Structure and functions of inhibitory and excitatory glycine receptors

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 868, Issue , 1999, Pages 667-676

  Betz, Heinrich ^b   Kuhse, Jochen ^a   Schmieden, Volker ^c   Laube, Bodo ^a   Kirsch, Joachim ^d   Harvey, Robert J ^e  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BRAIN RESEARCH   (Germany)

^b Department of Neurochemistry   (Germany)

^c CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ULM   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHLORIDE CHANNEL; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID RECEPTOR; GEPHYRIN; GLYCINE RECEPTOR; ISOPROTEIN; RECEPTOR SUBUNIT; ZINC ION;

ALPHA CHAIN; BETA CHAIN; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHANNEL GATING; CONFERENCE PAPER; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MOUSE; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; SITE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS;

STRYCHNOS TOXIFERA;

EID: 0012118448     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb11343.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (81)

1. Aprison, M.H. 1990. The discovery of the neurotransmitter role of glycine. In Glycine Neurotransmission. O.P. Ottersen & J. Storm-Mathiesen, Eds.: 1-23. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
2. Becker, C.-M. 1992. Convulsants acting at the inhibitory glycine receptor. In Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 102. H. Herken & F. Hucho, Eds.: 539-575. Springer Verlag. Berlin-Heidelberg.
3. Boehm, S., R.J. Harvey, A. Von Holst, H. Rohrer & H. Betz. 1997. Glycine receptors in cultured chick sympathetic neurons are excitatory and trigger neurotransmitter release. J. Physiol. 504: 683-694.
4. Reichling, D.B., A. Kyrozis, J. Wang & A.B. MacDermott. 1994. Mechanisms of GABA and glycine depolarization-induced calcium transients in rat dorsal horn neurons. J. Physiol. 476: 411-421.
5. 2+ transients in embryonic rat dorsal horn neurons in culture. Eur. J. Neurosci, 6: 1275-1280.
6. Flint, A.C., X. Liu & A.R. Kriegstein. 1998. Nonsynaptic glycine receptor activation during early neocortical development. Neuron 20: 43-53.
7. Becker, C.-M., I. Hermans-Borgmeyer, B. Schmitt & H. Betz. 1986. The glycine receptor deficiency of the mutant mouse spastic: Evidence for normal glycine receptor structure and localization. J. Neurosci. 6: 1358-1364.
8. Graham, D., F. Pfeiffer & H. Betz. 1983. Photoaffinity-labelling of the glycine receptor of rat spinal cord. Eur. J. Biochem. 131: 519-525.
9. Pfeiffer, F., D. Graham & H. Betz. 1982. Purification by affinity chromatography of the glycine receptor of rat spinal cord. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 9389-9393.
10. Schmitt, B., P. Knaus, C.-M. Becker & H. Betz. 1987. The Mr 93,000 polypeptide of the postsynaptic glycine receptor complex is a peripheral membrane protein. Biochemistry 26: 805-811.
11. Prior, P., B. Schmitt, G. Grenningloh, I. Pribilla, G. Multhaup, K. Beyreuther, Y. Maulet, P. Werner, D. Langosch, J. Kirsch & H. Betz. 1992. Primary structure and alternative splice variants of gephyrin, a putative glycine receptor-tubulin linker protein. Neuron 8: 1161-1170.
12. Grenningloh, G., A. Rienitz, B. Schmitt, C. Methfessel, M. Zensen, K. Beyreuther, E.D. Gundelfinger & H. Betz. 1987. The strychnine-binding subunit of the glycine receptor shows homology with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nature 328: 215-220.
13. Grenningloh, G., I. Pribilla, P. Prior, G. Multhaup, K. Beyreuther, O. Taleb & H. Betz. 1990. Cloning and expression of the 58 kd β subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor. Neuron 4: 963-970.
14. Betz, H. 1990. Ligand-gated ion channels in the brain: The amino acid receptor superfamily. Neuron 5: 383-392.
15. Langosch, D., L. Thomas & H. Betz. 1988. Conserved quaternary structure of ligand gated ion channels: The postsynaptic glycine receptor is a pentamer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 7394-7398.
16. Kuhse, H., B. Laube, D. Magalei & H. Betz. 1993. Assembly of the inhibitory glycine receptor: Identification of amino-acid sequence motifs governing subunit stoichiometry. Neuron 11: 1049-1056.
17. Becker, C.M., W. Hoch & H. Betz. 1988. Glycine receptor heterogeneity in rat spinal cord during postnatal development. EMBO J. 7: 3717-3726.
18. Akagi, H. & R. Miledi. 1988. Heterogeneity of glycine receptors and their messenger RNAs in rat brain and spinal cord. Science 242: 270-273.
19. Akagi, H., K. Hirai & F. Hishinuma. 1991. Cloning of a glycine receptor subtype expressed in rat brain and spinal cord during a specific period of neuronal development. FEBS Lett. 281: 160-166.
20. Grenningloh, G., V. Schmieden, P.R. Schofield, P.H. Seeburg, T. Siddique, T.K. Mohandas, C.-M. Becker & H. Betz. 1990. Alpha subunit variants of the human glycine receptor: Primary structures, functional expression and chromosomal localisation of the corresponding genes. EMBO J. 9: 771-776.
21. Kuhse, J., V. Schmieden & H. Betz. 1990. Identification and functional expression of a novel ligand binding subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 22317-22320.
22. Kuhse, J., A. Kuryatov, Y. Maulet, M.L. Malosio, V. Schmieden & H. Betz. 1991. Alternative splicing generates two isoforms of the α2 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor. FEBS Lett. 283: 73-77.
23. Matzenbach, B., Y. Maulet, L. Sefton, B. Courtier, P. Avner, J.-L. GuÇnet & H. Betz. 1994. Structural analysis of mouse glycine receptor α subunit genes: identification and chromosomal localization of a novel variant, α4. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 2607-2612.
24. Fujita, M., K. Sato, M. Sato, T. Inoue, T. Kozuka & M. Tohyama. 1991. Regional distribution of the cells expressing glycine receptor β subunit mRNA in the rat brain. Brain Res. 560: 23-37.
25. Malosio, M.L., B. Marquèze-Pouey, J. Kuhse & H. Betz. 1991. Widespread expression of glycine receptor subunit mRNAs in the adult and developing rat brain. EMBO J. 10: 2401-2409
26. Sato, K., J.H. Zhang, T. Saika, M. Sato, K. Tada & M. Tohyama. 1991. Localization of glycine receptor α subunit mRNA-containing neurons in the rat brain: An analysis using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neuroscience 43: 381-395.
27. Sato, K., H. Kiyama & M. Tohyama. 1992. Regional distribution of cells expressing glycine receptor α2 subunit mRNA in the rat brain. Brain Res. 590: 95-108.
28. Watanabe, E. & H. Akagi. 1995. Distribution patterns of mRNAs encoding glycine receptor channels in the developing rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Res. 23: 377-382.
29. Malosio, M.L., G. Grenningloh, J. Kuhse, V. Schmieden, B. Schmitt, P. Prior & H. Betz. 1991. Alternative splicing generates two variants of the α subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 2048-2053.
30. Heck, S., R. Enz, C. Richter-Landsberg & D.H. Blohm. 1997. Expression and mRNA splicing of glycine receptor subunits and gephyrin during neuronal differentiation of P19 cells in vitro, studied by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. Dev. Brain Res. 98: 211-220.
31. Kuhse, J., V. Schmieden & H. Betz. 1990. A single amino acid exchange alters the pharmacology of neonatal rat glycine receptor subunit. Neuron 5: 867-873.
32. Graham, D., F. Pfeiffer & H. Betz. 1981. UV light-induced cross-linking of strychnine to the glycine receptor of rat spinal cord membranes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 102:1330-1335.
33. Ruiz-Gomez, A., E. Morato, M. Garcia-Calvo, Valdivieso & F. Mayor, Jr. 1990. Localization of the strychnine binding site on the 48-kilodalton subunit of the glycine receptor. Biochemistry 29: 7033-7040.
34. Schmieden, V., G. Grenningloh, P.R. Schofield & H. Betz. 1989. Functional expression in Xenopus oocytes of the strychnine binding 48 kd subunit of the glycine receptor. EMBO J. 8: 695-700.
35. Sontheimer, H., C.-M. Becker, D.B. Pritchett, P.R. Schofield, G. Grenningloh, H. Kettenmann, H. Betz & P.H. Seeburg. 1989. Functional chloride channels by mammalian cell expression of rat glycine receptor subunit. Neuron 2: 1491-1497.
36. Bormann, J., N. Rundström, H. Betz & D. Langosch. 1993. Residues within transmembrane segment M2 determine chloride conductance of glycine receptor homo- and hetero-oligomers. EMBO J. 12: 3729-3737.
37. Pribilla, I., T. Takagi, D. Langosch, J. Bormann & H. Betz. 1992. The atypical M2 segment of the β subunit confers picrotoxinin resistance to inhibitory glycine receptor channels. EMBO J. 11: 4305-4311.
38. Schmieden, V., J. Kuhse & H. Betz. 1992. Agonist pharmacology of neonatal and adult glycine receptor α-subunits: Identification of amino acid residues involved in taurine activation. EMBO J. 11: 2025-2032.
39. Schmieden, V., J. Kuhse & H. Betz. 1993. Mutation of glycine receptor subunit creates β-alanine receptor responsive to GABA. Science 262: 256-258.
40. Vandenberg, R.J., C.R. French, P.H. Barry, J. Shine & P.R. Schofield. 1992. Antagonism of ligand-gated ion channel receptors: Two domains of the glycine receptor α subunit form the strychnine-binding site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 1765-1769.
41. Ryan, S.G., M.S. Buckwalter, J.W. Lynch, C.A. Handford, L. Segura, R. Shiang, J.J. Wasmuth, S.A. Camper, P. Schofield & P. O'Connell. 1994. A missense mutation in the gene encoding the α subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor in the spasmodic mouse. Nature Genet. 7: 131-135.
42. Saul, B., V. Schmieden, C. Kling, C. Mülhardt, P. Gass, J. Kuhse & C.-M. Becker. 1994. Point mutation of glycine receptor α subunit in the spasmodic mouse affects agonist responses. FEBS Lett. 350: 71-76.
43. Langosch, D., B. Laube, N. Rundstrom, V. Schmieden, J. Bormann & H. Betz. 1994. Decreased agonist affinity and chloride conductance of mutant glycine receptors associated with human hereditary hyperekplexia. EMBO J. 13: 4223-4228.
44. Laube, B., D. Langosch, H. Betz & V. Schmieden. 1995. Hyperekplexia mutations of the glycine receptor unmask the inhibitory subsite for β-amino-acids. Neuroreport 6: 897-900.
45. Lynch, J.W., S. Rajendra, K.D. Pierce, C.A. Handford, P.H. Barry & P.R. Schofield. 1997. Identification of intracellular and extracellular domains mediating signal transduction in the inhibitory glycine receptor. EMBO J. 16: 110-120.
46. Rajendra, S., J.W. Lynch, K.D. Pierce, C.R. French, P.H. Barry & P.R. Schofield. 1994. Startle disease mutations reduce the agonist sensitivity of the human inhibitory glycine receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 18739-18742.
47. Rajendra, S., J.W. Lynch, K.D. Pierce, C.R. French, P.H. Barry & P.R. Schofield. 1995. Mutation of an arginine residue in the human glycine receptor transforms β-alanine and taurine from agonists into competitive antagonists. Neuron 14: 169-175.
48. Lewis, T.M., L.G. Sivilotti, D. Colquhoun, R.M. Gardiner, R. Schoepfer & M. Rees. 1998. Properties of human glycine receptors containing the hyperekplexia mutation α(K276E), expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J. Physiol. 507: 25-40.
49. 2+. Mol. Pharmacol. 46: 1156-1159.
50. Laube, B., J. Kuhse, N. Rundström, J. Kirsch, V. Schmieden & H. Betz. 1995. Modulation by zinc ions of native rat and recombinant human inhibitory glycine receptors. J. Physiol. 483: 613-619.
51. Triller, A., F. Cluzeaud, F. Pfeiffer, H. Betz & H. Korn. 1985. Distribution of glycine receptors at central synapses of the rat spinal cord. J. Cell Biol. 101: 683-688.
52. Kirsch, J., D. Langosch, P. Prior, U.Z. Littauer, B. Schmitt & H. Betz. 1991, The 93 kDa glycine receptor-associated protein binds to tubulin. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 22242-22245.
53. Kirsch, J. & H. Betz. 1995. The postsynaptic localization of the glycine receptor-associated gephyrin is regulated by the cytoskeleton. J. Neurosci. 15: 4148-4156.
54. Meyer, G., J. Kirsch, H. Betz & D. Langosch. 1995. Identification of a gephyrin binding motif on the glycine receptor β subunit. Neuron 15: 563-572.
55. Kirsch, J., M.L. Malosio, I. Wolters & H. Betz. 1993. Distribution of gephyrin transcripts in the adult and developing rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5: 1109-1117.
56. Araki, T., M. Yamano, T. Murakami, A. Wanaka, H. Betz & M. Tohyama. 1988. Localization of glycine receptors in the rat central nervous system: An immunocytochemical analysis using monoclonal antibody. Neuroscience 25: 613-624.
57. Kirsch, J. & H. Betz. 1993. Widespread expression of gephyrin, a putative glycine receptor-tubulin linker protein, in rat brain. Brain Res. 621: 301-310.
58. Kirsch, J., I. Wolters, A. Triller & H. Betz. 1993. Gephyrin antisense oligonucleotides prevent glycine receptor clustering in spinal neurons. Nature 366: 745-748.
59. Kirsch, J. & H. Betz. 1998. Glycine-receptor activation is required for receptor clustering in spinal neurons. Nature 392: 717-720.
60. Becker, C.-M. 1995. Glycine receptors: Molecular heterogeneity and implications for disease. Neuroscientist 1: 130-141.
61. Lane, P.W., A.L. Ganser, A.L. Kerner & W.F. White. 1987. Spasmodic, a mutation on chromosome 11 in the mouse. J. Hered. 78: 353-356.
62. Baker, E., G.R. Sutherland & P.R. Schofield. 1994. Localization of the glycine receptor α subunit gene (GLRA1) to chromosome 5q32 by FISH. Genomics 40: 396-400.
63. Shiang, R., S.G. Ryan, Y.-Z. Zhu, A.F. Hahn, P. O'Connell & J.J. Wasmuth. 1993. Mutations in the α subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor cause the dominant neurologic disorder hyperekplexia. Nature Genet. 5: 351-358.
64. spd-ot) produces a complete loss of glycine receptor α-polypeptide in mouse central nervous system. Neuroscience 78: 411-417.
65. Buchwalter, M.S., S.A. Cook, M.T. Davisson, W.F. White & S. Camper. 1994. A frameshift mutation in the mouse α glycine receptor gene (Glral) results in progressive neurological symptoms and juvenile death. Hum. Mol. Genet. 3: 2025-2030.
66. Eicher, E.M. & P. Lane. 1980. Assignment of LG XV1 to chromosome 3 in the mouse. J. Hered. 71: 315-318.
67. Kingsmore, S.F., B. Giros, D. Suh, M. Bieniarz, M.G. Caron & M.F. Seldin. 1994. Glycine receptor β-subunit gene mutation in spastic mice associated with LINE-1 element insertion. Nature Genet. 7: 136-142.
68. Mülhardt, C., M. Fischer, P. Gass, D. Simon Chazottes, J.-L. Guenet, J. Kuhse, H. Betz & C.-M. Becker. 1994. The spastic mouse: aberrant splicing of glycine receptor β subunit mRNA caused by intronic insertion of L1 element. Neuron 13: 1003-1015.
69. White, W.F. & A.H. Heller. 1982. Glycine receptor alteration in the mutant mouse spastic. Nature 298: 655-657.
70. Hartenstein, B., J. Schenkel, J. Kuhse, B. Besenbeck, C. Kling, C.-M. Becker, H. Betz & H. Weiher. 1996. Low level expression of glycine receptor β subunit transgene is sufficient for phenotype correction in spastic mice. EMBO J. 15: 1275-1282.
71. A receptor α3-subunit gene on the mouse X chromosome. Genomics 10: 593-597.
72. Kingsmore, S.F., D. Suh & M.F. Seldin. 1994. Genetic mapping of the glycine receptor α3 subunit on mouse chromosome 8. Mamm. Genome 5: 831-832.
73. Rajendra, S. & P.R. Schofield. 1995. Molecular mechanisms of inherited startle syndromes. Trends Neurosci. 18: 80-82.
74. Ryan, S.G., S.L. Sherman, J.C. Terry, R.S. Sparkes, M. Torres & R.W. Mackey. 1992. Startle disease, or hyperekplexia: Response to clonazepam and assignment of the gene (STHE) to chromosome 5q by linkage analysis. Ann. Neurol. 31: 663-668.
75. Elmslie, F.V., S.M. Hutchings, V. Spencer, A. Curtis, T. Covanis, R.M. Gardiner & M. Rees. 1996. Analysis of GLRA1 in hereditary and sporadic hyperekplexia: A novel mutation in a family co-segregating for hyperekplexia and spastic paraparesis. J. Med. Genet. 33: 435-436.
76. Shiang, R., S.G. Ryan, Y.-Z. Zhu, T.J. Fielder, R.J. Allen, A. Fryer, S. Yamashita, P. O'Connell & J.J. Wasmuth. 1995. Mutational analysis of familial and sporadic hyperekplexia. Ann. Neurol. 38: 85-91.
77. Rees, M.I., M. Andrew, S. Jawad & M.J. Owen. 1994. Evidence for recessive as well as dominant forms of startle disease (hyperekplexia) caused by mutations in the α subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor. Hum. Mol. Genet. 3: 2175-2179.
78. Milani, N., L. Dalpre, A. Prete, R. Del Zanini & L. Larizza. 1996. A novel mutation (G1n266 His) in the α subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor gene (GLRA1) in hereditary hyperekplexia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 58: 420-422.
79. Brune, W., R.G. Weber, B. Saul, M. Von Knebel Doeberitz, C. Grond-Ginsbach, K. Kellermann, H.-M. Meinck & C.-M. Becker. 1996. A GLRA1 null mutation in recessive hyperekplexia challenges the functional role of glycine receptors. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 58: 989-997.
80. Vergouwe, M.N., M.A.J. Tussen, R. Shiang, J.G. Van Duk, S.A. Shahwan, R.A Ophoff & R.R. Frants. 1997. Hyperekplexia-like syndromes without mutations in the GLRA1 gene. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 99: 172-178.
81. Handford, C.A., J.W. Lynch, E. Baker, G.C. Webb, J.H. Ford, G.R. Sutherland & P.R. Schofield. 1996. The human glycine receptor β subunit: Primary structure, functional characterisation and chromosomal localisation of the human and murine genes. Mol. Brain Res. 25: 211-219.