningococcal purpura fulminans [letter]. Lancet 1998, 351:988-989.
95. Charlton R: Protein-C concentrate for meningococcal purpura fulminans [letter]. Lancet 1998, 351:987.
96. Kreuz W, Veldman A, Escuriola-Ettingshausen C, Schneider W, Beeg T: Protein-C concentrate for meningococcal purpura fulminans [letter]. Lancet 1998, 351:986-987.
97. Rintala E, Seppala Op, Kotilainen P, Pettila V, Rasi V: Protein C in the treatment of coagulopathy in meningococcal disease. Crit Care Med 1998, 26:965-968.
98. Korones DN, Buzzard CJ, Asselin BL, Harris JP: Right atrial thrombi in children with cancer and indwelling catheters. J Pediatr 1996, 128:841-846.
99. Mitchell L, Hoogendoorn H, Giles AR, Vegh P, Andrew M: Increased endogenous thrombin generation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: risk of thrombotic complications in L'Asparaginase-induced antithrombin III deficiency. Blood 1994, 83:386-391.
100. De Jonge E, Levi M, Stoutenbeek CP, Van Deventer SJ: Current drug treatment strategies for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Drugs 1998, 55:767-777.
101. Sutor AH, Engelhardt W, Mehraein S, Uhl M, Zurborn KH: Anikoagulation bei Thrombosen im Kindersalter. Edited by Sutor AH. Stuttgart-New York: Schattauer; 1997:319-326.