Sex offenders: Policy and practice

Northwestern University Law Review

Volumn 92, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 1203-1224

  Berliner, Lucy ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0009881341     PISSN: 00293571     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. See. e.g., S. Matson & R. Live, Sex Offender Registration: A Review of State Laws (Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy 1996b); S. Matson & R. Lieb, MEGAN'S LAW: A REVIEW OF STATE AND FEDERAL LEGISLATION (Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy 1997a); S. Matson & R. Lieb, Sexual Predator Commitment Laws (Olympia: Washington Institute for Public Policy 1997b); Michelle Pia Jerusalem, Note, A Framework for Post-Sentence Sex Offender Legislation: Perspectives on Prevention, Registration, and the Public's "Right" to Know, 48 VAND. L. REV. 219 (1995).
2. See. e.g., S. Matson & R. Live, Sex Offender Registration: A Review of State Laws (Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy 1996b); S. Matson & R. Lieb, MEGAN'S LAW: A REVIEW OF STATE AND FEDERAL LEGISLATION (Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy 1997a); S. Matson & R. Lieb, Sexual Predator Commitment Laws (Olympia: Washington Institute for Public Policy 1997b); Michelle Pia Jerusalem, Note, A Framework for Post-Sentence Sex Offender Legislation: Perspectives on Prevention, Registration, and the Public's "Right" to Know, 48 VAND. L. REV. 219 (1995).
3. See. e.g., S. Matson & R. Live, Sex Offender Registration: A Review of State Laws (Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy 1996b); S. Matson & R. Lieb, MEGAN'S LAW: A REVIEW OF STATE AND FEDERAL LEGISLATION (Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy 1997a); S. Matson & R. Lieb, Sexual Predator Commitment Laws (Olympia: Washington Institute for Public Policy 1997b); Michelle Pia Jerusalem, Note, A Framework for Post-Sentence Sex Offender Legislation: Perspectives on Prevention, Registration, and the Public's "Right" to Know, 48 VAND. L. REV. 219 (1995).
4. See. e.g., S. Matson & R. Live, Sex Offender Registration: A Review of State Laws (Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy 1996b); S. Matson & R. Lieb, MEGAN'S LAW: A REVIEW OF STATE AND FEDERAL LEGISLATION (Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy 1997a); S. Matson & R. Lieb, Sexual Predator Commitment Laws (Olympia: Washington Institute for Public Policy 1997b); Michelle Pia Jerusalem, Note, A Framework for Post-Sentence Sex Offender Legislation: Perspectives on Prevention, Registration, and the Public's "Right" to Know, 48 VAND. L. REV. 219 (1995).
5. See F. Cohen, Supreme Court Finds Sexually Violent Predator Law Constitutional, 4 COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS REP. ON L. & CORRECTIONS PRACTICE 83-84, 96 (1997); Michael L. Perlin, "There's No Success Like Failure/And Failure's No Success at All": Exposing the Pretextuality of Kansas v. Hendricks, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1247 (1998); Eric S. Janus, Foreshadowing the Future of Kansas v. Hendricks: The Lessons From Minnesota's Sex Offender Commitment Litigation, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1279 (1998).
6. See F. Cohen, Supreme Court Finds Sexually Violent Predator Law Constitutional, 4 COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS REP. ON L. & CORRECTIONS PRACTICE 83-84, 96 (1997); Michael L. Perlin, "There's No Success Like Failure/And Failure's No Success at All": Exposing the Pretextuality of Kansas v. Hendricks, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1247 (1998); Eric S. Janus, Foreshadowing the Future of Kansas v. Hendricks: The Lessons From Minnesota's Sex Offender Commitment Litigation, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1279 (1998).
7. See F. Cohen, Supreme Court Finds Sexually Violent Predator Law Constitutional, 4 COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS REP. ON L. & CORRECTIONS PRACTICE 83-84, 96 (1997); Michael L. Perlin, "There's No Success Like Failure/And Failure's No Success at All": Exposing the Pretextuality of Kansas v. Hendricks, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1247 (1998); Eric S. Janus, Foreshadowing the Future of Kansas v. Hendricks: The Lessons From Minnesota's Sex Offender Commitment Litigation, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1279 (1998).
8. See J. Clark et al., Three Strikes and You're Out: A Review of State Legislation (Washington, D.C: National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief, 1997).
9. See. e.g., ARIZ. REV. STAT. § 13-902; WIS. STAT. ANN. § 973.09(2).
10. See, L. Berliner et al., A Sentencing Alternative for Sex Offenders: A Study of Decisionmaking and Recidivism, 10 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 487 (1995). For a discussion of the risk of such psychological and psychiatric intervention, see Deborah W. Denno, Life Before the Modern Sex Offender Statutes, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1317, 1339-34 (1998).
11. See, L. Berliner et al., A Sentencing Alternative for Sex Offenders: A Study of Decisionmaking and Recidivism, 10 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 487 (1995). For a discussion of the risk of such psychological and psychiatric intervention, see Deborah W. Denno, Life Before the Modern Sex Offender Statutes, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1317, 1339-34 (1998).
12. See, F.H. KNOPP ET AL., NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF TREATMENT PROGRAMS AND MODELS (1994).
13. See BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, SOURCEBOOK OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE STATISTICS (K. Maguire & A.L. Pastore, eds. 1996).
14. See P.D. Rozee, Forbidden or Forgiven?: Rape in a Cross-Cultural Perspective, 17 PSYCHOL. WOMEN Q. 499 (1993).
15. See D.E.H. Russell, Wife Rape, in ACQUAINTANCE RAPE 129-139 (A. Parrot & L. Bechlofer, eds. 1991).
16. See C. Whitney, Non-stranger, Non-consensual Sexual Assaults: Changing Legislation to Ensure that Acts are Criminally Punished, 27 RUTGERS L.J. 417 (1996).
17. See F. RUSH, THE BEST KEPT SECRET: SEXUAL ABUSE OF CHILDREN (1980).
18. See, e.g. D. FINKELHOR, CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE: NEW THEORY AND RESEARCH (1984); J.L. HERMAN & L. HIRSCHMAN, FATHER-DAUGHTER INCEST (1981); M.P. KOSS & M.R. HARVEY, THE RAPE VICTIM: CLINICAL AND COMMUNITY INTERVENTIONS (1991).
19. See, e.g. D. FINKELHOR, CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE: NEW THEORY AND RESEARCH (1984); J.L. HERMAN & L. HIRSCHMAN, FATHER-DAUGHTER INCEST (1981); M.P. KOSS & M.R. HARVEY, THE RAPE VICTIM: CLINICAL AND COMMUNITY INTERVENTIONS (1991).
20. See, e.g. D. FINKELHOR, CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE: NEW THEORY AND RESEARCH (1984); J.L. HERMAN & L. HIRSCHMAN, FATHER-DAUGHTER INCEST (1981); M.P. KOSS & M.R. HARVEY, THE RAPE VICTIM: CLINICAL AND COMMUNITY INTERVENTIONS (1991).
21. See, e.g., L.R. Harris & D.J. Weiss, Judgments of Consent in Simulated Rape Cases, 10 J. SOC. BEHAV. & PERSONALITY 79 (1995); T. Langley et al., Models of Rape Judgment: Attributions Concerning Event, Perpetrator, and Victim, 17 J. OFFENDER REHABILITATION 43 (1991); P. Pollard, Judgments about Victims and Attackers in Depicted Rapes: A Review, 31 BRIT. J. OF SOC. PSYCHOL. 307 (1992). For an extensive discussion of victim and offender credibility, see Elizabeth Mertz & Kimberly A. Lonsway, The Power of Denial: Individual and Cultural Constructions of Child Sexual Abuse, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1415 (1998), and Mary E. Becker, The Abuse Excuse and the Patriarchal Narratives, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1459 (1998).
22. See, e.g., L.R. Harris & D.J. Weiss, Judgments of Consent in Simulated Rape Cases, 10 J. SOC. BEHAV. & PERSONALITY 79 (1995); T. Langley et al., Models of Rape Judgment: Attributions Concerning Event, Perpetrator, and Victim, 17 J. OFFENDER REHABILITATION 43 (1991); P. Pollard, Judgments about Victims and Attackers in Depicted Rapes: A Review, 31 BRIT. J. OF SOC. PSYCHOL. 307 (1992). For an extensive discussion of victim and offender credibility, see Elizabeth Mertz & Kimberly A. Lonsway, The Power of Denial: Individual and Cultural Constructions of Child Sexual Abuse, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1415 (1998), and Mary E. Becker, The Abuse Excuse and the Patriarchal Narratives, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1459 (1998).
23. See, e.g., L.R. Harris & D.J. Weiss, Judgments of Consent in Simulated Rape Cases, 10 J. SOC. BEHAV. & PERSONALITY 79 (1995); T. Langley et al., Models of Rape Judgment: Attributions Concerning Event, Perpetrator, and Victim, 17 J. OFFENDER REHABILITATION 43 (1991); P. Pollard, Judgments about Victims and Attackers in Depicted Rapes: A Review, 31 BRIT. J. OF SOC. PSYCHOL. 307 (1992). For an extensive discussion of victim and offender credibility, see Elizabeth Mertz & Kimberly A. Lonsway, The Power of Denial: Individual and Cultural Constructions of Child Sexual Abuse, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1415 (1998), and Mary E. Becker, The Abuse Excuse and the Patriarchal Narratives, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1459 (1998).
24. See, e.g., L.R. Harris & D.J. Weiss, Judgments of Consent in Simulated Rape Cases, 10 J. SOC. BEHAV. & PERSONALITY 79 (1995); T. Langley et al., Models of Rape Judgment: Attributions Concerning Event, Perpetrator, and Victim, 17 J. OFFENDER REHABILITATION 43 (1991); P. Pollard, Judgments about Victims and Attackers in Depicted Rapes: A Review, 31 BRIT. J. OF SOC. PSYCHOL. 307 (1992). For an extensive discussion of victim and offender credibility, see Elizabeth Mertz & Kimberly A. Lonsway, The Power of Denial: Individual and Cultural Constructions of Child Sexual Abuse, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1415 (1998), and Mary E. Becker, The Abuse Excuse and the Patriarchal Narratives, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1459 (1998).
25. See, e.g., L.R. Harris & D.J. Weiss, Judgments of Consent in Simulated Rape Cases, 10 J. SOC. BEHAV. & PERSONALITY 79 (1995); T. Langley et al., Models of Rape Judgment: Attributions Concerning Event, Perpetrator, and Victim, 17 J. OFFENDER REHABILITATION 43 (1991); P. Pollard, Judgments about Victims and Attackers in Depicted Rapes: A Review, 31 BRIT. J. OF SOC. PSYCHOL. 307 (1992). For an extensive discussion of victim and offender credibility, see Elizabeth Mertz & Kimberly A. Lonsway, The Power of Denial: Individual and Cultural Constructions of Child Sexual Abuse, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1415 (1998), and Mary E. Becker, The Abuse Excuse and the Patriarchal Narratives, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1459 (1998).
26. See, e.g., P.A. Frazier, Victim Attributions and Post-rape Trauma, 59 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 298 (1990); M.P. Koss et al., The Scope of Rape: Incidence and Prevalence of Sexual Aggression and Victimization in a National Sample of Higher Education Students, 55 J. CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 162 (1987); K.B. Morrow, Attributions of Female Adolescent Incest Victims Regarding Their Molestation, 15 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 477 (1991).
27. See, e.g., P.A. Frazier, Victim Attributions and Post-rape Trauma, 59 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 298 (1990); M.P. Koss et al., The Scope of Rape: Incidence and Prevalence of Sexual Aggression and Victimization in a National Sample of Higher Education Students, 55 J. CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 162 (1987); K.B. Morrow, Attributions of Female Adolescent Incest Victims Regarding Their Molestation, 15 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 477 (1991).
28. See, e.g., P.A. Frazier, Victim Attributions and Post-rape Trauma, 59 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 298 (1990); M.P. Koss et al., The Scope of Rape: Incidence and Prevalence of Sexual Aggression and Victimization in a National Sample of Higher Education Students, 55 J. CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 162 (1987); K.B. Morrow, Attributions of Female Adolescent Incest Victims Regarding Their Molestation, 15 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 477 (1991).
29. See, e.g., H. Jackson & R. Nuttall, Effects of Gender, Age, and History of Abuse on Social Workers: Judgments of Sexual Abuse Allegations, 18 SOC. WORK. RES. 105 (1994); S. Kanekar et al., The Acquaintance Predicament of a Rape Victim, 21 J. APPLIED SOC. PSYCHOL. 1524 (1991); K.A. Lonsway & L.F. Fitzgerald, Rape Myths in Review, 18 PSYCHOL. WOMEN Q. 133 (1994); N.P. Spanos et al., The Effects of Expert Testimony Concerning Rape on the Verdicts and Beliefs of Mock Jurors, 11 IMAGINATION COGNITION & PERSONALITY 37 (1991); M.M. Wellman, Child Sexual Abuse and Gender Differences: Attitudes and Prevalence, 17 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 539 (1993).
30. See, e.g., H. Jackson & R. Nuttall, Effects of Gender, Age, and History of Abuse on Social Workers: Judgments of Sexual Abuse Allegations, 18 SOC. WORK. RES. 105 (1994); S. Kanekar et al., The Acquaintance Predicament of a Rape Victim, 21 J. APPLIED SOC. PSYCHOL. 1524 (1991); K.A. Lonsway & L.F. Fitzgerald, Rape Myths in Review, 18 PSYCHOL. WOMEN Q. 133 (1994); N.P. Spanos et al., The Effects of Expert Testimony Concerning Rape on the Verdicts and Beliefs of Mock Jurors, 11 IMAGINATION COGNITION & PERSONALITY 37 (1991); M.M. Wellman, Child Sexual Abuse and Gender Differences: Attitudes and Prevalence, 17 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 539 (1993).
31. See, e.g., H. Jackson & R. Nuttall, Effects of Gender, Age, and History of Abuse on Social Workers: Judgments of Sexual Abuse Allegations, 18 SOC. WORK. RES. 105 (1994); S. Kanekar et al., The Acquaintance Predicament of a Rape Victim, 21 J. APPLIED SOC. PSYCHOL. 1524 (1991); K.A. Lonsway & L.F. Fitzgerald, Rape Myths in Review, 18 PSYCHOL. WOMEN Q. 133 (1994); N.P. Spanos et al., The Effects of Expert Testimony Concerning Rape on the Verdicts and Beliefs of Mock Jurors, 11 IMAGINATION COGNITION & PERSONALITY 37 (1991); M.M. Wellman, Child Sexual Abuse and Gender Differences: Attitudes and Prevalence, 17 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 539 (1993).
32. See, e.g., H. Jackson & R. Nuttall, Effects of Gender, Age, and History of Abuse on Social Workers: Judgments of Sexual Abuse Allegations, 18 SOC. WORK. RES. 105 (1994); S. Kanekar et al., The Acquaintance Predicament of a Rape Victim, 21 J. APPLIED SOC. PSYCHOL. 1524 (1991); K.A. Lonsway & L.F. Fitzgerald, Rape Myths in Review, 18 PSYCHOL. WOMEN Q. 133 (1994); N.P. Spanos et al., The Effects of Expert Testimony Concerning Rape on the Verdicts and Beliefs of Mock Jurors, 11 IMAGINATION COGNITION & PERSONALITY 37 (1991); M.M. Wellman, Child Sexual Abuse and Gender Differences: Attitudes and Prevalence, 17 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 539 (1993).
33. See, e.g., H. Jackson & R. Nuttall, Effects of Gender, Age, and History of Abuse on Social Workers: Judgments of Sexual Abuse Allegations, 18 SOC. WORK. RES. 105 (1994); S. Kanekar et al., The Acquaintance Predicament of a Rape Victim, 21 J. APPLIED SOC. PSYCHOL. 1524 (1991); K.A. Lonsway & L.F. Fitzgerald, Rape Myths in Review, 18 PSYCHOL. WOMEN Q. 133 (1994); N.P. Spanos et al., The Effects of Expert Testimony Concerning Rape on the Verdicts and Beliefs of Mock Jurors, 11 IMAGINATION COGNITION & PERSONALITY 37 (1991); M.M. Wellman, Child Sexual Abuse and Gender Differences: Attitudes and Prevalence, 17 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 539 (1993).
34. See M.T. GORDON & S. RIGER, THE FEMALE FEAR (1989).
35. See M.P. Koss, Rape: Scope Impact, Interventions, and Public Policy Responses, AM. PSYCHOL., October 1993, at 1062.
36. See D. Finkelhor et al., Victimization Prevention Programs for Children: A Follow-up, 85 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH 1684 (1995).
37. See F.H. Norris, Epidemiology of Trauma: Frequency and Impact of Different Potentially Traumatic Events on Different Demographic Groups, 60 J. CONSULTING & CLINICAL. PSYCHOL. 409 (1992).
38. See AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION, DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS (4th ed. 1994).
39. See J.R. Freedy et al., The Psychological Adjustment of Recent Crime Victims in the Criminal Justice System, 9 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 450 (1994).
40. See B.O. Rothbaum et al., A Prospective Examination of Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Rape Victims, 5 J. TRAUMATIC STRESS 455 (1992).
41. See S. Boney-McCoy & D. Finkelhor, Psychological Sequelae of Violent Victimization in a National Youth Sample, 63 J. CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 726 (1995).
42. See E. Deblinger et al., Post-Traumatic Stress in Sexually Abused, Physically Abused, and Nonabused Children, 13 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 403 (1989).
43. See, e.g., W.N. Friedrich, Sexual Victimization and Sexual Behavior in Children: A Review of Recent Literature, 17 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 59 (1993).
44. See, e.g., J. Becker et al., Level of Postassault Sexual Functioning in Rape and Incest Victims, 15 ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAV. 37 (1986).
45. See, e.g., P.E. Mullen et al., The Effect of Child Sexual Abuse on Social, Interpersonal and Sexual Function in Adult Life, 165 BRIT. J. PSYCHIATRY 35 (1994); B.E. Saunders et al., Child Sexual Assault as a Risk Factor for Mental Disorders Among Women: A Community Survey, 7 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 189 (1992).
46. See, e.g., P.E. Mullen et al., The Effect of Child Sexual Abuse on Social, Interpersonal and Sexual Function in Adult Life, 165 BRIT. J. PSYCHIATRY 35 (1994); B.E. Saunders et al., Child Sexual Assault as a Risk Factor for Mental Disorders Among Women: A Community Survey, 7 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 189 (1992).
47. See, e.g., P. Coffey, Mediators of the Long-Term Impact of Child Sexual Abuse: Perceived Stigma, Betrayal, Powerlessness, and Self-Blame, 20 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 447 (1996); J. Hunter et al., Attributions of Blame in Child Sexual Abuse Victims: An Analysis of Age and Gender Influences, 1 J. CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 75 (1992).
48. See, e.g., P. Coffey, Mediators of the Long-Term Impact of Child Sexual Abuse: Perceived Stigma, Betrayal, Powerlessness, and Self-Blame, 20 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 447 (1996); J. Hunter et al., Attributions of Blame in Child Sexual Abuse Victims: An Analysis of Age and Gender Influences, 1 J. CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 75 (1992).
49. See R.C. Davis & E. Brickman, Supportive and Unsupportive Aspects of the Behavior of Others Toward Victims of Sexual and Nonsexual Assault, 11 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 250 (1996).
50. See, e.g., D. Finkelhor et al., Sexual Abuse in a National Survey of Adult Men and Women: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Risk Factors, 14 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 19 (1990); D. Kilpatrick et al., RAPE IN AMERICA: A REPORT TO THE NATION (1992).
51. See, e.g., D. Finkelhor et al., Sexual Abuse in a National Survey of Adult Men and Women: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Risk Factors, 14 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 19 (1990); D. Kilpatrick et al., RAPE IN AMERICA: A REPORT TO THE NATION (1992).
52. See V.L. Quinsey & M.L. Lalumiere, Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Offending, 7 SEXUAL ABUSE: J. RES. & TREATMENT 301 (1995).
53. See, e.g., S. BROWNMILLER, AGAINST OUR WILL: MEN, WOMEN, AND RAPE (1975); P.L.N. Donat & J. D'Emilio, A Feminist Redefinition of Rape and Sexual Assault: Historical Foundations and Change, 48 J. OF SOC. ISSUES 9 (1992); Rush, supra note 11.
54. See, e.g., S. BROWNMILLER, AGAINST OUR WILL: MEN, WOMEN, AND RAPE (1975); P.L.N. Donat & J. D'Emilio, A Feminist Redefinition of Rape and Sexual Assault: Historical Foundations and Change, 48 J. OF SOC. ISSUES 9 (1992); Rush, supra note 11.
55. See N.M. Malamuth et al., Using the Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression to Predict Men's Conflict with Women: A 10-Year Follow-up Study, 69 J. PERSONALITY AND SOC. PSYCHOL. 353 (1995).
56. See G.G. Abel et al., Multiple Paraphiliac Diagnoses Among Sex Offenders, 16 BULLETIN AM. ACADEMY PSYCHIATRY & L. 153 (1988); J. Michael Bailey & Aaron Greenberg, The Science and Ethics of Castration: Lessons from the Morse Case, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1225 (1998).
57. See G.G. Abel et al., Multiple Paraphiliac Diagnoses Among Sex Offenders, 16 BULLETIN AM. ACADEMY PSYCHIATRY & L. 153 (1988); J. Michael Bailey & Aaron Greenberg, The Science and Ethics of Castration: Lessons from the Morse Case, 92 NW. U. L. REV. 1225 (1998).
58. See W.D. Murphy & J.M. Peters, Profiling Child Sexual Abusers: Psychological Considerations, 19 CRIM. JUSTICE & BEHAV. 24 (1992).
59. See, e.g., K. Fruend & R.J. Watson, Assessment of the Sensitivity and Specificity of a Phallometric Test: An Update of Phallometric Diagnosis of Pedophilia, 3 PSYCHOL. ASSESSMENT 254 (1991); M.L. Lalumiere & V.L. Quinsey, The Discriminability of Rapists From Non-Sex Offenders Using Phallometric Measures: A Meta-Analysis, 21 CRIM. JUSTICE & BEHAV. 150 (1994).
60. See, e.g., K. Fruend & R.J. Watson, Assessment of the Sensitivity and Specificity of a Phallometric Test: An Update of Phallometric Diagnosis of Pedophilia, 3 PSYCHOL. ASSESSMENT 254 (1991); M.L. Lalumiere & V.L. Quinsey, The Discriminability of Rapists From Non-Sex Offenders Using Phallometric Measures: A Meta-Analysis, 21 CRIM. JUSTICE & BEHAV. 150 (1994).
61. See, e.g., L. Stermac et al., Incidence of Nonsexual Violence in Incest Offenders, 39 INT'L J. OFFENDER THERAPY & COMP. CRIMINOLOGY 167 (1995); M.R. Weinrott & M. Saylor, Self-Report of Crimes Committed by Sex Offenders, 6 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 286 (1991).
62. See, e.g., L. Stermac et al., Incidence of Nonsexual Violence in Incest Offenders, 39 INT'L J. OFFENDER THERAPY & COMP. CRIMINOLOGY 167 (1995); M.R. Weinrott & M. Saylor, Self-Report of Crimes Committed by Sex Offenders, 6 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 286 (1991).
63. See V.L. Quinsey et al., Actuarial Prediction of Sexual Recidivisim, 10 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 85 (1995).
64. See D.G. Kilpatrick et al., Criminal Victimization: Lifetime Prevalence, Reporting to Police, and Psychological Impacy, 33 CRIME & DELINQUENCY 479 (1987).
65. See, e.g., A.J. BECK & B.E. SHIPLEY, RECIDIVISM OF PRISONERS RELEASED IN 1983 (United States Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics 1989); L.A. GREENFIELD, SEX OFFENSES AND OFFENDERS: AN ANALYSIS OF DATA ON RAPE AND SEXUAL ASSUALT (U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics 1997); D.D. SCHRAM ET AL., JUVENILE SEX OFFENDERS: A FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF RE-OFFENSE BEHAVIOR (1991).
66. See, e.g., A.J. BECK & B.E. SHIPLEY, RECIDIVISM OF PRISONERS RELEASED IN 1983 (United States Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics 1989); L.A. GREENFIELD, SEX OFFENSES AND OFFENDERS: AN ANALYSIS OF DATA ON RAPE AND SEXUAL ASSUALT (U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics 1997); D.D. SCHRAM ET AL., JUVENILE SEX OFFENDERS: A FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF RE-OFFENSE BEHAVIOR (1991).
67. See, e.g., A.J. BECK & B.E. SHIPLEY, RECIDIVISM OF PRISONERS RELEASED IN 1983 (United States Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics 1989); L.A. GREENFIELD, SEX OFFENSES AND OFFENDERS: AN ANALYSIS OF DATA ON RAPE AND SEXUAL ASSUALT (U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics 1997); D.D. SCHRAM ET AL., JUVENILE SEX OFFENDERS: A FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF RE-OFFENSE BEHAVIOR (1991).
68. See, e.g., Greenfield, supra note 40; R.K. Hanson et al., Long-term Recidivism of Child Molesters, 61 J. CONSULTING AND CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 646 (1993).
69. See R.K. Hanson & M.T. Bussiere, Predicting Relapse: A Meta-Analysis of Sexual Offender Recidivism Studies, 66 J. CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 348 (1998). For a more detailed discussion of this study's findings, see Janus, supra note 2, nn.99-102 and accompanying text.
70. See R.K. Hanson et al., Long Term Recidivism of Child Molesters, 61 J. OF CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 646 (1993).
71. See R.A. Prentky et al., Recidivism Rates Among Child Molesters and Rapists: A Methodological Analysis, 21 L. & HUMAN BEHAV. 635 (1997).
72. See Quinsey, supra note 38.
73. See e.g., R.A. Prentky et al., Risk Factors Associated with Recidivism Among Extra-Familial Child Molesters; 65 J. OF CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 141 (1997); R.A. Prentky et al., Predictive Validity of Lifestyle Impulsivity for Rapists, 22 CRIM. JUSTICE & BEHAV. 106 (1995).
74. See e.g., R.A. Prentky et al., Risk Factors Associated with Recidivism Among Extra-Familial Child Molesters; 65 J. OF CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 141 (1997); R.A. Prentky et al., Predictive Validity of Lifestyle Impulsivity for Rapists, 22 CRIM. JUSTICE & BEHAV. 106 (1995).
75. See, e.g., J.V. Becker & J.A. Hunter, Evaluation of Treatment Outcome for Adult Perpetrators of Child Sexual Abuse, 19 CRIM. JUST. & BEHAV. 74 (1992); W.L. Marshall & W.D. Pithers, A Reconsideration of Treatment Outcome with Sex Offenders, 21 CRIM. JUST. & BEHAV. 10 (1994).
76. See, e.g., J.V. Becker & J.A. Hunter, Evaluation of Treatment Outcome for Adult Perpetrators of Child Sexual Abuse, 19 CRIM. JUST. & BEHAV. 74 (1992); W.L. Marshall & W.D. Pithers, A Reconsideration of Treatment Outcome with Sex Offenders, 21 CRIM. JUST. & BEHAV. 10 (1994).
77. See G.C.N. Hall, Sexual Offender Recidivism Revisited: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Treatment Studies, 63 J. CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 802 (1995).
78. See V.L. Quinsey et al., Assessing Treatment Efficacy in Outcome Studies of Sex Offenders, 8 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 512 (1993).
79. See, e.g., id.
80. See J.K. Marques et al., Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment on Sex Offender Recidivism: Preliminary Results of a Longitudinal Study, 21 CRIM. JUST. & BEHAV. 28 (1994).
81. See C.M. Borduin et al., Multisystematic Treatment of Adolescent Sexual Offenders, 34 INT'L J. OFFENDER THERAPY & COMP. CRIMINOLOGY 105 (1990).
82. See W. Marshall & H. Barbaree, The Long-term evaluation of a Behavioral Treatment Program for Child Molesters, 26 BEHAV. RES. & THERAPY 499 (1988).
83. See T. Nickolaickuk & A. Gordon, Treatment Reduces Sexual Recidivism: Clearwater outcome Data Summary (1996) (Paper presented at the annual ATSA meeting: Outcome of the Clearwater Sex Offender Treatment Program: A Matched Comparison Between Treated and Untreated Offenders, in Chicago, IL; on file with the author).
84. See H. Barbaree, Evaluating Treatment Efficacy with Sexual Offenders: The Insensitivity of Recidivism Studies to Treatment Effect, 9 SEXUAL ABUSE: J. RES. & TREATMENT 111 (1997).
85. See Berliner, supra note 5.
86. See W.L. MARSHALL ET AL., HANDBOOK OF SEXUAL ASSAULT: ISSUES, THEORIES, AND TREATMENT OF THE OFFENDER (1990).
87. See, e.g., D.A. Andrews et al., Does Correctional Treatment Work? A Clinically Relevant and Psychologically Informed Meta-Analysis, 28 CRIMINOLOGY 369 (1990); P. Gendreau & C. Goggin, Correctional Treatment: Accomplishments and Realities, in CORRECTIONAL COUNSELING AND REHABILITION 271-279 (P. Van Voorhis et al, eds. 1997).
88. See, e.g., D.A. Andrews et al., Does Correctional Treatment Work? A Clinically Relevant and Psychologically Informed Meta-Analysis, 28 CRIMINOLOGY 369 (1990); P. Gendreau & C. Goggin, Correctional Treatment: Accomplishments and Realities, in CORRECTIONAL COUNSELING AND REHABILITION 271-279 (P. Van Voorhis et al, eds. 1997).
89. See Freund & Watson, supra note 36; Lalumiere & Quinsey, supra note 36.
90. See, e.g., R.K. Hanson et al., The Attitudes of Incest Offenders: Sexual Entitlement and Acceptance of Sex with Children, 21 CRIM. JUST. & BEHAV. 187 (1994).
91. See, e.g., M.E. Rice et al., Empathy for the Victim and Sexual Arousal Among Rapists and Non-rapists, 9 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 435 (1994).
92. See, e.g., J.M.W. Bradford, The Antiandrogen and Hormonal Treatment of Sex Offenders, in HANDBOOK OF SEXUAL ASSAULT ISSUES 297-310 (W.L. Marshall et al., eds. 1990); W.D. Murphy, Assessment and Modification of Cognitive Distortions in Sex Offenders, in HANDBOOK OF SEXUAL ASSAULT ISSUES 331-342 (W.L. Marshall et al., eds. 1990); W.D. Pithers, Process Evaluation of a Group Therapy Component Designed to Enhance Sex Offenders; Empathy for Sexual Abuse Survivors, 32 BEHAV. RES. & THERAPY 565 (1994).
93. See, e.g., J.M.W. Bradford, The Antiandrogen and Hormonal Treatment of Sex Offenders, in HANDBOOK OF SEXUAL ASSAULT ISSUES 297-310 (W.L. Marshall et al., eds. 1990); W.D. Murphy, Assessment and Modification of Cognitive Distortions in Sex Offenders, in HANDBOOK OF SEXUAL ASSAULT ISSUES 331-342 (W.L. Marshall et al., eds. 1990); W.D. Pithers, Process Evaluation of a Group Therapy Component Designed to Enhance Sex Offenders; Empathy for Sexual Abuse Survivors, 32 BEHAV. RES. & THERAPY 565 (1994).
94. See, e.g., J.M.W. Bradford, The Antiandrogen and Hormonal Treatment of Sex Offenders, in HANDBOOK OF SEXUAL ASSAULT ISSUES 297-310 (W.L. Marshall et al., eds. 1990); W.D. Murphy, Assessment and Modification of Cognitive Distortions in Sex Offenders, in HANDBOOK OF SEXUAL ASSAULT ISSUES 331-342 (W.L. Marshall et al., eds. 1990); W.D. Pithers, Process Evaluation of a Group Therapy Component Designed to Enhance Sex Offenders; Empathy for Sexual Abuse Survivors, 32 BEHAV. RES. & THERAPY 565 (1994).
95. See W.L. Marshall, The Treatment of Sex Offenders, 8 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 524 (1993).
96. See D.R. LAWS, RELAPSE PREVENTION WITH SEX OFFENDERS (1989).
97. See M.E. Rice et al., An Evaluation of the Maximum Security Therapeutic Community for Psychopaths and Other Mentally Disordered Offenders, 16 L. & HUMAN BEHAV. 399 (1992).
98. See R. Lieb et al., Sexual Predators and Social Policy, in CRIME & JUSTICE: AN ANNUAL REVIEW OF RESEARCH 311-382 (University of Chicago Press 1998). Deborah Denno's contribution to this Symposium analyzes the first period. See Denno, supra note 5.
99. See, e.g., B.E. SMITH ET AL., THE PROSECUTION OF CHILD PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL ABUSE CASES (ABA Center on Children and the Law 1993); Berliner, supra note 5; J.R. Chapman & B. Smith, Are Sexual Abusers of Children treated Differently than Those Who Abuse Adults?, 10 RESPONSE TO THE VICTIMIZATION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN 17 (1987).
100. See, e.g., B.E. SMITH ET AL., THE PROSECUTION OF CHILD PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL ABUSE CASES (ABA Center on Children and the Law 1993); Berliner, supra note 5; J.R. Chapman & B. Smith, Are Sexual Abusers of Children treated Differently than Those Who Abuse Adults?, 10 RESPONSE TO THE VICTIMIZATION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN 17 (1987).
101. See Smith, supra note 67.
102. See Chapman & Smith, supra note 67.
103. See RCW 9.94A.120(7)(a).
104. See SENTENCING GUIDELINES COMMISSION, STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF ADULT FELONY SENTENCING: FISCAL YEAR 1997 (1997).
105. See Berliner, supra note 5.
106. See Personal communication between R. Freeman-Longo and L. Berliner (1998).
107. See M. Patrick, Letter to the Editor, Aim of Statute's Reform Should Be to End Abuse of the Privilege It Provides, TACOMA NEWS TRIB., Feb. 1, 1998, at A12.
108. See Berliner, supra note 5.
109. See M. Sauzier, Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse: For Better or Worse, 12 PSYCHIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AM. 455 (1989).
110. See L. Berliner & J.R. Conte, The Effects of Disclosure and Intervention on Sexually Abused Children, 19 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 371 (1995).
111. See L. Berliner, Letter to the Editor, Sentencing Alternative Serves Interest of Victims - If Used as it Was Intended, TACOMA NEWS TRIB., Feb. 1, 1998, at A12.
112. See Freeman-Longo, supra note 73.
113. See Maguire & Pastore eds., supra note 7.
114. See DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, 1997 ANNUAL REPORT ON THE SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT PROGRAM (1997).
115. See, e.g., J.M. BARNES & K.D. PETERSON, THE KENTUCKY SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT PROGRAM (1997); A.M. MANDER ET AL., SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT PROGRAM: INITIAL RECIDIVISM STUDY (1996); Nicholaichuk & Gordon, supra note 54.
116. See, e.g., J.M. BARNES & K.D. PETERSON, THE KENTUCKY SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT PROGRAM (1997); A.M. MANDER ET AL., SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT PROGRAM: INITIAL RECIDIVISM STUDY (1996); Nicholaichuk & Gordon, supra note 54.
117. See Barnes & Peterson, supra note 82.
118. See Nicholaichuk & Gordon, supra note 54.
119. See. e.g., id.
120. See, e.g., Clark, supra note 3; NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF STATE LEGISLATION, 'THREE STRIKES' LEGISLATION UPDATE (1996).
121. See R. Lieb & S. Matson, Sex Offender Sentencing in Washington State, 10 FED. SENTENCING REP. 89 (1997).
122. See RCW 9.94A.120(4).
123. See ARIZ. REV. STAT. § 13-604.01.
124. See S. Pullen & K. English, Lifetime Probation in Arizona, in MANAGING ADULT SEX OFFENDERS ON PROBATION AND PAROLE: A CONTAINMENT APPROACH (K. English et al., eds. 1996).
125. See L.K. Scott, Community Management of Sex Offenders, in THE SEX OFFENDER: CORRECTIONS, TREATMENT AND LEGAL PRACTICE 16-1-12 (B.K. Schwartz & H.R. Cellini eds. 1995).
126. See Criminal Registration Ordinances: Police Control Over Potential Recidivists, 103 PA. L. REV. 60 (1954).
127. See Matson & Lieb (1996b), supra note 1.
128. See id.
129. See Jerusalem, supra note 1.
130. See R.A. Prentky, Community Notification and Constructive Risk Reduction, 11 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 295 (1996).
131. See, e.g., R. Lewis, Effectiveness of Statutory Requirements for the Registration of Sex Offenders, in REP. TO THE CALIFORNIA STATE LEGISLATURE (1988).
132. See K.A. Hanfland et al., Case Management for Missing Children Homicide Investigation, in Cooperative Agreement No. 93-MC-CX-K006 (U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention).
133. See The Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act, Pub. L. 103-322, Title XVII § 170101, 108 Stat. 2038 (1994) (codified as 42 U.S.C.A. § 14071 (1998)).
134. See United States Department of Justice, Final Guidelines for Megan's Law and the Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act, No RIN 1105-AA50 (1997).
135. See Pub. L. 103-322, title XVII § 1701012, as added Pub. L. 104-236, § 2(a), 110 Stat. 3093 (1996) (codified as 42 U.S.C.A. § 14072 (1998)).
136. See B. Walsh, SOAP Cleaning Up in Dallas, 43 DALLAS POLICE NEWS 1 (1998).
137. See William Glaberson, At Center of "Megan's Law" Case, A Man the System Couldn't Reach, N.Y. TIMES, May 6, 1996, at C10.
138. See Pub. L. No. 104-145, § 2,110 Stat. 1345 (1996).
139. See Dept. of Justice, supra note 100.
140. See Matson & Lieb (1997a), supra note 1.
141. See id.
142. See Daniel L. Feldman, The 'Scarlet letter Laws' of the 1990s: A Response to Critics, 60 ALB. L. REV. 1081 (1997).
143. Court Refuses to Hear Challenge to New Jersey Sex Offender Law, ASSOCIATED PRESS, Feb. 24, 1998.
144. State v. Ward, 869 P.2d 1062 (Wash. 1994).
145. See, e.g., Abril R. Bedarf, Examining Sex Offender Community Notification Laws, 83 CAL. L. REV. 885 (1995); Michele L. Earl-Hubbard, Comment, The Child Sex Offender Registration Laws: The Punishment, Liberty, Deprivation, and Unintended Results Associated with the Scarlet Letter Laws of the 1990s, 90 NW. U. L. REV. 788 (1996); W.C. Hefferman et al., Megan's Law: Community Notification of the Release of Sex Offenders, 14 CRIM. JUST. ETHICS 3 (1995); Jenny A. Montana, An Ineffective Weapon in the Fight Against Child Sexual Abuse: New Jersey's Megan's Law, 3 J.L. & POL'Y 569 (1995); J.B. Rudin, Megan's Law: Can It Stop Sexual Predators - And At What Cost to Constitutional Rights?, 11 CRIM. JUST. 3 (1996).
146. See, e.g., Abril R. Bedarf, Examining Sex Offender Community Notification Laws, 83 CAL. L. REV. 885 (1995); Michele L. Earl-Hubbard, Comment, The Child Sex Offender Registration Laws: The Punishment, Liberty, Deprivation, and Unintended Results Associated with the Scarlet Letter Laws of the 1990s, 90 NW. U. L. REV. 788 (1996); W.C. Hefferman et al., Megan's Law: Community Notification of the Release of Sex Offenders, 14 CRIM. JUST. ETHICS 3 (1995); Jenny A. Montana, An Ineffective Weapon in the Fight Against Child Sexual Abuse: New Jersey's Megan's Law, 3 J.L. & POL'Y 569 (1995); J.B. Rudin, Megan's Law: Can It Stop Sexual Predators - And At What Cost to Constitutional Rights?, 11 CRIM. JUST. 3 (1996).
147. See, e.g., Abril R. Bedarf, Examining Sex Offender Community Notification Laws, 83 CAL. L. REV. 885 (1995); Michele L. Earl-Hubbard, Comment, The Child Sex Offender Registration Laws: The Punishment, Liberty, Deprivation, and Unintended Results Associated with the Scarlet Letter Laws of the 1990s, 90 NW. U. L. REV. 788 (1996); W.C. Hefferman et al., Megan's Law: Community Notification of the Release of Sex Offenders, 14 CRIM. JUST. ETHICS 3 (1995); Jenny A. Montana, An Ineffective Weapon in the Fight Against Child Sexual Abuse: New Jersey's Megan's Law, 3 J.L. & POL'Y 569 (1995); J.B. Rudin, Megan's Law: Can It Stop Sexual Predators - And At What Cost to Constitutional Rights?, 11 CRIM. JUST. 3 (1996).
148. See, e.g., Abril R. Bedarf, Examining Sex Offender Community Notification Laws, 83 CAL. L. REV. 885 (1995); Michele L. Earl-Hubbard, Comment, The Child Sex Offender Registration Laws: The Punishment, Liberty, Deprivation, and Unintended Results Associated with the Scarlet Letter Laws of the 1990s, 90 NW. U. L. REV. 788 (1996); W.C. Hefferman et al., Megan's Law: Community Notification of the Release of Sex Offenders, 14 CRIM. JUST. ETHICS 3 (1995); Jenny A. Montana, An Ineffective Weapon in the Fight Against Child Sexual Abuse: New Jersey's Megan's Law, 3 J.L. & POL'Y 569 (1995); J.B. Rudin, Megan's Law: Can It Stop Sexual Predators - And At What Cost to Constitutional Rights?, 11 CRIM. JUST. 3 (1996).
149. See, e.g., Abril R. Bedarf, Examining Sex Offender Community Notification Laws, 83 CAL. L. REV. 885 (1995); Michele L. Earl-Hubbard, Comment, The Child Sex Offender Registration Laws: The Punishment, Liberty, Deprivation, and Unintended Results Associated with the Scarlet Letter Laws of the 1990s, 90 NW. U. L. REV. 788 (1996); W.C. Hefferman et al., Megan's Law: Community Notification of the Release of Sex Offenders, 14 CRIM. JUST. ETHICS 3 (1995); Jenny A. Montana, An Ineffective Weapon in the Fight Against Child Sexual Abuse: New Jersey's Megan's Law, 3 J.L. & POL'Y 569 (1995); J.B. Rudin, Megan's Law: Can It Stop Sexual Predators - And At What Cost to Constitutional Rights?, 11 CRIM. JUST. 3 (1996).
150. See SAFER SOCIETY PROGRAM, PUBLIC NOTIFICATION OF SEX OFFENDER RELEASE (1998).
151. See NATIONAL CENTER FOR MISSING AND EXPLOITED CHILDREN, THE LEGAL VALIDITY AND POLICY CONCERNS WITH COMMUNITY NOTIFICATION FOR SEX OFFENDERS (1997).
152. See L. Berliner, Letter to the Editor, 20 CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 1133 (1996).
153. See S. MATSON & R. LIEB, COMMUNITY NOTIFICATION IN WASHINGTON STATE: 1996 SURVEY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT (1996a).
154. See D.M. PHILLIPS, COMMUNITY NOTIFICATION AS VIEWED BY WASHINGTON CITIZENS (1998).
155. See J.W. Shenk, Do "Megan's Laws' Make A Difference?, U.S. NEWS & WORLD REP., Mar. 9, 1998, at 27.
156. See Matson & Lieb (1996a), supra note 115.
157. See Oregon Dept. of Corrections, Sex Offender Notification in Oregon (1995) (Prepared for the 1995 Legislature).
158. See P. FINN, SEX OFFENDER COMMUNITY NOTIFICATION (1997).
159. See D. SCHRAM & C. MILLOY, COMMUNITY NOTIFICATION: A STUDY OF OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS AND RECIDIVISM (1995).
160. See J. Q. La Fond, Washington's Sexually Violent Predator Law: A Deliberate Misuse of the Therapeutic State for Social Control, 15 U. OF PUGET SOUND L. REV. 655 (1992).
161. See Lieb, supra note 66.
162. See S.J. BRACKEL ET AL., THE MENTALLY DISABLED AND THE LAW (3d ed. 1985).
163. See N. Morris & M. Miller. Predictions of Dangerousness, in CRIME AND JUSTICE: AN ANNUAL REVIEW OF RESEARCH (M. Tonry & N. Morris eds. 1985).
164. See Lieb, supra note 66.
165. See M.A. Small, The Legal Context of Mentally Disordered Sex Offender (MDSO) Treatment Programs, 19 CRIM. JUST. & BEHAV. 127 (1992).
166. See I. Prager, "Sexual Psychopathology"' and Child Molesters: The Experiment Fails, 6 J. JUV. L. 49 (1982).
167. See D. Boerner, Confronting Violence: In the Act and In the Word, 15 U. OF PUGET SOUND L. REV. 525 (1992).
168. See Governor's Task Force on Community Protection, Final Report (1989).
169. See Boerner, supra note 129.
170. See WASH. REV. CODE § 71.09.010.
171. See Matson & Lieb (1997b), supra note 1.
172. 521 U.S. 346 (1997). See generally Perlin, supra note 2; Janus, supra note 2.
173. See, e.g., La Fond, supra note 122.
174. See R.M. Wettstein, A Psychiatric Perspective on Washington's Sexually Violent Predator's Statute, 15 U. PUGET SOUND L. REV. 597 (1992).
175. See A.D. Brooks, The Constitutionality and Morality of Civilly Committing Violent Sexual Predators, 15 U. PUGET SOUND L. REV. 709 (1992).
176. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346.
177. See Wettstein, supra note 136.
178. See Washington Psychiatric Association, Brief to the United States Supreme Court in Kansas v. Hendricks (1995).
179. See Andrew Hammel, The Importance of Being Insane: Sexual Predator Civil Commitment Laws and the Idea of Sex Crimes as Insane Acts, 32 HOUS. L. REV. 775 (1995).
180. See Boerner, supra note 129.
181. See AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION, DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS (4th ed. 1994).
182. See R. LIEB, WASHINGTON STATE SEXUALLY VIOLENT PREDATORS: PROFILE OF SPECIAL COMMITMENT CENTER RESIDENTS (1996).
183. See, e.g., V.L. QUINSEY ET AL., VIOLENT OFFENDERS: APPRAISING AND MANAGING RISK (1998); J. Monahan, Violence Prediction: The Past Twenty and the Next Twenty Years, 23 CRIM. JUST. & BEHAV. 107 (1996).
184. See, e.g., V.L. QUINSEY ET AL., VIOLENT OFFENDERS: APPRAISING AND MANAGING RISK (1998); J. Monahan, Violence Prediction: The Past Twenty and the Next Twenty Years, 23 CRIM. JUST. & BEHAV. 107 (1996).
185. See W.M. Grove & P.E. Meehl, Comparative Efficiency of Informal (Subjective, Impressionistic) and Formal (Mechanical, Algorithmic) Prediction Procedures: The Clinical Statistical Controversy, 2 PSYCH. PUB. POL'Y & L. 293 (1996).
186. See Quinsey, supra note 38.
187. D. Mossman, Assessing Predictions of Violence: Being Accurate About Accuracy, 62 J. CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 783, 790 (1994).
188. See, e.g., id;, M.E. Rice & G.T. Harris, Violent Recidivism: Assessing Predictive Validity, 63 J. CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 737 (1995).
189. See E.S. Janus & P.E. Meehl, Assessing the Legal Standard for Predictions of Dangerousness in Sex Offender Commitment Proceedings, 3 PSYCHOL. PUB. POL'Y & L 33 (1997).
190. See Turay v. Weston, C91-664WD (D. Wash. 1994).
191. See A.D. Brooks, The Incapacitation by Court Commitment of Pathologically Violent Sex Offenders, in Law, MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL DISORDER (B. Sales & D. Shuman eds. 1996).
192. See NATIONAL CENTER FOR MISSING AND EXPLOITED CHILDREN, A STATE STRATEGY FOR REDUCING SEX OFFENSES (1998).