"It's always more difficult than you plan and imagine": Teachers' perceived difficulties in introducing the communicative approach in South Korea

TESOL Quarterly

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 677-703

  Li, Defeng ^a  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0013142487     PISSN: 00398322     EISSN: 15457249     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3588000     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Abbot, G. (1987). Introducing communicative activities gently to reluctant teachers. English Teaching Forum, 25(3), 48-49.
2. Anderson, J. (1993). Is a communicative approach practical for teaching English in China? Pros and cons. System, 21, 471-480.
3. Bachman, L. F. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4. Bailey, M. B. (1992). The process of innovation in language teacher education: What, why and how teachers change. In J. Flowerdew, M. Brock, & S. Hsia (Eds.), Perspectives on second language teacher education (pp. 253-282). Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong.
5. Berg, B. L. (1989). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
6. Bhargava, R. (1986, April). Communicative language teaching: A case of much ado about nothing. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of the International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language, Brighton, England.
7. Bogdan, R., & Bilklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods. London: Allyn & Bacon.
8. Brindley, G., & Hood, S. (1990). Curriculum innovation in adult ESL. In G. Brindley (Ed.), The second language curriculum in action (pp. 232-248). Sydney, Australia: National Center for English Language Teaching and Research.
9. Burnaby, B., & Sun, Y. (1989). Chinese teachers' views of Western language teaching: Context informs paradigm. TESOL Quarterly, 23, 219-238.
10. Burns, A. (1996). Collaborative research and curriculum change in the Australian Migrant English Program. TESOL Quarterly, 30, 591-598.
11. Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical basis of communicative approaches to second language learning and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1, 1-47.
12. Celce-Murcia, M., Dörnyei, Z., & Thurrell, S. (1997). Direct approaches in L2 instruction: A turning point in communicative language teaching? TESOL Quarterly, 31, 141-152.
13. Chau, L., & Chung, C. (1987). Diploma in education graduates' attitude towards communicative language teaching. Chinese University Education Journal, 15(2), 45-51.
14. Chick, J. K. (1996). Safe-talk; Collusion in apartheid education. In H. Coleman (Ed.), Society and the language classroom (pp. 21-39). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Choi, C., Park, K., & Kim, C. (1986). On how to improve foreign language teaching. Seoul: Korean Educational Development Institute.
16. Cullen, R. (1994). Incorporating a language improvement component in teacher training programs. ELT Journal, 48, 162-172.
17. Daoud, M. (1996). English language development in Tunisia. TESOL Quarterly, 30, 598-605.
18. Deckert, G. (1987). The communicative approach: Helping students adjust. English Teaching Forum, 25(3), 17-20.
19. Denzin, N. K. (1989). Interpretive biography. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
20. Development Committee of the Sixth Curriculum for High School English. (1992). The report on the revision of the English curriculum for high school. Seoul, Korea: Author.
21. Dubin, F. (1995). The craft of materials writing. In P. Byrd (Ed.), Material writer's guide (pp. 64-78). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
22. Edge, J. (1996). Cross-cultural paradoxes in a profession of values. TESOL Quarterly, 30, 9-30.
23. Enright, D. S., & McCloskey, M. L. (1985). Yes, talking! Organizing the classroom to promote second language acquisition. TESOL Quarterly, 19, 431-453.
24. Ellis, G. (1994). The appropriateness of the communicative approach in Vietnam: An interview study in intercultural communication. Unpublished master's thesis, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.
25. Ellis, G. (1996). How culturally appropriate is the communicative approach? ELT Journal, 50, 213-218.
26. Finocchiaro, M., & Brumfit, C. (1983). The functional-notional approach: From theory to practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
27. Fotos, S. S. (1994). Integrating grammar instruction and communicative language use through grammar consciousness-raising tasks. TESOL Quarterly, 28, 323-351.
28. Fotos, S. S., & Ellis, R. (1991). Communicating about grammar: A task-based approach. TESOL Quarterly, 25, 605-628.
29. Freeman, D., & Cazden, C. B. (1990). Learning to talk like a professional: Some pragmatics of foreign language teacher training. Pragmatics and Language Learning, 2, 225-245.
30. Frymier, J. (1987). Bureaucracy and the neutering of teachers. Phi Delta Kappan, 69, 9-14.
31. Fullan, M. (1993). Change forces: Probing the depths of educational reform. London: Falmer Press.
32. Goetz, J. P., & LeCompte, M. D. (1984). Ethnography and qualitative design in educational research. New York: Academic Press.
33. Gonzalez, A. (1985). Communicative language teaching in the rural areas: How does one make the irrelevant relevant? In B. K. Das (Ed.), Communicative language teaching (pp. 84-105). Singapore: Singapore University Press.
34. Harvey, P. (1985). A lesson to be learned: Chinese approaches to language learning. ELT Journal, 39, 183-186.
35. Holliday, A. (1994). Appropriate methodology and social context. New York: Cambridge University Press.
36. Johnson, K. E. (1994). The emerging beliefs and instructional practices of pre-service English as a second language teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 10, 439-452.
37. Kelly, P. (1980). From innovation to adaptability: The changing perspective of curriculum development. In M. Galton (Ed.), Curriculum change: The lessons of a decade (pp. 65-80). Leicester, England: Leicester University Press.
38. Kennedy, C. (1988). Evaluation of the management of change in ELT projects. Applied Linguistics, 9, 329-342.
39. Kirkpatrick, T. A. (1984). The role of communicative language teaching in secondary schools: With special reference to teaching in Singapore. In B. K. Das (Ed.), Communicative language teaching (pp. 171-191). Singapore: Singapore University Press.
40. Larsen-Freeman, D. (1986). Techniques and principles in language teaching. New York: Oxford University Press.
41. Li, X. J. (1984). In defense of the communicative approach. ELT Journal, 38, 2-13.
42. Lightbown, P. (1991). Input, instruction, and feedback in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 7, ii-iv.
43. Lightbown, P., & Spada, N. (1990). Focus-on-form and corrective feedback in communicative language teaching: Effects in second language learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 12, 429-448.
44. Lincoln, Y. S., & Cuba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
45. Littlewood, W. T. (1984). Integrating the new and the old in a communicative approach. In B. K. Das (Ed.), Communicative language teaching (pp. 1-13). Singapore: Singapore University Press.
46. Lee, C. (1990). Korean high school seniors' oral and literate comprehension and production skills in English. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Boston.
47. Long, M., & Crookes, G. (1992). Three approaches to task-based syllabus design. TESOL Quarterly, 26, 27-56.
48. Markee, N. (1997). Managing curricular innovation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
49. McGroarty, M. (1984). Some meanings of communicative competence for second language students. TESOL Quarterly, 18, 257-272.
50. Murdoch, G. (1994). Language development provision in teacher training curricula. ELT Journal, 48, 253-265.
51. North, B. (1997). Perspectives on language proficiency and aspects of competence. Language Teaching, 30(2), 93-100.
52. Nunan, D. (1991). Communicative tasks and the language curriculum. TESOL Quarterly, 25, 279-295.
53. Penner, J. (1995). Change and conflict: Introduction of the communicative approach in China. TESL Canada Journal, 12(2), 1-17.
54. Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
55. Powney, J., & Watts, M. (1987). Interviewing in educational research. London: Routledge.
56. Prabhu, N. S. (1987). Second language pedagogy. Oxford: Oxford University Press
57. Price, R. F. (1988). The politics of contemporary educational reform in China. In E. B. Gumbert (Ed.), Making the future: Politics and educational reform in the United States, England, the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba (pp. 99-114). Atlanta: Georgia State University.
58. Reid, J. M. (1995). Developing ESL writing materials for publication or writing as a learning experience. In P. Byrd (Ed.), Material writer's guide (pp. 64-78). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
59. Richards, J. C., & Lockhart, C. (1994). Reflective teaching in second language classrooms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
60. Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. (1986). Approaches and methods in language leaching: A description and analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
61. Sampson, G. P. (1984). Exporting language teaching methods from Canada to China. TESL Canada Journal, 1(1), 19-32.
62. Sampson, G. P. (1990). Teaching English literacy using Chinese strategies. TESL Talk, 20(1), 126-138.
63. Sano, M., Takahashi, M., & Yoneyama, A. (1984). Communicative language teaching and local needs. ELT Journal, 38, 170-177.
64. Savignon, S. (1983). Communicative competence: Theory and classroom practice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
65. Savignon, S. (1991). Communicative language teaching: State of the art. TESOL Quarterly, 25, 261-277.
66. Savignon, S., & Berns, M. (1984). Initiatives in communicative language teaching: A book of readings. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
67. Schachter, J. (1991). Corrective feedback in historical perspective. Second Language Research, 7, 89-102.
68. Schōn, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. London: Temple Smith.
69. Shamin, F. (1996). Learner resistance to innovation in classroom methodology. In H. Coleman (Ed.), Society and the language classroom (pp. 105-121). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. South Korean Ministry of Education. (1992a). The sixth curriculum for high schools. Seoul, Korea: Author.
71. South Korean Ministry of Education. (1992b). The sixth curriculum for middle schools. Seoul, Korea: Author.
72. Taylor, B. P. (1983). Teaching ESL: Incorporating a communicative, student-centred component. TESOL Quarterly, 17, 69-88.
73. Tilleman, H. H. (1994). Training and professional expertise: Bridging the gap between new information and pre-existing beliefs of teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 10, 601-615.
74. Ting, Y. R. (1987). Foreign language teaching in China: Problems and perspectives. Canadian and International Education, 16, 48-61.
75. Tomlinson, B. (1990). Managing change in Indonesian high schools. ELT Journal, 44, 25-37.
76. Tompson, G. (1996). Some misconceptions about communicative language teaching. ELT Journal, 50, 9-15.
77. Valdes, A. I., & Jhones, A. C. (1991). Introduction of communicative language teaching in tourism in Cuba. TESL Canada Journal, 8(2), 57-63.
78. White, R. V. (1987). Managing innovation. ELT Journal, 41, 211-218.
79. Widdowson, H. G. (1990). Aspects of language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
80. Widdowson, H. G. (1996). Authenticity and autonomy in ELT. ELT Journal, 50, 67-68.
81. Wilkins, D. A. (1972). The linguistic and situational content of the common core in a unit/ credit system. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.