France accused: French North Africa before the united nations, 1952-1962

Contemporary European History

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 91-121

  Thomas, Martin ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0010809585     PISSN: 09607773     EISSN: 14692171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0960777301001059     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Maurice Vaïsse, La grandeur. Politique étrangère du général de Gaulle 1958-1969 (Paris: Fayard, 1998), 70
2. Goronwy J. Jones, The United Nations and the Domestic Jurisdiction of States (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1979), 114-15
3. Marie-Claude Smouts, La France à l'ONU. Premiers rôles et second rang (Paris: FNSP, 1979), 229
4. Vaïsse, La grandeur, 104-5
5. Alfred Grosser, 'Le rôle et le rang', in André Lewin (ed.), La France et l'ONU (1945-1995) (Condé-sur-Noireau: Arléa-Corlet, 1995), 63-6
6. Documents Diplomatiques Français (hereafter DDF), 1945, Vol. I (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1998), doc. 380, Jean Chauvel note, 28 May 1945
7. Jones, United Nations, 66-7, 71-3
8. Evan Luard, A History of the United Nations. II: The Age of Decolonization, 1955-1965 (London: Macmilkn, 1989), 76
9. Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury (eds.), United Nations, Divided World. The UN's Roles in International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 44-5-
10. John D. Hargreaves, Decolonization in Africa (London: Longman, 1988), 89-91
11. Frederick Cooper, Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 216-24, 362-9
12. Memo by Martin Herz, 'An Analysis of the Algerian Problem', 9 May 1961, US National Archives and Records Administration (hereafter USNA), Department of State records, RG 59, bureau of African affairs (AF) 1956-62, Lot files 62D77, box 2
13. Ibid
14. Ingrid Geay, 'Les débats sur les recours de la Tunisie à l'ONU de 1952 à 1954', Revue d'Histoire Diplomatique, 110 (1996), 242
15. Jones, United Nations, 78-80
16. Robert J. MacMahon, Colonialism and Cold War. The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-49 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981), 192-4
17. Annie Lacroix-Riz, 'Puissance ou dépendance française? La Vision des 'Décideurs' des Affaires étrangères en 1948-49', in R. Girault and R. Frank (eds.), La Puissance Française en Question! 1945-1949 (Paris: Sorbonne, 1988), 58-60
18. Irwin M. Wall, The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945-1954 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 144
19. Oliver Franks (Washington) to Ernest Bevin, 14 Jan. 1950, Public Record Office, London (hereafter PRO), Colonial Office confidential original correspondence, CO 537/7136, Z223/5/50
20. John Kent, The Internationalization of Colonialism. Britain, France and Black Africa, 1939-1956 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), Chs. 9 and 10
21. Marc Michel, 'Le Togo dans les relations Internationales au lendemain de la guerre: prodrome de la décolonisation ou petite "mé sentente cordiale"?' in Charles-Robert Ageron (ed.), Les Chemins de la décolonisation de l'empire colonial français, 1936-1956 (Paris: Editions CNRS, 1986)
22. See Yahia H. Zoubir's two key articles: 'US and Soviet Policies towards France's Struggle with Anticolonial Nationalism in North Africa', Canadian Journal of History, 30, 4 (1995), 439-66
23. Luard, History of the United Nations. II, 84-5
24. Smouts, La France à l'ONU, 232-5
25. Irwin M. Wall, 'The United States, Algeria and the Fall of the Fourth French Republic', Diplomatic History, 18, 4 (1994), 492
26. Smouts, La Frame à l'ONU, 150-1
27. Brian Urquhart, Decolonization and World Peace (Austin: Texas, 1989), Ch. 3
28. Jones, The United Nations, 84-9
29. Bonnet to Schuman, 25 April 1952, MAE, sous-série Etats-Unis, vol. 346
30. Auriol, Journal du Septannat 1947-1934: VI 1952, text of Sidi Mohammed letter to Auriol, 9 Sept. 1952, 540-3
31. Wall, The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 230-1
32. E. N. Sangmuah, 'Sultan Mohammed ben Youssef's American Strategy and the Diplomacy of North African Liberation, 1943-61', Journal of Contemporary History, 27; 4 (1992), 140-2
33. Pruden, Conditional Partners, 100-1, 179-80
34. Pierre Mendès France, Oeuvres Complétes. III: Gouverner, c'est choisir 1954-1955 (Paris: Gallimard, 1986), 505-6
35. Mendès France, Oeuvres Complétes. III, 532
36. Pruden, Conditional Partners, 110-14. Eisenhower, Dulles and Lodge were infuriated by French and British failure to support the United States over Guatemala in the Security Council, considering it disloyal after US support on colonial questions
37. Ted Morgan, A Covert Life. Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster (New York: Random House, 1999), 289-95
38. Mohammed Harbi, Le FLN: Mirage et Réalité des origines à la prise du pouvoir (1945-1962), 2nd edn (Paris: Editions JA, 1985), 143
39. Proclamation du FLN, I Nov. 1954, 50-1, 102
40. Zoubir, 'US and Soviet Policies', 448-9
41. Maurice Vaïsse, 'La Guerre perdue à l'ONU?' in Jean-Pierre Rioux, La Guerre d'Algérie el les Français (Paris: Fayard, 1990), 452-3
42. FRUS, 1955-1957, vol. XI, doc. 22, draft IOA report, 9 Feb. 1956
43. Robert Holland, Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus 1954-1959 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), 36-46, quote at p. 44
44. Jean Chauvel (London) to Affaires Etrangères, 14 Sept. 1955, MAE, série Europe 1944-1960, sous-série Grande-Bretagne, vol. 81, no. 4083
45. A. N. Porter and A. J. Stockwell (eds.), British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, 1938-1964, II (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), 74
46. W.J. Hudson, Blind Loyalty. Australia and the Suez Crisis, 1956 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1989)
47. Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution, ch. 6
48. Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years. Waging Peace 1956-1961 (London: Heinemann, 1966), 106
49. Zahir Ihaddaden, 'La propagande du FLN pendant la Guerre de libération nationale', in Charles-Robert Ageron (ed.). La Guerre d'Algérie et les Algériens 1954-1962 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1997), 193-6
50. Pierre Mélandri, 'Les Etats-Unis et les indépendances africaines', in Charles-Robert Ageron and Marc Michel (eds.), L'Afrique noire française: l'heure des Indépendances (Paris: CNRS, 1992), 545-7
51. Djonovich, United Nations Resolutions, I: VI: 1957-1958, Resolution n84(XII), 10 Dec. 1957
52. Edmond Jouhaud, Ce que je n'ai pas dit (Paris: Fayard, 1977)
53. Irwin Wall, France, the United States and the Algerian War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), Ch. 4
54. Lt.-Col. Mongobert, chef du service des affaires militaires musulmanes, 'Rapport sur le problème franco-tunisien', 7 March 1958, SHAT, 2H136/D5
55. 'Tunisian and Algerian Questions at UN', 7 March 1958, USNA, RG 59, Lot files Africa, Office of North African affairs, Country files: Tunisia, box 6/f.T7
56. for details of the relocation programme, see Michel Cornaton, Les Camps de regroupement de la guerre d'Algérie (Paris: Editions de l'Harmattan, 1998)
57. FRUS, 1958-1960 Vol. XIV, doc. 6, 375th meeting of NSC, 7 Aug. 1958
58. Zachary Karabell, Architects of Intervention. The United States, the Third World and the Cold War, 1946-1962 (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1999), 170-1
59. Memo by Martin Herz, 'An Analysis of the Algerian Problem', 9 May 1961, USNA, RG 59, AF Lot files 62D77, box 2
60. Jeffrey A. Lefebvre, 'Kennedy's Algerian Dilemma: Containment, Alliance Politics and the "Rebel Dialogue"', Middle Eastern Studies, 35, 2 (1999), 63
61. FRUS, 1958-1960, vol. XIV, doc. 12, Lodge tel. to Dept. of State, 17 March 1959
62. Harbi, Les archives, Statement by Dr Lamine Debaghine, 489
63. Merchant note, 'Algerian Question in the 14th UNGA', 10 July 1959, USNA, RG 59, Decimal files, 751S.00, box 3386
64. Holland, Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus, 219, 293
65. Zoubir, 'US and Soviet Policies', 462
66. Armand Bérard, Un Ambassadeur se souvient. L'ONU Out on Non 1959-1970 (Paris: Plon, 1979), 11-12
67. Alphand, L'étonnement d'être, 304, 308-10
68. Bérard, Un Ambassadeur se souvient, 16
69. Michèle Cointet, De Gaulle et l'Algérie française 1958-1962 (Paris: Perrin, 1995), 53-8
70. Eisenhower, Waging Peace, 417
71. Vaïsse, La grandeur, 104-5. The thirteen states admitted were: Cameroon, Madagascar, Congo-Léopoldville, Dahomey (Benin), Niger, Upper Volta (Burkina), Côte d'lvoire, Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon, the Central African Republic, Togo, Somalia
72. Jean-Claude Allain, 'La France et l'admission de la Guinée-Conakry à l'ONU (1958)', 551-8
73. Ageron, 'Les Etats africains de la Communauté', 233-6, 244-5
74. J. C. Satterthwaite, 'Soviet involvement in the Algerian conflict', 31 Oct. 1960, USNA, RG 59, Lot files Africa, Office of North African affairs, Algeria, box 1/f.A8
75. Ageron, 'Les Etats africains de la Communauté', 238-9
76. Djermakoye, 'La France et l'arrivée des nouveaux pays africains', 141-4
77. Smouts, La France à l'ONU, 155, n. 51
78. Lefebvre, 'Kennedy's Algerian Dilemma', 68-71
79. Frank Costigliola, 'The Failed Design: Kennedy, de Gaulle and the Struggle for Europe', Diplomatic History, 8, 3 (1984), 227-31
80. Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope. Renewal 1958-1962, Endeavour 1962-, trans. Terence Kilmartin (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), 78, 92
81. Brian Urquhart, Hammarskjold (London: Bodley Head, 1972), 533
82. Alphand, L'étonnement d'être, 364
83. Urquhart, Hammarskjold, 536-8
84. FRUS, 1961-1963, vol. XXI, docs. 117, 118, Rusk tels. from Paris to Dept. of State, 5 and 8 Aug. 1961
85. Plantey, 'Le général de Gaulle et l'ONU', 104-8
86. FO memo, 'Colonial issues at the UN', 29 May 1962, PRO, Cabinet memoranda, CAB 129/ 109, C(62)73