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Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 447-466

Taking prisoners: Havelock Ellis, Sigmund Freud, and the construction of homosexuality, 1897-1951

Author keywords

Havelock Ellis; Homosexuality; Joseph Wortis; Psychoanalysis; Sex psychology; Sigmund Freud; Sociology of scientific knowledge

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; HOMOSEXUALITY; PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIOLOGY; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0009450187     PISSN: 0951631X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/shm/13.3.447     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (34)

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    • H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
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    • H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
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    • H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
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    • H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
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    • H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
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    • H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
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    • H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
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    • H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
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    • See, for example, the above quotation (p. 447) from A. S. Byatt's award-winning novel, Possession.
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    • Throughout this essay, the sociological work of T. Gieryn, 'Boundary Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science', American Sociological Review, 48 (1983), 781-95; T. Gieryn, Cultural Boundaries of Science (Chicago, 1999); Bourdieu, 'The Specificity of a Scientific Field and the Social Conditions for the Progress of Reason'; and A. Abbott, The System of Professions (Chicago and London, 1988) are tacitly drawn upon. It was the work of these and like scholars who aroused my sensitivity to the practices being employed by Ellis and Freud in the policing of new claims which might threaten their own positions in sexual medicine.
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    • edited and abridged by L. Trilling and S. Marcus London
    • E. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, edited and abridged by L. Trilling and S. Marcus (London, 1963). V. Brome, Havelock Ellis: Philosopher of Sex (London, 1979), ch. 17, also deals with Freud and Ellis' relationship. However, Brome refers freely to letters which are not placed in any collection (on p. xiii Brome claims that the letters were burnt after he had used them), and on the whole denigrates Ellis' work in deference to Freud's achievements. As such, I treat Brome's account with caution.
    • (1963) The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud
    • Jones, E.1
  • 58
    • 0345744969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London, ch. 17
    • E. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, edited and abridged by L. Trilling and S. Marcus (London, 1963). V. Brome, Havelock Ellis: Philosopher of Sex (London, 1979), ch. 17, also deals with Freud and Ellis' relationship. However, Brome refers freely to letters which are not placed in any collection (on p. xiii Brome claims that the letters were burnt after he had used them), and on the whole denigrates Ellis' work in deference to Freud's achievements. As such, I treat Brome's account with caution.
    • (1979) Havelock Ellis: Philosopher of Sex
    • Brome, V.1
  • 59
    • 8844230880 scopus 로고
    • Review of Über den Traum, by Sigmund Freud'
    • H. Ellis, 'Review of Über den Traum, by Sigmund Freud', Journal of Mental Science, 47 (1901), 370-1, p. 370. Ellis had already addressed dreams in his own psychological work: 'On Dreaming of the Dead', Psychological Review, 2 (1895), 458-61; 'A Note on Hypnagogic Paramnesia', Mind, 6 n.s. (1897). Later, Ellis wrote The World of Dreams (London, 1911), which referred favourably to Freud's Die Traumdeutung, although made a different case for 'introspective dream analysis'. Later still, Ellis published 'The Synthesis of Dreams: A Study of a Series of One Hundred Dreams', Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 7 (Philadelphia, 1928, orig. Psychoanalytic Review, 1919).
    • (1901) Journal of Mental Science , vol.47 , pp. 370-371
    • Ellis, H.1
  • 60
    • 8844287432 scopus 로고
    • On Dreaming of the Dead
    • H. Ellis, 'Review of Über den Traum, by Sigmund Freud', Journal of Mental Science, 47 (1901), 370-1, p. 370. Ellis had already addressed dreams in his own psychological work: 'On Dreaming of the Dead', Psychological Review, 2 (1895), 458-61; 'A Note on Hypnagogic Paramnesia', Mind, 6 n.s. (1897). Later, Ellis wrote The World of Dreams (London, 1911), which referred favourably to Freud's Die Traumdeutung, although made a different case for 'introspective dream analysis'. Later still, Ellis published 'The Synthesis of Dreams: A Study of a Series of One Hundred Dreams', Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 7 (Philadelphia, 1928, orig. Psychoanalytic Review, 1919).
    • (1895) Psychological Review , vol.2 , pp. 458-461
  • 61
    • 77958404152 scopus 로고
    • A Note on Hypnagogic Paramnesia
    • 6 n.s.
    • H. Ellis, 'Review of Über den Traum, by Sigmund Freud', Journal of Mental Science, 47 (1901), 370-1, p. 370. Ellis had already addressed dreams in his own psychological work: 'On Dreaming of the Dead', Psychological Review, 2 (1895), 458-61; 'A Note on Hypnagogic Paramnesia', Mind, 6 n.s. (1897). Later, Ellis wrote The World of Dreams (London, 1911), which referred favourably to Freud's Die Traumdeutung, although made a different case for 'introspective dream analysis'. Later still, Ellis published 'The Synthesis of Dreams: A Study of a Series of One Hundred Dreams', Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 7 (Philadelphia, 1928, orig. Psychoanalytic Review, 1919).
    • (1897) Mind
  • 62
    • 0039985183 scopus 로고
    • London
    • H. Ellis, 'Review of Über den Traum, by Sigmund Freud', Journal of Mental Science, 47 (1901), 370-1, p. 370. Ellis had already addressed dreams in his own psychological work: 'On Dreaming of the Dead', Psychological Review, 2 (1895), 458-61; 'A Note on Hypnagogic Paramnesia', Mind, 6 n.s. (1897). Later, Ellis wrote The World of Dreams (London, 1911), which referred favourably to Freud's Die Traumdeutung, although made a different case for 'introspective dream analysis'. Later still, Ellis published 'The Synthesis of Dreams: A Study of a Series of One Hundred Dreams', Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 7 (Philadelphia, 1928, orig. Psychoanalytic Review, 1919).
    • (1911) The World of Dreams
    • Ellis1
  • 63
    • 8844277513 scopus 로고
    • The Synthesis of Dreams: A Study of a Series of One Hundred Dreams
    • Philadelphia
    • H. Ellis, 'Review of Über den Traum, by Sigmund Freud', Journal of Mental Science, 47 (1901), 370-1, p. 370. Ellis had already addressed dreams in his own psychological work: 'On Dreaming of the Dead', Psychological Review, 2 (1895), 458-61; 'A Note on Hypnagogic Paramnesia', Mind, 6 n.s. (1897). Later, Ellis wrote The World of Dreams (London, 1911), which referred favourably to Freud's Die Traumdeutung, although made a different case for 'introspective dream analysis'. Later still, Ellis published 'The Synthesis of Dreams: A Study of a Series of One Hundred Dreams', Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 7 (Philadelphia, 1928, orig. Psychoanalytic Review, 1919).
    • (1928) Studies in the Psychology of Sex , vol.7
    • Ellis1
  • 64
    • 8844256029 scopus 로고
    • H. Ellis, 'Review of Über den Traum, by Sigmund Freud', Journal of Mental Science, 47 (1901), 370-1, p. 370. Ellis had already addressed dreams in his own psychological work: 'On Dreaming of the Dead', Psychological Review, 2 (1895), 458-61; 'A Note on Hypnagogic Paramnesia', Mind, 6 n.s. (1897). Later, Ellis wrote The World of Dreams (London, 1911), which referred favourably to Freud's Die Traumdeutung, although made a different case for 'introspective dream analysis'. Later still, Ellis published 'The Synthesis of Dreams: A Study of a Series of One Hundred Dreams', Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 7 (Philadelphia, 1928, orig. Psychoanalytic Review, 1919).
    • (1919) Psychoanalytic Review
  • 65
    • 8844242354 scopus 로고
    • trans. J. Strachey, in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards London
    • S. Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sex, trans. J. Strachey, in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991), p. 45.
    • (1991) Three Essays on the Theory of Sex , pp. 45
    • Freud, S.1
  • 67
    • 0039629569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 97. Ellis' work is referred to nine times in Three Essays.
    • Three Essays
    • Ellis1
  • 68
    • 0039629569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 84n. See also pp. 89, 108, 189. Cf. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind, pp. 298-315.
    • Three Essays
  • 70
    • 0039629569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Freud, Three Essays, p. 96; Moll, The Sexual Life of the Child, trans. E. Paul (London, 1912, orig. 1909), p. 89.
    • Three Essays , pp. 96
    • Freud1
  • 71
    • 0004493337 scopus 로고
    • trans. E. Paul London, orig. 1909
    • Freud, Three Essays, p. 96; Moll, The Sexual Life of the Child, trans. E. Paul (London, 1912, orig. 1909), p. 89.
    • (1912) The Sexual Life of the Child , pp. 89
    • Moll1
  • 73
    • 0039629569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 51, referring to Ellis, Sexual Inversion.
    • Three Essays , pp. 51
  • 75
    • 85037459898 scopus 로고
    • The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman
    • Freud, ed. A. Richards London
    • Freud, 'The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991), p. 399.
    • (1991) On Sexuality , pp. 399
    • Freud1
  • 76
    • 0040714980 scopus 로고
    • London
    • See Ellis, Man and Woman (London, 1894); Freud, 'Some Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991); Freud, 'The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman'; and Freud, 'Female Sexuality', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991).
    • (1894) Man and Woman
    • Ellis1
  • 77
    • 0008163258 scopus 로고
    • Some Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes
    • Freud, ed. A. Richards London
    • See Ellis, Man and Woman (London, 1894); Freud, 'Some Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991); Freud, 'The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman'; and Freud, 'Female Sexuality', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991).
    • (1991) On Sexuality
    • Freud1
  • 78
    • 0345896951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Ellis, Man and Woman (London, 1894); Freud, 'Some Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991); Freud, 'The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman'; and Freud, 'Female Sexuality', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991).
    • The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman
    • Freud1
  • 79
    • 0004340848 scopus 로고
    • Female Sexuality
    • Freud, ed. A. Richards London
    • See Ellis, Man and Woman (London, 1894); Freud, 'Some Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991); Freud, 'The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman'; and Freud, 'Female Sexuality', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991).
    • (1991) On Sexuality
    • Freud1
  • 81
    • 0039629569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 60; cf. Ellis' theory of sexual desire, discussed in An Analysis of the Sexual Impulse.
    • Three Essays , pp. 60
  • 91
    • 8844230164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Casualties of Truth
    • Forrester, Cambridge, MA and London
    • See J. Forrester, 'Casualties of Truth', in Forrester, Dispatches from the Freud Wars (Cambridge, MA and London, 1997).
    • (1997) Dispatches from the Freud Wars
    • Forrester, J.1
  • 94
    • 85037486969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haire to Ellis, 3/5/1920, BL Add MS 70540
    • Haire to Ellis, 3/5/1920, BL Add MS 70540.
  • 95
    • 0003567308 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA
    • Jones to Ellis, 10/9/1913, BL Add MS 70539. A few months previously, Ellis had asked Jones to write a short book on psychoanalysis for the Contemporary Science Series which he edited, see Jones to Freud, 18/8/1913, also see Jones to Freud, 22/8/1913. This project was abandoned when the war broke out; see editorial comment in R. A. Paskauskas, The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones, 1908-1939 (Cambridge, MA, 1995), p. 242.
    • (1995) The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones, 1908-1939 , pp. 242
    • Paskauskas, R.A.1
  • 97
    • 0004158173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., pp. 80-1. Ellis continually stressed that there were more schools of psychoanalysis than Freud's, thus permeating the image that he was up against one solid body of psychoanalytic opposition.
    • Sexual Inversion, 3rd Edn , pp. 80-81
  • 99
    • 85037459898 scopus 로고
    • The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman
    • Freud, London
    • Freud, 'The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman', in Freud, On Sexuality, (London, 1991), p. 376.
    • (1991) On Sexuality , pp. 376
    • Freud1
  • 101
    • 0004158173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. von Schrenck-Notzing, Therapeutic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis (Pathological Manifestations of the Sexual Instinct) with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct, trans. C. G. Chaddock (Philadelphia and London, 1895). Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 304. For a further description of the processes of sexual development, see Freud, 'The Dissolution of the Oedipal Complex', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. Angela Richards (London, 1991), pp. 313-22.
    • Sexual Inversion, 3rd Edn , pp. 304
    • Ellis1
  • 102
    • 21744436295 scopus 로고
    • The Dissolution of the Oedipal Complex
    • Freud, ed. Angela Richards London
    • A. von Schrenck-Notzing, Therapeutic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis (Pathological Manifestations of the Sexual Instinct) with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct, trans. C. G. Chaddock (Philadelphia and London, 1895). Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 304. For a further description of the processes of sexual development, see Freud, 'The Dissolution of the Oedipal Complex', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. Angela Richards (London, 1991), pp. 313-22.
    • (1991) On Sexuality , pp. 313-322
    • Freud1
  • 103
    • 0004158173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 304. Ellis also criticized the psychoanalytic views of Abraham, 'Ueber hysterische Traumzustände', Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische Forschung (1910), and Sadger, Die Lehre von Geschlectsverirungen (1921), based on universal bisexuality in Eonism, pp. 16-17.
    • Sexual Inversion, 3rd Edn , pp. 304
    • Ellis1
  • 104
    • 8844257919 scopus 로고
    • Ueber hysterische Traumzustände
    • Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 304. Ellis also criticized the psychoanalytic views of Abraham, 'Ueber hysterische Traumzustände', Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische Forschung (1910), and Sadger, Die Lehre von Geschlectsverirungen (1921), based on universal bisexuality in Eonism, pp. 16-17.
    • (1910) Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische Forschung
  • 105
    • 8844264387 scopus 로고
    • based on universal bisexuality in Eonism
    • Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 304. Ellis also criticized the psychoanalytic views of Abraham, 'Ueber hysterische Traumzustände', Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische Forschung (1910), and Sadger, Die Lehre von Geschlectsverirungen (1921), based on universal bisexuality in Eonism, pp. 16-17.
    • (1921) Die Lehre von Geschlectsverirungen , pp. 16-17
    • Sadger1
  • 106
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    • added
    • See Freud, Three Essays (added 1915), p. 97.
    • (1915) Three Essays , pp. 97
    • Freud1
  • 107
    • 0004158173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 305, referring to Sadger, 'Zur Aetiology der konträren Sexualempfindung', Medizinische Klinik, 2 (1909).
    • Sexual Inversion, 3rd Edn , pp. 305
    • Ellis1
  • 108
    • 84864904900 scopus 로고
    • Zur Aetiology der konträren Sexualempfindung
    • Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 305, referring to Sadger, 'Zur Aetiology der konträren Sexualempfindung', Medizinische Klinik, 2 (1909).
    • (1909) Medizinische Klinik , vol.2
    • Sadger1
  • 109
    • 85037471513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., referring to Jekels, 'Einige Bemerken zur trieblehre', Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse, (September, 1913), 439-43.
    • Medizinische Klinik
  • 112
    • 8844280721 scopus 로고
    • Zur Nosologie der männliche Homosexualität (Homoërotik)
    • Ibid., March
    • Ibid., citing Ferenczi, 'Zur Nosologie der männliche Homosexualität (Homoërotik)', Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse, March (1914), translated as 'The Nosology of Male Homosexuality (Homoeroticism)', in Ferenczi, First Contributions to Psychoanalysis (London, 1952), ch. 12.
    • (1914) Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse
    • Ferenczi1
  • 113
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    • The Nosology of Male Homosexuality (Homoeroticism)
    • Ferenczi, London, ch. 12
    • Ibid., citing Ferenczi, 'Zur Nosologie der männliche Homosexualität (Homoërotik)', Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse, March (1914), translated as 'The Nosology of Male Homosexuality (Homoeroticism)', in Ferenczi, First Contributions to Psychoanalysis (London, 1952), ch. 12.
    • (1952) First Contributions to Psychoanalysis
  • 117
    • 85037455463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 307. Ellis himself had certain 'troubles' with his sex life with women - he preferred to watch women urinate, and did not have intercourse until he was in his fifties. See Phyllis Grosskurth, Havelock Ellis (London, 1980).
    • Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse , pp. 307
  • 118
    • 0347288206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London
    • Ibid., p. 307. Ellis himself had certain 'troubles' with his sex life with women - he preferred to watch women urinate, and did not have intercourse until he was in his fifties. See Phyllis Grosskurth, Havelock Ellis (London, 1980).
    • (1980) Havelock Ellis
    • Grosskurth, P.1
  • 122
    • 0003782632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, p. 393. Ellis' comment was made in The Philosophy of Conflict and Other Essays in Wartime, 2nd edn (London, 1919).
    • The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud , pp. 393
    • Jones1
  • 126
    • 85037473435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Ellis to Freud, 9/8/1912, Ellis Collection, Harry Ransom Centre, University of Texas, Austin. Thanks to Chris Nottingham for allowing me to see a copy of this letter.
  • 127
    • 85037446211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Freud to Ellis, 8/11/25. SFVAR 132, Freud Museum, London, my translation.
  • 128
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    • selected by E. Freud, trans. T. and J. Stern New York
    • See Freud to Ellis, 12/9/1926 in Letters of Freud, selected by E. Freud, trans. T. and J. Stern (New York, 1975).
    • (1975) Letters of Freud
  • 137
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    • Contracting the Disease of Love: Authority and Freedom in the Origins of Psychoanalysis
    • Forrester, Cambridge
    • For psychoanalysis as a contractual arrangement, see J. Forrester, 'Contracting the Disease of Love: Authority and Freedom in the Origins of Psychoanalysis', in Forrester, The Seductions of Psychoanalysis (Cambridge, 1990).
    • (1990) The Seductions of Psychoanalysis
    • Forrester, J.1
  • 153
  • 154
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    • Freud's Influence on Changed Attitudes Towards Sex
    • Ellis, London
    • Ellis, 'Freud's Influence on Changed Attitudes Towards Sex', in Ellis, Sex and Marriage (London, 1951), p. 199. See also Ellis, 'Perversions in Childhood and Adolescence', in Calverton and Schmalhausen, The New Generation: The Intimate Problems of Modern Parents and Children (London, 1930), pp. 533-54, and 'The Later Freud', in Ellis, Questions of Our Day (London, 1936), pp. 128-32.
    • (1951) Sex and Marriage , pp. 199
    • Ellis1
  • 155
    • 85037448358 scopus 로고
    • Perversions in Childhood and Adolescence
    • Calverton and Schmalhausen, London
    • Ellis, 'Freud's Influence on Changed Attitudes Towards Sex', in Ellis, Sex and Marriage (London, 1951), p. 199. See also Ellis, 'Perversions in Childhood and Adolescence', in Calverton and Schmalhausen, The New Generation: The Intimate Problems of Modern Parents and Children (London, 1930), pp. 533-54, and 'The Later Freud', in Ellis, Questions of Our Day (London, 1936), pp. 128-32.
    • (1930) The New Generation: The Intimate Problems of Modern Parents and Children , pp. 533-554
    • Ellis1
  • 156
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    • The Later Freud
    • Ellis, London
    • Ellis, 'Freud's Influence on Changed Attitudes Towards Sex', in Ellis, Sex and Marriage (London, 1951), p. 199. See also Ellis, 'Perversions in Childhood and Adolescence', in Calverton and Schmalhausen, The New Generation: The Intimate Problems of Modern Parents and Children (London, 1930), pp. 533-54, and 'The Later Freud', in Ellis, Questions of Our Day (London, 1936), pp. 128-32.
    • (1936) Questions of Our Day , pp. 128-132
  • 163
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    • trans. T. Kilmartin London
    • M. Proust, Remembrance of Things Past, trans. T. Kilmartin (London, 1981), vol. 1, p. 572.
    • (1981) Remembrance of Things Past , vol.1 , pp. 572
    • Proust, M.1
  • 164
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    • Cambridge, MA
    • See I. Hacking, The Social Construction of What? (Cambridge, MA, 1999) for more on some of the uses of social constructivism. It should, however, be noted that Hacking does not adequately characterize the sociology of scientific knowledge.
    • (1999) The Social Construction of What?
    • Hacking, I.1


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