Tragedy of the commons and the neglect of science: Planning and management in the Shark Bay World Heritage Area

Environmental and Planning Law Journal

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 126-137

  Marshall, Donald G ^a   Ioore, Susan A ^a  

^a MURDOCH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0010458433     PISSN: 0813300X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. NPNCA, Shark Bay Marine Reserves Management Plan (Dept of Conservation & Land Management, Perth, 1996), p 4.
2. FB Prokop, "Where have all the snapper gone?: The plight of pink snapper in Shark Bay" (1998) Winter 1998 Western Fisheries 25.
3. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
4. Fisheries Department of Western Australia, Shark Bay World Heritage Property Management Paper for Fish Resources (Fisheries Department of WA, Perth, WA, 1996), p 6.
5. SV Ciriantry-Wantrup and RC Bishop, "Common Property as a Concept in Natural Resources Policy" (1975) 15 Natural Resources Journal 713.
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7. Hale & Ors v Parramatta City Council and Anor (1982) 47 LGRA 319.
8. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
9. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
10. F Berkes and T Farvar, "Introduction and Overview" in F Berkes (ed), Common Property Resources: Ecology and community-based sustainable development (Belhaven Press, London, 1989), p 3.
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14. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
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16. DW Bromley, Environment and Economy: Property Rights and Public Policy (Blackwell, Cambridge, USA, 1991), p 1.
17. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
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19. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
20. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
21. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
22. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
23. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
24. Government of Western Australia, New Horizons, (Govt of WA, Perth, WA, 1994), p 3.
25. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
26. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
27. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
28. S. Dovers, "Information, Sustainability and Policy" (1995) 2 Australian journal of Environmental Management 142.
29. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
30. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
31. With the exception of Marine Nature Reserves, Sanctuary Zones, Recreation Zones and Special Purpose Zones.
32. Acts Amendment (Marine Reserves) Act, 1997 (WA).
33. I Bams, "Value Frameworks in the Sustainable Development Debate" in R Harding (ed), Ecopolitics v Proceedings (Centre for Liberal and General Studies, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 1992), p 199.
34. T Corbett and MB Lane, "The Willandra Lakes World Heritage Property: A Planning Phoenix?" (1997) Environmental Planning and Law Journal 419.
35. JM Hagan, "Environmentalism and the Science of Conservation Biology" (1995) 9(5) Conservation Biology 976.
36. TR Stanley, "Ecosystem Management and the Arrogance of Humanism" (1995) 9 Conservation Biology 261.
37. A selection of the written commentary includes: E Bergin, "Disclosure of Compliance with Environmental Obligations in the Company Law Review Act: A Case Study:, Australian Environmental Law News, Vol 3/4 1998 at 14
38. DN Orr, "Conservation and Conservatism" (1995) 9(2) Conservation Biology 242.
39. J Cairns "The Emergence of Global Environmental Awareness" (1990) 2 Journal of Environmental Science 18.
40. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
41. D Ludwig, R Hilbom, C Walters, "Uncertainty, Resource Exploitation and Conservation: Lessons from History" (1993) 260 Science 17.
42. A selection of the written commentary includes: E Bergin, "Disclosure of Compliance with Environmental Obligations in the Company Law Review Act: A Case Study:, Australian Environmental Law News, Vol 3/4 1998 at 14
43. LW Botsford, JC Castilla and CH Peterson, "The Management of Fisheries and Marine Ecosystems" (1997) 277 Science 509.
44. PK Dayton, "Reversal of the Burden of Proof in Fisheries Management" (1998) 279 Science 821.
45. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
46. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
47. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
48. In 1997 the Fisheries Administration Act 1991 (Cwth) and the Fisheries Management Act 1991 (Cwth) were amended placing additional responsibilities on the Minister for Resources and the Australian Fisheries Management Authority.
49. N Evans, "Developments in Commonwealth Fisheries Law and Policy" (1997) 3 Australian Environmental Law News 7.
50. A selection of the written commentary includes: E Bergin, "Disclosure of Compliance with Environmental Obligations in the Company Law Review Act: A Case Study:, Australian Environmental Law News, Vol 3/4 1998 at 14
51. CM Hall, "The Worthless Land Hypothesis and Australia's National Parks and Reserves" in KJ Frawley and N Semple (eds), Australia's Everchanging Forests (Department of Geography and Oceanography, Australian Defense Force Academy, Canberra, 1988), p 441.
52. RL Pressey, "Ad hoc reservations: forward or backward steps in developing representative reserve systems" (1994) 8(3) Conservation Biology 663.
53. RL Pressey, "Conservation Reserves" (1996) 17(2) Australasian Science 21.
54. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
55. Department of Conservation and Land Management, A Representative Marine Reserve System for Western Australia: Report of the Marine Parks and Reserves Selection Working Group (Department of Conservation and Land Management, Como, WA, 1994), p 9.
56. A selection of the written commentary includes: E Bergin, "Disclosure of Compliance with Environmental Obligations in the Company Law Review Act: A Case Study:, Australian Environmental Law News, Vol 3/4 1998 at 14
57. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
58. State Planning Commission and the Department of Conservation and Land Management, Shark Bay Region Plan (State Planning Commission, Perth, 1988), p 5.
59. To be listed as "World Heritage" a property must meet at least one of the four criteria for "natural" values. These are:• an outstanding example representing the major stages of the Earth's evolutionary history • an outstanding example representing significant ongoing geological processes, biological evolution and human interaction with the natural environment • certain unique, rare or natural phenomena, formations or features of exceptional natural beauty and • the most important and significant habitats where species of plants and animals of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science still survive.
60. R Black, "Fishes and Benthos of Seagrass and Sand Flat Habitats" in Berry et al, (eds), Research in Shark Bay. Report of the France-Australe Bicentenary Expedition Committee (Western Australia Museum, Perth, WA, 1990), p 245.
61. DI Walker, "Seagrass in Shark Bay, Western Australia" in Berry et al, (eds), Research in Shark Bay. Report of the France-Australe Bicentenary Expedition Committee (Western Australia Museum, Perth, WA, 1990), p 101.
62. Western Australian Planning Commission, Shark Bay Regional Strategy (Western Australian Planning Commission, Perth, WA, 1997), p 39.
63. Fisheries Department of Western Australia, Effects of Fish Trapping on the Shark Bay Snapper Fishery, Fisheries Report No 82 (Fisheries Department of WA, Perth, WA, 1989), p 2.
64. R Dowling and J Alder, "Shark Bay, Western Australia: Managing a Coastal World Heritage Area" (1996) 6 Coastal Management in Tropical Asia 18.
65. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
66. A selection of the written commentary includes: E Bergin, "Disclosure of Compliance with Environmental Obligations in the Company Law Review Act: A Case Study:, Australian Environmental Law News, Vol 3/4 1998 at 14
67. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
68. A selection of the written commentary includes: E Bergin, "Disclosure of Compliance with Environmental Obligations in the Company Law Review Act: A Case Study:, Australian Environmental Law News, Vol 3/4 1998 at 14
69. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
70. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
71. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
72. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Shark Bay World Heritage Property Draft Strategic Plan (Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, WA, 1999), p 2.
73. A selection of the written commentary includes: E Bergin, "Disclosure of Compliance with Environmental Obligations in the Company Law Review Act: A Case Study:, Australian Environmental Law News, Vol 3/4 1998 at 14
74. Environmental Protection Authority, Conservation Reserves for Western Australia Systems 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, (Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, WA, 1975), p 30.
75. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
76. A selection of the written commentary includes: E Bergin, "Disclosure of Compliance with Environmental Obligations in the Company Law Review Act: A Case Study:, Australian Environmental Law News, Vol 3/4 1998 at 14
77. A selection of the written commentary includes: E Bergin, "Disclosure of Compliance with Environmental Obligations in the Company Law Review Act: A Case Study:, Australian Environmental Law News, Vol 3/4 1998 at 14
78. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
79. The World Heritage Values are that owe their existence to Faure Sill are: • the hypersaline embayments that are characterised by inique microbial communities (including those that form stromatolites and massive deposits of coquina shell not found elsewhere; • Stromatolites, which represent the oldest form of life on earth; • limestone sands (ooid shoals) that are common in ancient geological sequences but rare in modem seas; • the most significant shallow marine and intertidal benthic microbial systems living on Earth today.
80. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
81. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
82. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
83. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
84. A selection of the written commentary includes: E Bergin, "Disclosure of Compliance with Environmental Obligations in the Company Law Review Act: A Case Study:, Australian Environmental Law News, Vol 3/4 1998 at 14
85. Fisheries Department of Western Australia, Shark Bay World Heritage Property. Summary of Public Submissions to the Draft Management Plan for Fish Resources (Fisheries Department of WA, Perth, WA, 1996), p 21.
86. A selection of the written commentary includes: E Bergin, "Disclosure of Compliance with Environmental Obligations in the Company Law Review Act: A Case Study:, Australian Environmental Law News, Vol 3/4 1998 at 14
87. Fisheries Department of Western Australia, Shark bay World Heritage Area Draft Management Plan for Fish Resources (Fisheries Department of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 1994), p 53.
88. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
89. A selection of the written commentary includes: E Bergin, "Disclosure of Compliance with Environmental Obligations in the Company Law Review Act: A Case Study:, Australian Environmental Law News, Vol 3/4 1998 at 14
90. MS Johnson, S Creagh and M Moran, "Genetic Subdivision of Stocks of Snapper Chrysophys unicolor in Shark Bay Western Australia" (1986) 37 Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Resources 337.
91. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
92. Fisheries Western Australia, Shark Bay World Heritage Area: Consultation on Inner Gulf Pink Snapper Stocks (Fisheries Western Australia, Perth, WA, 1998), p 1.
93. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
94. Recñshwest is the peak independent representative recreational fishing body in Western Australia.
95. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6
96. R Baird et al, New Obligations on Directors to Report Environmental Performance Accounting and ASIC Compliance May 1999 at 6