From shop floor to boardroom: The historical evolution of Australian management consulting, 1940s to 1980s

Business History

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 85-86

  Wright, Christopher ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

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EID: 0010589298     PISSN: 00076791     EISSN: 17437938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00076790000000176     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. For a review of contemporary developments in management consulting, see J. O'Shea and C. Madigan, Dangerous Company: The Consulting Powerhouses and the Businesses they Save and Ruin (New York, 1997); A. Wooldridge, 'Trimming the Fat: A Survey of Management Consultancy', Economist, 22 March 1997, pp.1-22.
2. For a review of contemporary developments in management consulting, see J. O'Shea and C. Madigan, Dangerous Company: The Consulting Powerhouses and the Businesses they Save and Ruin (New York, 1997); A. Wooldridge, 'Trimming the Fat: A Survey of Management Consultancy', Economist, 22 March 1997, pp.1-22.
3. M. Kubr, Management Consulting: A Guide to the Profession (Geneva, 3rd revised edn., 1996), p.27.
4. Ibid., pp.27-8. See also H. Klein, Other People's Business: A Primer on Management Consultants (New York, 1977), pp.21-5.
5. Ibid., pp.27-8. See also H. Klein, Other People's Business: A Primer on Management Consultants (New York, 1977), pp.21-5.
6. C. McKenna, 'The Origins of Modern Management Consulting', Business and Economic History, Vol.24 No.1 (1995), p.52.
7. P. Tisdall, Agents of Change: The Development and Practice of Management Consultancy (London, 1982); M. Kipping, 'Consultancies, Institutions and the Diffusion of Taylorism in Britain, Germany and France, 1920s to 1950s', Business History, Vol.39 No.4 (Oct. 1997), pp.72-3; M. Kipping and C. Sauviat, 'Global Management Consultancies: Their Evolution and Structure', Discussion Papers in International Investment and Business Studies No.221, University of Reading (Oct. 1996), pp.7-10.
8. P. Tisdall, Agents of Change: The Development and Practice of Management Consultancy (London, 1982); M. Kipping, 'Consultancies, Institutions and the Diffusion of Taylorism in Britain, Germany and France, 1920s to 1950s', Business History, Vol.39 No.4 (Oct. 1997), pp.72-3; M. Kipping and C. Sauviat, 'Global Management Consultancies: Their Evolution and Structure', Discussion Papers in International Investment and Business Studies No.221, University of Reading (Oct. 1996), pp.7-10.
9. P. Tisdall, Agents of Change: The Development and Practice of Management Consultancy (London, 1982); M. Kipping, 'Consultancies, Institutions and the Diffusion of Taylorism in Britain, Germany and France, 1920s to 1950s', Business History, Vol.39 No.4 (Oct. 1997), pp.72-3; M. Kipping and C. Sauviat, 'Global Management Consultancies: Their Evolution and Structure', Discussion Papers in International Investment and Business Studies No.221, University of Reading (Oct. 1996), pp.7-10.
10. T. Clark, Managing Consultants: Consultancy as the Management of Impressions (Buckingham, 1995), pp.21-40; Kubr, Management Consulting, pp.253-481; B. Schlegelmilch, A. Diamantopoulos and S. Moore, 'The Market for Management Consulting in Britain: An Analysis of Supply and Demand', Management Decision, Vol.30 No.2 (1992), pp.46-54.
11. T. Clark, Managing Consultants: Consultancy as the Management of Impressions (Buckingham, 1995), pp.21-40; Kubr, Management Consulting, pp.253-481; B. Schlegelmilch, A. Diamantopoulos and S. Moore, 'The Market for Management Consulting in Britain: An Analysis of Supply and Demand', Management Decision, Vol.30 No.2 (1992), pp.46-54.
12. T. Clark, Managing Consultants: Consultancy as the Management of Impressions (Buckingham, 1995), pp.21-40; Kubr, Management Consulting, pp.253-481; B. Schlegelmilch, A. Diamantopoulos and S. Moore, 'The Market for Management Consulting in Britain: An Analysis of Supply and Demand', Management Decision, Vol.30 No.2 (1992), pp.46-54.
13. D. Wren, The Evolution of Management Thought (New York, 1979); W. Pindur, S. Rogers and P. Kim, 'The History of Management: A Global Perspective', Journal of Management History, Vol.1 No.1 (1995), pp.59-77.
14. D. Wren, The Evolution of Management Thought (New York, 1979); W. Pindur, S. Rogers and P. Kim, 'The History of Management: A Global Perspective', Journal of Management History, Vol.1 No.1 (1995), pp.59-77.
15. M. Kipping, 'The U.S. Influence on the Evolution of Management Consultancies in Britain, France and Germany since 1945', Business and Economic History, Vol.25 No.1 (Fall 1996). pp. 112-23; Kipping, 'Consultancies, Institutions'; McKenna, 'Origins of Modern Management Consulting', pp.54-7.
16. M. Kipping, 'The U.S. Influence on the Evolution of Management Consultancies in Britain, France and Germany since 1945', Business and Economic History, Vol.25 No.1 (Fall 1996). pp. 112-23; Kipping, 'Consultancies, Institutions'; McKenna, 'Origins of Modern Management Consulting', pp.54-7.
17. M. Kipping, 'The U.S. Influence on the Evolution of Management Consultancies in Britain, France and Germany since 1945', Business and Economic History, Vol.25 No.1 (Fall 1996). pp. 112-23; Kipping, 'Consultancies, Institutions'; McKenna, 'Origins of Modern Management Consulting', pp.54-7.
18. J. Gill, J. and S. Whittle, 'Management by Panacea: Accounting for Transience', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.30 No.2 (1992), pp.281-95; A. Huczynski, 'Explaining the Succession of Management Fads', International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.4 No.2 (1993), pp.443-63; E. Abrahamson, 'Management Fashion', Academy of Management Review, Vol.21 No.1 (1996), pp.254-85.
19. J. Gill, J. and S. Whittle, 'Management by Panacea: Accounting for Transience', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.30 No.2 (1992), pp.281-95; A. Huczynski, 'Explaining the Succession of Management Fads', International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.4 No.2 (1993), pp.443-63; E. Abrahamson, 'Management Fashion', Academy of Management Review, Vol.21 No.1 (1996), pp.254-85.
20. J. Gill, J. and S. Whittle, 'Management by Panacea: Accounting for Transience', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.30 No.2 (1992), pp.281-95; A. Huczynski, 'Explaining the Succession of Management Fads', International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.4 No.2 (1993), pp.443-63; E. Abrahamson, 'Management Fashion', Academy of Management Review, Vol.21 No.1 (1996), pp.254-85.
21. C. Wright, The Management of Labour: A History of Australian Employers (Melbourne, 1995), pp.14-17.
22. Advertisements for the Australian Bedaux Co. appear in Rydge's (Aug. 1931), p.497 and Australasian Manufacturer, 25 July 1931, p.1. For details of the international dissemination of the Bedaux system see Tisdall, Agents of Change, pp.23-30; S. Kreis, 'The Diffusion of Scientific Management: The Bedaux Company in America and Britain, 1926-1945', in D. Nelson (ed.), A Mental Revolution: Scientific Management Since Taylor (Colombus, OH, 1992), pp.156-74; Kipping, 'Consultancies, Institutions', pp.72-3.
23. Advertisements for the Australian Bedaux Co. appear in Rydge's (Aug. 1931), p.497 and Australasian Manufacturer, 25 July 1931, p.1. For details of the international dissemination of the Bedaux system see Tisdall, Agents of Change, pp.23-30; S. Kreis, 'The Diffusion of Scientific Management: The Bedaux Company in America and Britain, 1926-1945', in D. Nelson (ed.), A Mental Revolution: Scientific Management Since Taylor (Colombus, OH, 1992), pp.156-74; Kipping, 'Consultancies, Institutions', pp.72-3.
24. Advertisements for the Australian Bedaux Co. appear in Rydge's (Aug. 1931), p.497 and Australasian Manufacturer, 25 July 1931, p.1. For details of the international dissemination of the Bedaux system see Tisdall, Agents of Change, pp.23-30; S. Kreis, 'The Diffusion of Scientific Management: The Bedaux Company in America and Britain, 1926-1945', in D. Nelson (ed.), A Mental Revolution: Scientific Management Since Taylor (Colombus, OH, 1992), pp.156-74; Kipping, 'Consultancies, Institutions', pp.72-3.
25. Advertisements for the Australian Bedaux Co. appear in Rydge's (Aug. 1931), p.497 and Australasian Manufacturer, 25 July 1931, p.1. For details of the international dissemination of the Bedaux system see Tisdall, Agents of Change, pp.23-30; S. Kreis, 'The Diffusion of Scientific Management: The Bedaux Company in America and Britain, 1926-1945', in D. Nelson (ed.), A Mental Revolution: Scientific Management Since Taylor (Colombus, OH, 1992), pp.156-74; Kipping, 'Consultancies, Institutions', pp.72-3.
26. Advertisements for the Australian Bedaux Co. appear in Rydge's (Aug. 1931), p.497 and Australasian Manufacturer, 25 July 1931, p.1. For details of the international dissemination of the Bedaux system see Tisdall, Agents of Change, pp.23-30; S. Kreis, 'The Diffusion of Scientific Management: The Bedaux Company in America and Britain, 1926-1945', in D. Nelson (ed.), A Mental Revolution: Scientific Management Since Taylor (Colombus, OH, 1992), pp.156-74; Kipping, 'Consultancies, Institutions', pp.72-3.
27. W. O'Neil, A Century of Psychology in Australia (Sydney, 1987), pp.28, 44-5; A. Martin, 'Industrial Psychology as Applied to the Problems of Management', Rydge's (Dec. 1932), pp.734-5; N. Hales, 'What Is Industrial Psychology?', Rydge's (Oct. 1935), pp.764-5.
28. W. O'Neil, A Century of Psychology in Australia (Sydney, 1987), pp.28, 44-5; A. Martin, 'Industrial Psychology as Applied to the Problems of Management', Rydge's (Dec. 1932), pp.734-5; N. Hales, 'What Is Industrial Psychology?', Rydge's (Oct. 1935), pp.764-5.
29. W. O'Neil, A Century of Psychology in Australia (Sydney, 1987), pp.28, 44-5; A. Martin, 'Industrial Psychology as Applied to the Problems of Management', Rydge's (Dec. 1932), pp.734-5; N. Hales, 'What Is Industrial Psychology?', Rydge's (Oct. 1935), pp.764-5.
30. E. Boehm, Twentieth Century Economic Development in Australia (Melbourne, 1979), p.166; B. Carroll, Australian Made: Success Stories in Australian Manufacturing Since 1937 (Melbourne, 1987), pp.30-60.
31. E. Boehm, Twentieth Century Economic Development in Australia (Melbourne, 1979), p.166; B. Carroll, Australian Made: Success Stories in Australian Manufacturing Since 1937 (Melbourne, 1987), pp.30-60.
32. P. Cochrane, 'Company Time: Management Ideology and the Labour Process, 1940-1960', Labour History, Vol.48 (1985), p.54; L. Rogers, The Australian Institute of Management: A History of the Foundation and Development (Melbourne, 1965), pp.1-21.
33. P. Cochrane, 'Company Time: Management Ideology and the Labour Process, 1940-1960', Labour History, Vol.48 (1985), p.54; L. Rogers, The Australian Institute of Management: A History of the Foundation and Development (Melbourne, 1965), pp.1-21.
34. Foreign ownership was most pronounced in vehicle manufacturing (99 per cent of the industry), pharmaceuticals (75 per cent) and chemicals (66 per cent) where British and US companies dominated. Boehm, Twentieth Century Economic Development, pp.139-44.
35. F. Porter, 'Predetermined Time Systems', Industrial Engineer (Sept. 1964), pp.5-11; interview with Hal Porter, former Director, W.D. Scott & Co., 24 Nov. 1987.
36. The major exceptions were the local subsidiaries of US car companies such as Ford and General Motors, which had developed in-house expertise in industrial engineering by the late 1920s; see Wright, Management of Labour, pp.24-8.
37. Interviews with Colin Kennedy and Geoff Peterson, former Directors of W.D. Scott & Co., 5 Nov. 1987 and 20 Jan. 1988.
38. Tisdall, Agents of Change, pp.52-5; J. Smith, Managers of Change; The First 25 Years of PA in Australia (Melbourne, 1988), pp.1-2; 'Personnel Administration (NSW) Pty Ltd.', Records of the Department of Labour and National Service, Australian Archives, series SP 146, item 591/4/11.
39. Tisdall, Agents of Change, pp.52-5; J. Smith, Managers of Change; The First 25 Years of PA in Australia (Melbourne, 1988), pp.1-2; 'Personnel Administration (NSW) Pty Ltd.', Records of the Department of Labour and National Service, Australian Archives, series SP 146, item 591/4/11.
40. Smith, Managers of Change, pp.1-4; interviews with Arthur Bocking and Len Crawford, former PA consultants, 20 March and 11 Oct. 1988.
41. Interviews with Colin Kennedy, Bob Rowland, former Methods Engineer. Bradford Cotton Mills Ltd., 16 Feb. 1988, and Cliff Morrow, former W.D. Scott consultant, 10 Feb. 1988.
42. Smith, Managers of Change, pp.14, 24; interview with Colin Kennedy and Alan Ingham, former Directors of W.D. Scott & Co., 16 Nov. 1987.
43. PA List of Clients, PA Consulting Group (Melbourne); Smith, Managers of Change, pp.8, 10, 19; 'Work Study in ICIANZ', Australian National University Archives of Business and Labour, N21/751; interviews with Len Crawford, Alf Paton, former PA consultant, 27 July 1988, and Ted Pahlow, former work study officer ICIANZ, 18 Nov. 1988.
44. PA List of Clients, PA Consulting Group (Melbourne); Smith, Managers of Change, pp.8, 10, 19; 'Work Study in ICIANZ', Australian National University Archives of Business and Labour, N21/751; interviews with Len Crawford, Alf Paton, former PA consultant, 27 July 1988, and Ted Pahlow, former work study officer ICIANZ, 18 Nov. 1988.
45. P. Perry and L. York, A Study of Management Consultants in Australia (Sydney, 1957).
46. The relative failure of PE in Australia contrasted with the company's success in South Africa, where it won many of the major industrial engineering assignments over both Scotts and PA. Interview with Geoff Peterson; Perry and York, A Study of Management Consultants, pp.8, 17. For details of PE's English background , see Tisdall, Agents of Change, pp.55-7.
47. The relative failure of PE in Australia contrasted with the company's success in South Africa, where it won many of the major industrial engineering assignments over both Scotts and PA. Interview with Geoff Peterson; Perry and York, A Study of Management Consultants, pp.8, 17. For details of PE's English background , see Tisdall, Agents of Change, pp.55-7.
48. One of the directors of John P. Young & Associates had worked for the personnel department of Rowntrees, one of the leading innovators in personnel practice in the UK, before moving to Australia as training manager with British Petroleum. Interview with Ray Barker, former Director, John P. Young & Associates, 7 Aug. 1997.
49. D. Macleod, 'Pioneer Views 25 Years of Management Revolution', CandM Report (March 1985); interview with Doug Macleod, former Director of Chandler & Macleod, 27 May 1988.
50. Interview with Allan Villiers, former methods engineer, Bradford Cotton Mills, 30 Nov. 1987.
51. H. Maynard, G. Stegemerten and J. Schwab, Methods Time Measurement (New York, 1948).
52. One survey suggested that 20 per cent of firms with work measurement used the MTM technique; 'What Australia is Doing About Work Measurement', Australian Factory (Dec. 1961), pp.32-3.
53. Interviews with Colin Kennedy, Alan Ingham, Geoff Peterson and Hal Porter; W. Scott, 'Management Practices Overseas', Manufacturing and Management (April 1948), pp.344-5; W.D. Scott & Co., Manufacturing Methods - Application of the Methods-Time Measurement Procedure (Sydney, 1947).
54. Interviews with Colin Kennedy, Alan Ingham, Geoff Peterson and Hal Porter; W. Scott, 'Management Practices Overseas', Manufacturing and Management (April 1948), pp.344-5; W.D. Scott & Co., Manufacturing Methods - Application of the Methods-Time Measurement Procedure (Sydney, 1947).
55. Companies using such clerical work measurement techniques included QANTAS airlines, the Bank of New South Wales and the Australian Mutual Providence Society. Interviews with Colin Kennedy and Arthur Bocking.
56. M. Fletcher, 'Modern Method of Investigation Techniques in Australian Industry', Australian Manufacturer, 15 June 1960, p.147.
57. W.D. Scott & Co. promotional pamphlet. Interviews with Cliff Morrow, Arthur Booking and Geoff Peterson.
58. Interview with Hal Porter.
59. Interviews with Hal Porter, Colin Kennedy, Geoff Peterson and Alf Paton; J. Spence, 'Industrial Engineering and Heavy Industry', Industrial Engineering (May 1965), pp.7-11; Smith, Managers of Change, p.35; 'APM Ltd. Maryvale, Maintenance Control Procedure No.1', May 1955, PA Consulting Group records.
60. Interviews with Hal Porter, Colin Kennedy, Geoff Peterson and Alf Paton; J. Spence, 'Industrial Engineering and Heavy Industry', Industrial Engineering (May 1965), pp.7-11; Smith, Managers of Change, p.35; 'APM Ltd. Maryvale, Maintenance Control Procedure No.1', May 1955, PA Consulting Group records.
61. Interviews with Hal Porter, Colin Kennedy, Geoff Peterson and Alf Paton; J. Spence, 'Industrial Engineering and Heavy Industry', Industrial Engineering (May 1965), pp.7-11; Smith, Managers of Change, p.35; 'APM Ltd. Maryvale, Maintenance Control Procedure No.1', May 1955, PA Consulting Group records.
62. One example of a long-term relationship was PA's production study at Australian Paper Mills, which covered four of the company's paper plants and continued from 1950 to 1956. PA Consulting Records and Smith, Managers of Change, pp.8, 19.
63. Based on Scott's original course, a six-week summer school of business administration was commenced at the University of Melbourne in 1956, leading to the formation of the Department of Commerce and Business Administration in 1962. D. Cochrane, 'Business Administration at the University of Melbourne', Personnel Practice Bulletin, Vol.12 No.6 (1957), pp.21-8; F. Willett and H. Craig, 'Higher Education for Business at the University of Melbourne', Personnel Practice Bulletin, Vol.22 No.3 (1966), pp.32-40. Interview with Geoff Peterson.
64. Based on Scott's original course, a six-week summer school of business administration was commenced at the University of Melbourne in 1956, leading to the formation of the Department of Commerce and Business Administration in 1962. D. Cochrane, 'Business Administration at the University of Melbourne', Personnel Practice Bulletin, Vol.12 No.6 (1957), pp.21-8; F. Willett and H. Craig, 'Higher Education for Business at the University of Melbourne', Personnel Practice Bulletin, Vol.22 No.3 (1966), pp.32-40. Interview with Geoff Peterson.
65. Interviews with Geoff Peterson and Colin Kennedy.
66. By 1966 general management work accounted for 20 per cent of PA's work, marketing 12 per cent, and EDP and management accounting 25 per cent, Smith, Managers of Change, pp.23-4, 29-30, 33, 35, 41-2, 44; 'The Subtle Preachers of Change at PA', Industrial Management (Aug. 1969), pp.28-33.
67. By 1966 general management work accounted for 20 per cent of PA's work, marketing 12 per cent, and EDP and management accounting 25 per cent, Smith, Managers of Change, pp.23-4, 29-30, 33, 35, 41-2, 44; 'The Subtle Preachers of Change at PA', Industrial Management (Aug. 1969), pp.28-33.
68. D. Dunphy and A. Griffiths, The Sustainable Corporation: Organisational Renewal in Australia (Sydney, 1998), Chapters 2 and 3; Wright, Management of Labour, pp.125-30 and 159-63.
69. D. Dunphy and A. Griffiths, The Sustainable Corporation: Organisational Renewal in Australia (Sydney, 1998), Chapters 2 and 3; Wright, Management of Labour, pp.125-30 and 159-63.
70. Dunphy and Griffiths, Sustainable Corporation; interview with Professor Dexter Dunphy, 13 Jan. 1998.
71. Perry and York, A Study of Management Consultants, pp.8-9.
72. The 'Big Nine' in Australia during the early 1980s consisted of Price Waterhouse, Arthur Andersen, Coopers & Lybrand, Touche Ross, Arthur Young, Peat Marwick Mitchell, Deloitte Haskins & Sells, Ernst & Whinney, and Hungerford Hancock & Offner. For details of Coopers' entry into management consulting see M. Falkus, Called to Account: A History of Coopers & Lybrand in Australia (Sydney, 1993), pp.142-3.
73. T. Thomas, 'Fitness Trainer to the Service Industry', Business Review Weekly, 6 Nov. 1992, pp.70-75; N. Tabakoff, 'The Triumph Of Arthur Andersen', Australian Financial Review, 30 Nov. 1993, p.15; C. Rassam and D. Oates, Management Consultancy: The Inside Story (London, 1991), pp.73-83.
74. T. Thomas, 'Fitness Trainer to the Service Industry', Business Review Weekly, 6 Nov. 1992, pp.70-75; N. Tabakoff, 'The Triumph Of Arthur Andersen', Australian Financial Review, 30 Nov. 1993, p.15; C. Rassam and D. Oates, Management Consultancy: The Inside Story (London, 1991), pp.73-83.
75. T. Thomas, 'Fitness Trainer to the Service Industry', Business Review Weekly, 6 Nov. 1992, pp.70-75; N. Tabakoff, 'The Triumph Of Arthur Andersen', Australian Financial Review, 30 Nov. 1993, p.15; C. Rassam and D. Oates, Management Consultancy: The Inside Story (London, 1991), pp.73-83.
76. M. Wagstaff and W. Brown, 'Management Consulting Services Survey', The Chartered Accountant in Australia (Dec. 1977), pp.75-6; J. Braggs, 'The Development of Management Consulting Services in the Profession', The Chartered Accountant in Australia (April 1978), pp.4-6; P. Ham, 'The Big Nine Muscle Their Way Into Consulting', Rydges (Dec. 1983), pp.74-6.
77. M. Wagstaff and W. Brown, 'Management Consulting Services Survey', The Chartered Accountant in Australia (Dec. 1977), pp.75-6; J. Braggs, 'The Development of Management Consulting Services in the Profession', The Chartered Accountant in Australia (April 1978), pp.4-6; P. Ham, 'The Big Nine Muscle Their Way Into Consulting', Rydges (Dec. 1983), pp.74-6.
78. M. Wagstaff and W. Brown, 'Management Consulting Services Survey', The Chartered Accountant in Australia (Dec. 1977), pp.75-6; J. Braggs, 'The Development of Management Consulting Services in the Profession', The Chartered Accountant in Australia (April 1978), pp.4-6; P. Ham, 'The Big Nine Muscle Their Way Into Consulting', Rydges (Dec. 1983), pp.74-6.
79. T. Thomas, 'Chartered Ventures Into the "Skin Market"' Business Review Weekly, 25 Sept.-1 Oct. 1982, pp.67, 69, 70.
80. A. Payne, 'New Trends in the Strategy Consulting Industry', Journal of Business Strategy, Vol.7 No. 1 (Summer 1986), pp.43-55. Early initiatives in general organisational and strategy consulting had included Scotts' work in the oil industry and the employment of the US consultants Cresap McCormick & Paget during the 1960s by BHP and QANTAS airlines. Interview with Geoff Petersen; J. Alexander, 'Inside the Management Hot Shop', Australian Business, 19 Oct. 1983, p.46.
81. A. Payne, 'New Trends in the Strategy Consulting Industry', Journal of Business Strategy, Vol.7 No. 1 (Summer 1986), pp.43-55. Early initiatives in general organisational and strategy consulting had included Scotts' work in the oil industry and the employment of the US consultants Cresap McCormick & Paget during the 1960s by BHP and QANTAS airlines. Interview with Geoff Petersen; J. Alexander, 'Inside the Management Hot Shop', Australian Business, 19 Oct. 1983, p.46.
82. O'Shea and Madigan, Dangerous Company, pp.17-25; on McKinsey's post-war European impact, see C. McKenna, '"The American Challenge": McKinsey & Company's Role in the Transfer of Decentralisation to Europe, 1957-1975', mimeo; Kipping and Sauviat, 'Global Management Consultancies', pp.10-14.
83. O'Shea and Madigan, Dangerous Company, pp.17-25; on McKinsey's post-war European impact, see C. McKenna, '"The American Challenge": McKinsey & Company's Role in the Transfer of Decentralisation to Europe, 1957-1975', mimeo; Kipping and Sauviat, 'Global Management Consultancies', pp.10-14.
84. O'Shea and Madigan, Dangerous Company, pp.17-25; on McKinsey's post-war European impact, see C. McKenna, '"The American Challenge": McKinsey & Company's Role in the Transfer of Decentralisation to Europe, 1957-1975', mimeo; Kipping and Sauviat, 'Global Management Consultancies', pp.10-14.
85. T. Peters and B. Waterman, In Search of Excellence (New York, 1982). Interview with Professor Fred Hilmer, former Managing Partner, McKinsey & Co. (Aust.), 8 April 1998.
86. Roderick Carnegie (later CRA Managing Director) established the first Australian office of McKinseys in the early 1960s. Another prominent former McKinsey consultant who later became a key client was Elder's managing director, John Elliott. M. Mallick, 'Lending a Helping Hand - At a Price', Australian Business, 12 Sept. 1984, p. 110; A. Buduls, 'Low-Profile Contender Emerges for McKinsey's Management Consulting Heavyweight Crown', Financial Review, 19 July 1984, pp.15, 32; J. Hewett, 'The Company Doctors', Financial Review, 26 Aug. 1988, pp.2-3.
87. Roderick Carnegie (later CRA Managing Director) established the first Australian office of McKinseys in the early 1960s. Another prominent former McKinsey consultant who later became a key client was Elder's managing director, John Elliott. M. Mallick, 'Lending a Helping Hand - At a Price', Australian Business, 12 Sept. 1984, p. 110; A. Buduls, 'Low-Profile Contender Emerges for McKinsey's Management Consulting Heavyweight Crown', Financial Review, 19 July 1984, pp.15, 32; J. Hewett, 'The Company Doctors', Financial Review, 26 Aug. 1988, pp.2-3.
88. Roderick Carnegie (later CRA Managing Director) established the first Australian office of McKinseys in the early 1960s. Another prominent former McKinsey consultant who later became a key client was Elder's managing director, John Elliott. M. Mallick, 'Lending a Helping Hand - At a Price', Australian Business, 12 Sept. 1984, p. 110; A. Buduls, 'Low-Profile Contender Emerges for McKinsey's Management Consulting Heavyweight Crown', Financial Review, 19 July 1984, pp.15, 32; J. Hewett, 'The Company Doctors', Financial Review, 26 Aug. 1988, pp.2-3.
89. Alexander, 'Inside the Management Hot Shop', p.46; Hewett, 'Company Doctors', pp.2-3; C. Jay, 'It's Survival Mode Time: Major Shift in Types of Work', Australian Financial Review, 28 Feb. 1992, p.47; S. Bagwell. 'If You Want My Advice, You'll Get a Consultant', Australian Financial Review, 28 April 1997; interview with Fred Hilmer.
90. Alexander, 'Inside the Management Hot Shop', p.46; Hewett, 'Company Doctors', pp.2-3; C. Jay, 'It's Survival Mode Time: Major Shift in Types of Work', Australian Financial Review, 28 Feb. 1992, p.47; S. Bagwell. 'If You Want My Advice, You'll Get a Consultant', Australian Financial Review, 28 April 1997; interview with Fred Hilmer.
91. Alexander, 'Inside the Management Hot Shop', p.46; Hewett, 'Company Doctors', pp.2-3; C. Jay, 'It's Survival Mode Time: Major Shift in Types of Work', Australian Financial Review, 28 Feb. 1992, p.47; S. Bagwell. 'If You Want My Advice, You'll Get a Consultant', Australian Financial Review, 28 April 1997; interview with Fred Hilmer.
92. Alexander, 'Inside the Management Hot Shop', p.46; Hewett, 'Company Doctors', pp.2-3; C. Jay, 'It's Survival Mode Time: Major Shift in Types of Work', Australian Financial Review, 28 Feb. 1992, p.47; S. Bagwell. 'If You Want My Advice, You'll Get a Consultant', Australian Financial Review, 28 April 1997; interview with Fred Hilmer.
93. Mallick. 'Lending a Helping Hand', p.110.
94. A. Buduls, 'Management Consultants Come in from the Cold', Financial Review, 18 July 1984, p.1.
95. P. Ham, 'Management "Excellence" Comes to Australia', Rydges (Dec. 1983), pp.78-80; Mallick, 'Lending a Helping Hand', p.113.
96. P. Ham, 'Management "Excellence" Comes to Australia', Rydges (Dec. 1983), pp.78-80; Mallick, 'Lending a Helping Hand', p.113.
97. P. Kelly, The End of Certainty: The Story of the 1980s (St. Leonards, 1994); Hewett, 'Company Doctors', pp.2-3.
98. P. Kelly, The End of Certainty: The Story of the 1980s (St. Leonards, 1994); Hewett, 'Company Doctors', pp.2-3.
99. M. Howard, 'Consultants to Commonwealth Departments: Market Structure and Type of Consultancies, 1987-93', Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration, No.83 (Feb. 1997), pp.86-97.
100. 'Consulting to Business is a Booming Business', Rydges (July 1985), pp.73-6; R. Allen, 'Big Six Take the Lead in Billion Dollar Market', Business Review Weekly, 20 July 1990, pp.84-6.
101. 'Consulting to Business is a Booming Business', Rydges (July 1985), pp.73-6; R. Allen, 'Big Six Take the Lead in Billion Dollar Market', Business Review Weekly, 20 July 1990, pp.84-6.
102. Wooldridge, 'Trimming the Fat'; M. Lawson, '"Blood On The Floor" Before Gains From New Technique', Australian Financial Review, 23 Nov. 1993, p.49; G. Korporaal, 'The Change Consultants', Australian Financial Review, 6 Oct. 1994, p.17.
103. Wooldridge, 'Trimming the Fat'; M. Lawson, '"Blood On The Floor" Before Gains From New Technique', Australian Financial Review, 23 Nov. 1993, p.49; G. Korporaal, 'The Change Consultants', Australian Financial Review, 6 Oct. 1994, p.17.
104. Wooldridge, 'Trimming the Fat'; M. Lawson, '"Blood On The Floor" Before Gains From New Technique', Australian Financial Review, 23 Nov. 1993, p.49; G. Korporaal, 'The Change Consultants', Australian Financial Review, 6 Oct. 1994, p.17.
105. Gill and Whittle, 'Management By Panacea'; Huczynski, 'Explaining the Succession of Management Fads'.
106. Gill and Whittle, 'Management By Panacea'; Huczynski, 'Explaining the Succession of Management Fads'.