Taking prisoners: Havelock Ellis, Sigmund Freud, and the construction of homosexuality, 1897-1951

Social History of Medicine

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 447-466

  Crozier, Ivan Dalley ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Havelock Ellis; Homosexuality; Joseph Wortis; Psychoanalysis; Sex psychology; Sigmund Freud; Sociology of scientific knowledge

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; HOMOSEXUALITY; PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIOLOGY; UNITED KINGDOM;

GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HOMOSEXUALITY; PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIOLOGY, MEDICAL;

EID: 0009450187     PISSN: 0951631X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/shm/13.3.447     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. A. S. Byatt, Possession: A Romance (London, 1991), p. 254.
2. L. Jordanova, 'The Social Construction of Medical Knowledge', Social History of Medicine, 8 (1995), 361-81. See also J. Harley Warner, 'The History of Science and the History of Medicine', Osiris, 2nd series, 10 (1995), 164-93. For a recent summary of the sociology of science, see S. Shapin, 'Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge', Annual Review of Sociology, 25 (1995), 289-321.
3. L. Jordanova, 'The Social Construction of Medical Knowledge', Social History of Medicine, 8 (1995), 361-81. See also J. Harley Warner, 'The History of Science and the History of Medicine', Osiris, 2nd series, 10 (1995), 164-93. For a recent summary of the sociology of science, see S. Shapin, 'Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge', Annual Review of Sociology, 25 (1995), 289-321.
4. L. Jordanova, 'The Social Construction of Medical Knowledge', Social History of Medicine, 8 (1995), 361-81. See also J. Harley Warner, 'The History of Science and the History of Medicine', Osiris, 2nd series, 10 (1995), 164-93. For a recent summary of the sociology of science, see S. Shapin, 'Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge', Annual Review of Sociology, 25 (1995), 289-321.
5. D. Harley, 'Rhetoric and the Social Constructon of Sickness and Healing', Social History of Medicine, 12 (1999), 407-35.
6. B. Barnes, T. S. Kuhn and Social Science (London, 1982); B. Barnes, 'On the Conventional Character of Knowledge and Cognition', Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 11 (1981), 303-33.
7. B. Barnes, T. S. Kuhn and Social Science (London, 1982); B. Barnes, 'On the Conventional Character of Knowledge and Cognition', Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 11 (1981), 303-33.
8. M. Charlesworth, L. Farrall, T. Stokes, and D. Turnbull, Life Amongst the Scientists (Oxford and Melbourne, 1989), pp. 165-72; G. Myers, 'Texts as Knowledge Claims: The Social Construction of Two Biology Articles', Social Studies of Science, 15 (1985), 593-630.
9. M. Charlesworth, L. Farrall, T. Stokes, and D. Turnbull, Life Amongst the Scientists (Oxford and Melbourne, 1989), pp. 165-72; G. Myers, 'Texts as Knowledge Claims: The Social Construction of Two Biology Articles', Social Studies of Science, 15 (1985), 593-630.
10. B. Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life (London and Beverly Hills, 1979); T. Pinch, 'Towards an Analysis of Scientific Observation: The Externality and Evidence Significance of Observational Reports in Physics', Social Studies of Science, 15 (1985), 3-35.
11. B. Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life (London and Beverly Hills, 1979); T. Pinch, 'Towards an Analysis of Scientific Observation: The Externality and Evidence Significance of Observational Reports in Physics', Social Studies of Science, 15 (1985), 3-35.
12. B. Latour, Science in Action (London and Beverly Hills, 1987); M. Berg and M. Casper, 'Constructivist Perspectives on Medical Work: Medical Practices and Science and Technology Studies', Science, Technology and Human Values, 20 (1995), 395-408.
13. B. Latour, Science in Action (London and Beverly Hills, 1987); M. Berg and M. Casper, 'Constructivist Perspectives on Medical Work: Medical Practices and Science and Technology Studies', Science, Technology and Human Values, 20 (1995), 395-408.
14. K. Knorr-Cetina, 'Scientific Communities or Transepistemic Arenas of Research? A Critique of Quasi-Economic Models of Science', Social Studies of Science, 12 (1982), 283-93; P. Bourdieu, 'The Specificity of the Scientific Field and the Social Conditions of the Progress of Reason', Social Science Information, 14 (1975), 19-47; P. Bourdieu, 'The Peculiar History of Scientific Reason', Sociological Forum, 6 (1991), 3-26.
15. K. Knorr-Cetina, 'Scientific Communities or Transepistemic Arenas of Research? A Critique of Quasi-Economic Models of Science', Social Studies of Science, 12 (1982), 283-93; P. Bourdieu, 'The Specificity of the Scientific Field and the Social Conditions of the Progress of Reason', Social Science Information, 14 (1975), 19-47; P. Bourdieu, 'The Peculiar History of Scientific Reason', Sociological Forum, 6 (1991), 3-26.
16. K. Knorr-Cetina, 'Scientific Communities or Transepistemic Arenas of Research? A Critique of Quasi-Economic Models of Science', Social Studies of Science, 12 (1982), 283-93; P. Bourdieu, 'The Specificity of the Scientific Field and the Social Conditions of the Progress of Reason', Social Science Information, 14 (1975), 19-47; P. Bourdieu, 'The Peculiar History of Scientific Reason', Sociological Forum, 6 (1991), 3-26.
17. For society and health care, see S. Cherry, Medical Services and the Hospitals in Britain, 1858-1939 (Cambridge, 1996); for doctor-patient relations, see R. Porter, The Patient's View: Doing the History of Medicine from Below', Theory and Society, 14 (1985), 175-98, and B. Turner, Medical Power and Social Knowledge (London, 1987).
18. For society and health care, see S. Cherry, Medical Services and the Hospitals in Britain, 1858-1939 (Cambridge, 1996); for doctor-patient relations, see R. Porter, The Patient's View: Doing the History of Medicine from Below', Theory and Society, 14 (1985), 175-98, and B. Turner, Medical Power and Social Knowledge (London, 1987).
19. For society and health care, see S. Cherry, Medical Services and the Hospitals in Britain, 1858-1939 (Cambridge, 1996); for doctor-patient relations, see R. Porter, The Patient's View: Doing the History of Medicine from Below', Theory and Society, 14 (1985), 175-98, and B. Turner, Medical Power and Social Knowledge (London, 1987).
20. See B. Barnes and S. Shapin (eds.), Natural Order (London, 1982), for cases which illustrate this point.
21. For a discussion of orthodoxy, see P. Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 159-71. For further implications of this idea, see also P. Bourdieu, 'Symbolic Power', Critique of Anthropology, trans. R. Nice, 4 (1979), 77-85.
22. For a discussion of orthodoxy, see P. Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 159-71. For further implications of this idea, see also P. Bourdieu, 'Symbolic Power', Critique of Anthropology, trans. R. Nice, 4 (1979), 77-85.
23. See C. Waters, 'Havelock Ellis, Sigmund Freud and the State: Discourses of Homosexual Indentity in Interwar Britain', in L. Bland and L. Doan (eds.), Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires (Cambridge, 1998) for a discussion of the later uses of Freud's and Ellis' ideas about homosexuality.
24. H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
25. H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
26. H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
27. H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
28. H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
29. H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
30. H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
31. H. Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 2 vols (New York, 1936), [orig. 7 vols, 1897-1928], consists of the following: Volume One, Pt 1, The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Eroticism. Pt 2, Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women. Pt 3, Sexual Selection in Man. Pt 4, Sexual Inversion. Volume Two, Pt 1, Erotic Symbolism; The Mechanism of Detumescence; The Psychic State in Pregnancy. Pt 2, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Pt 3, Sex in Relation to Society. The quotation is from the general preface.
32. See, for example, the above quotation (p. 447) from A. S. Byatt's award-winning novel, Possession.
33. Throughout this essay, the sociological work of T. Gieryn, 'Boundary Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science', American Sociological Review, 48 (1983), 781-95; T. Gieryn, Cultural Boundaries of Science (Chicago, 1999); Bourdieu, 'The Specificity of a Scientific Field and the Social Conditions for the Progress of Reason'; and A. Abbott, The System of Professions (Chicago and London, 1988) are tacitly drawn upon. It was the work of these and like scholars who aroused my sensitivity to the practices being employed by Ellis and Freud in the policing of new claims which might threaten their own positions in sexual medicine.
34. Throughout this essay, the sociological work of T. Gieryn, 'Boundary Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science', American Sociological Review, 48 (1983), 781-95; T. Gieryn, Cultural Boundaries of Science (Chicago, 1999); Bourdieu, 'The Specificity of a Scientific Field and the Social Conditions for the Progress of Reason'; and A. Abbott, The System of Professions (Chicago and London, 1988) are tacitly drawn upon. It was the work of these and like scholars who aroused my sensitivity to the practices being employed by Ellis and Freud in the policing of new claims which might threaten their own positions in sexual medicine.
35. Throughout this essay, the sociological work of T. Gieryn, 'Boundary Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science', American Sociological Review, 48 (1983), 781-95; T. Gieryn, Cultural Boundaries of Science (Chicago, 1999); Bourdieu, 'The Specificity of a Scientific Field and the Social Conditions for the Progress of Reason'; and A. Abbott, The System of Professions (Chicago and London, 1988) are tacitly drawn upon. It was the work of these and like scholars who aroused my sensitivity to the practices being employed by Ellis and Freud in the policing of new claims which might threaten their own positions in sexual medicine.
36. Throughout this essay, the sociological work of T. Gieryn, 'Boundary Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science', American Sociological Review, 48 (1983), 781-95; T. Gieryn, Cultural Boundaries of Science (Chicago, 1999); Bourdieu, 'The Specificity of a Scientific Field and the Social Conditions for the Progress of Reason'; and A. Abbott, The System of Professions (Chicago and London, 1988) are tacitly drawn upon. It was the work of these and like scholars who aroused my sensitivity to the practices being employed by Ellis and Freud in the policing of new claims which might threaten their own positions in sexual medicine.
37. H. Ellis, Sexual Inversion (London, 1897). For a discussion of the other types of medical discussion of homosexuality in England, especially in relation to the law, prior to Ellis, see I. Crozier, 'The Medical Construction of Homosexuality and its Relation to the Law in Nineteenth-Century England', Medical History, in press.
38. H. Ellis, Sexual Inversion (London, 1897). For a discussion of the other types of medical discussion of homosexuality in England, especially in relation to the law, prior to Ellis, see I. Crozier, 'The Medical Construction of Homosexuality and its Relation to the Law in Nineteenth-Century England', Medical History, in press.
39. See R. von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct: A Medico-Legal Study, trans. C. G. Chaddock, from 7th German edn (Philadelphia, 1892) and A. Moll, Perversions of the Sexual Instinct: A Study of Sexual Inversion Based on Clinical Data and Official Documents (Die Conträre Sexualempfindung) trans. M. Popkin (Newark, 1931, repr. New York, 1976).
40. See R. von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct: A Medico-Legal Study, trans. C. G. Chaddock, from 7th German edn (Philadelphia, 1892) and A. Moll, Perversions of the Sexual Instinct: A Study of Sexual Inversion Based on Clinical Data and Official Documents (Die Conträre Sexualempfindung) trans. M. Popkin (Newark, 1931, repr. New York, 1976).
41. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, p. 3.
42. Ibid., pp. 4-5.
43. See Ellis, An Analysis of the Sexual Impulse (London, 1899) which was effectively a renegotiation of A. Moll, Libido Sexualis (New York, 1933 (orig. 1898)).
44. See Ellis, An Analysis of the Sexual Impulse (London, 1899) which was effectively a renegotiation of A. Moll, Libido Sexualis (New York, 1933 (orig. 1898)).
45. To situate the case study as a new form of reasoning in sexological and other texts, see J. Forrester, 'If p Then What? Thinking in Cases', History of the Human Sciences, 9 (1996), 1-25; I. Crozier, 'Havelock Ellis, Eonism, and the Patients' Discourses; Or, Writing a Text About Sex', History of Psychiatry, 11 (2000), 125-54.
46. To situate the case study as a new form of reasoning in sexological and other texts, see J. Forrester, 'If p Then What? Thinking in Cases', History of the Human Sciences, 9 (1996), 1-25; I. Crozier, 'Havelock Ellis, Eonism, and the Patients' Discourses; Or, Writing a Text About Sex', History of Psychiatry, 11 (2000), 125-54.
47. Ellis to Symonds, 9/2/1893, British Library Add MS 70524. This claim is not quite accurate, see G. Savage, 'Case of Sexual Perversion in a Man', Journal of Mental Science, 30 (1885), 390-1.
48. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, p. xi.
49. For more on the Act, see F. B. Smith, 'Labouchère's Amendment to the Criminal Law Amendment Act', Historical Studies, 17 (1976), 165-75.
50. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, p. 153.
51. See J. Weeks, 'Havelock Ellis and the Politics of Sex Reform', in S. Rowbotham and J. Weeks (eds.), Socialism and the New Life: The Personal and Sexual Politics of Edward Carpenter and Havelock Ellis (London, 1977), pp. 139-87 for an elaboration of this issue.
52. R. Albury, 'Heart of Darkness: J. N. Corvisart and the Medicalization of Life', Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques, 9 (1982), p. 26.
53. G. J. Makari, 'Towards Defining the Freudian Unconsciousness: Seduction, Sexology and the Negative of Perversion (1896-1905)', History of Psychiatry, 5 (1997), 459-86. See also F. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind (New York, 1979), ch. 8. Not everyone agrees with Sulloway's interpretation; see R. M. Young, 'Freud: Scientist and/or Humanist', Free Associations, 6 (1986), 7-35.
54. G. J. Makari, 'Towards Defining the Freudian Unconsciousness: Seduction, Sexology and the Negative of Perversion (1896-1905)', History of Psychiatry, 5 (1997), 459-86. See also F. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind (New York, 1979), ch. 8. Not everyone agrees with Sulloway's interpretation; see R. M. Young, 'Freud: Scientist and/or Humanist', Free Associations, 6 (1986), 7-35.
55. G. J. Makari, 'Towards Defining the Freudian Unconsciousness: Seduction, Sexology and the Negative of Perversion (1896-1905)', History of Psychiatry, 5 (1997), 459-86. See also F. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind (New York, 1979), ch. 8. Not everyone agrees with Sulloway's interpretation; see R. M. Young, 'Freud: Scientist and/or Humanist', Free Associations, 6 (1986), 7-35.
56. The best study is J. Forrester, Language and the Origins of Psychoanalysis (New York, 1980).
57. E. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, edited and abridged by L. Trilling and S. Marcus (London, 1963). V. Brome, Havelock Ellis: Philosopher of Sex (London, 1979), ch. 17, also deals with Freud and Ellis' relationship. However, Brome refers freely to letters which are not placed in any collection (on p. xiii Brome claims that the letters were burnt after he had used them), and on the whole denigrates Ellis' work in deference to Freud's achievements. As such, I treat Brome's account with caution.
58. E. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, edited and abridged by L. Trilling and S. Marcus (London, 1963). V. Brome, Havelock Ellis: Philosopher of Sex (London, 1979), ch. 17, also deals with Freud and Ellis' relationship. However, Brome refers freely to letters which are not placed in any collection (on p. xiii Brome claims that the letters were burnt after he had used them), and on the whole denigrates Ellis' work in deference to Freud's achievements. As such, I treat Brome's account with caution.
59. H. Ellis, 'Review of Über den Traum, by Sigmund Freud', Journal of Mental Science, 47 (1901), 370-1, p. 370. Ellis had already addressed dreams in his own psychological work: 'On Dreaming of the Dead', Psychological Review, 2 (1895), 458-61; 'A Note on Hypnagogic Paramnesia', Mind, 6 n.s. (1897). Later, Ellis wrote The World of Dreams (London, 1911), which referred favourably to Freud's Die Traumdeutung, although made a different case for 'introspective dream analysis'. Later still, Ellis published 'The Synthesis of Dreams: A Study of a Series of One Hundred Dreams', Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 7 (Philadelphia, 1928, orig. Psychoanalytic Review, 1919).
60. H. Ellis, 'Review of Über den Traum, by Sigmund Freud', Journal of Mental Science, 47 (1901), 370-1, p. 370. Ellis had already addressed dreams in his own psychological work: 'On Dreaming of the Dead', Psychological Review, 2 (1895), 458-61; 'A Note on Hypnagogic Paramnesia', Mind, 6 n.s. (1897). Later, Ellis wrote The World of Dreams (London, 1911), which referred favourably to Freud's Die Traumdeutung, although made a different case for 'introspective dream analysis'. Later still, Ellis published 'The Synthesis of Dreams: A Study of a Series of One Hundred Dreams', Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 7 (Philadelphia, 1928, orig. Psychoanalytic Review, 1919).
61. H. Ellis, 'Review of Über den Traum, by Sigmund Freud', Journal of Mental Science, 47 (1901), 370-1, p. 370. Ellis had already addressed dreams in his own psychological work: 'On Dreaming of the Dead', Psychological Review, 2 (1895), 458-61; 'A Note on Hypnagogic Paramnesia', Mind, 6 n.s. (1897). Later, Ellis wrote The World of Dreams (London, 1911), which referred favourably to Freud's Die Traumdeutung, although made a different case for 'introspective dream analysis'. Later still, Ellis published 'The Synthesis of Dreams: A Study of a Series of One Hundred Dreams', Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 7 (Philadelphia, 1928, orig. Psychoanalytic Review, 1919).
62. H. Ellis, 'Review of Über den Traum, by Sigmund Freud', Journal of Mental Science, 47 (1901), 370-1, p. 370. Ellis had already addressed dreams in his own psychological work: 'On Dreaming of the Dead', Psychological Review, 2 (1895), 458-61; 'A Note on Hypnagogic Paramnesia', Mind, 6 n.s. (1897). Later, Ellis wrote The World of Dreams (London, 1911), which referred favourably to Freud's Die Traumdeutung, although made a different case for 'introspective dream analysis'. Later still, Ellis published 'The Synthesis of Dreams: A Study of a Series of One Hundred Dreams', Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 7 (Philadelphia, 1928, orig. Psychoanalytic Review, 1919).
63. H. Ellis, 'Review of Über den Traum, by Sigmund Freud', Journal of Mental Science, 47 (1901), 370-1, p. 370. Ellis had already addressed dreams in his own psychological work: 'On Dreaming of the Dead', Psychological Review, 2 (1895), 458-61; 'A Note on Hypnagogic Paramnesia', Mind, 6 n.s. (1897). Later, Ellis wrote The World of Dreams (London, 1911), which referred favourably to Freud's Die Traumdeutung, although made a different case for 'introspective dream analysis'. Later still, Ellis published 'The Synthesis of Dreams: A Study of a Series of One Hundred Dreams', Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 7 (Philadelphia, 1928, orig. Psychoanalytic Review, 1919).
64. H. Ellis, 'Review of Über den Traum, by Sigmund Freud', Journal of Mental Science, 47 (1901), 370-1, p. 370. Ellis had already addressed dreams in his own psychological work: 'On Dreaming of the Dead', Psychological Review, 2 (1895), 458-61; 'A Note on Hypnagogic Paramnesia', Mind, 6 n.s. (1897). Later, Ellis wrote The World of Dreams (London, 1911), which referred favourably to Freud's Die Traumdeutung, although made a different case for 'introspective dream analysis'. Later still, Ellis published 'The Synthesis of Dreams: A Study of a Series of One Hundred Dreams', Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 7 (Philadelphia, 1928, orig. Psychoanalytic Review, 1919).
65. S. Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sex, trans. J. Strachey, in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991), p. 45.
66. Ibid., p. 97. Ellis' work is referred to nine times in Three Essays.
67. Ibid., p. 97. Ellis' work is referred to nine times in Three Essays.
68. Ibid., p. 84n. See also pp. 89, 108, 189. Cf. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind, pp. 298-315.
69. Ibid., p. 84n. See also pp. 89, 108, 189. Cf. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind, pp. 298-315.
70. Freud, Three Essays, p. 96; Moll, The Sexual Life of the Child, trans. E. Paul (London, 1912, orig. 1909), p. 89.
71. Freud, Three Essays, p. 96; Moll, The Sexual Life of the Child, trans. E. Paul (London, 1912, orig. 1909), p. 89.
72. Freud, Three Essays, pp. 48-50.
73. Ibid., p. 51, referring to Ellis, Sexual Inversion.
74. Ibid., p. 51, referring to Ellis, Sexual Inversion.
75. Freud, 'The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991), p. 399.
76. See Ellis, Man and Woman (London, 1894); Freud, 'Some Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991); Freud, 'The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman'; and Freud, 'Female Sexuality', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991).
77. See Ellis, Man and Woman (London, 1894); Freud, 'Some Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991); Freud, 'The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman'; and Freud, 'Female Sexuality', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991).
78. See Ellis, Man and Woman (London, 1894); Freud, 'Some Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991); Freud, 'The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman'; and Freud, 'Female Sexuality', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991).
79. See Ellis, Man and Woman (London, 1894); Freud, 'Some Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991); Freud, 'The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman'; and Freud, 'Female Sexuality', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. A. Richards (London, 1991).
80. Freud, Three Essays, pp. 52-60.
81. Ibid., p. 60; cf. Ellis' theory of sexual desire, discussed in An Analysis of the Sexual Impulse.
82. Ibid., p. 60; cf. Ellis' theory of sexual desire, discussed in An Analysis of the Sexual Impulse.
83. Ibid., p. 61.
84. Ibid., p. 108n.
85. See Ellis, The Sexual Impulse, Appendix B, pp. 277-341.
86. Freud, Three Essays, p. 108n.
87. Ibid., pp. 82-4.
88. Ibid., pp. 65-8.
89. Ibid., pp. 70-3.
90. Ibid., p. 68.
91. See J. Forrester, 'Casualties of Truth', in Forrester, Dispatches from the Freud Wars (Cambridge, MA and London, 1997).
92. For more on how the patients' discourse was used in sexological texts, see Crozier, 'Havelock Ellis, Eonism and the Patients' Discourse'.
93. S. Freud, A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, trans. J. Riviere (New York, 1963), p. 18.
94. Haire to Ellis, 3/5/1920, BL Add MS 70540.
95. Jones to Ellis, 10/9/1913, BL Add MS 70539. A few months previously, Ellis had asked Jones to write a short book on psychoanalysis for the Contemporary Science Series which he edited, see Jones to Freud, 18/8/1913, also see Jones to Freud, 22/8/1913. This project was abandoned when the war broke out; see editorial comment in R. A. Paskauskas, The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones, 1908-1939 (Cambridge, MA, 1995), p. 242.
96. H. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn (Philadelphia, 1915).
97. Ibid., pp. 80-1. Ellis continually stressed that there were more schools of psychoanalysis than Freud's, thus permeating the image that he was up against one solid body of psychoanalytic opposition.
98. Ibid., p. 304.
99. Freud, 'The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman', in Freud, On Sexuality, (London, 1991), p. 376.
100. A. von Schrenck-Notzing, Therapeutic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis (Pathological Manifestations of the Sexual Instinct) with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct, trans. C. G. Chaddock (Philadelphia and London, 1895). Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 304. For a further description of the processes of sexual development, see Freud, 'The Dissolution of the Oedipal Complex', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. Angela Richards (London, 1991), pp. 313-22.
101. A. von Schrenck-Notzing, Therapeutic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis (Pathological Manifestations of the Sexual Instinct) with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct, trans. C. G. Chaddock (Philadelphia and London, 1895). Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 304. For a further description of the processes of sexual development, see Freud, 'The Dissolution of the Oedipal Complex', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. Angela Richards (London, 1991), pp. 313-22.
102. A. von Schrenck-Notzing, Therapeutic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis (Pathological Manifestations of the Sexual Instinct) with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct, trans. C. G. Chaddock (Philadelphia and London, 1895). Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 304. For a further description of the processes of sexual development, see Freud, 'The Dissolution of the Oedipal Complex', in Freud, On Sexuality, ed. Angela Richards (London, 1991), pp. 313-22.
103. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 304. Ellis also criticized the psychoanalytic views of Abraham, 'Ueber hysterische Traumzustände', Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische Forschung (1910), and Sadger, Die Lehre von Geschlectsverirungen (1921), based on universal bisexuality in Eonism, pp. 16-17.
104. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 304. Ellis also criticized the psychoanalytic views of Abraham, 'Ueber hysterische Traumzustände', Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische Forschung (1910), and Sadger, Die Lehre von Geschlectsverirungen (1921), based on universal bisexuality in Eonism, pp. 16-17.
105. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 304. Ellis also criticized the psychoanalytic views of Abraham, 'Ueber hysterische Traumzustände', Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische Forschung (1910), and Sadger, Die Lehre von Geschlectsverirungen (1921), based on universal bisexuality in Eonism, pp. 16-17.
106. See Freud, Three Essays (added 1915), p. 97.
107. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 305, referring to Sadger, 'Zur Aetiology der konträren Sexualempfindung', Medizinische Klinik, 2 (1909).
108. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 3rd edn, p. 305, referring to Sadger, 'Zur Aetiology der konträren Sexualempfindung', Medizinische Klinik, 2 (1909).
109. Ibid., referring to Jekels, 'Einige Bemerken zur trieblehre', Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse, (September, 1913), 439-43.
110. Ibid., referring to Jekels, 'Einige Bemerken zur trieblehre', Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse, (September, 1913), 439-43.
111. Ibid.
112. Ibid., citing Ferenczi, 'Zur Nosologie der männliche Homosexualität (Homoërotik)', Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse, March (1914), translated as 'The Nosology of Male Homosexuality (Homoeroticism)', in Ferenczi, First Contributions to Psychoanalysis (London, 1952), ch. 12.
113. Ibid., citing Ferenczi, 'Zur Nosologie der männliche Homosexualität (Homoërotik)', Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse, March (1914), translated as 'The Nosology of Male Homosexuality (Homoeroticism)', in Ferenczi, First Contributions to Psychoanalysis (London, 1952), ch. 12.
114. Ibid., p. 305, referring to Ortvay, in Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse (January, 1914).
115. Ibid., p. 305, referring to Ortvay, in Internationale Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalyse (January, 1914).
116. Ibid., p. 306.
117. Ibid., p. 307. Ellis himself had certain 'troubles' with his sex life with women - he preferred to watch women urinate, and did not have intercourse until he was in his fifties. See Phyllis Grosskurth, Havelock Ellis (London, 1980).
118. Ibid., p. 307. Ellis himself had certain 'troubles' with his sex life with women - he preferred to watch women urinate, and did not have intercourse until he was in his fifties. See Phyllis Grosskurth, Havelock Ellis (London, 1980).
119. Ibid., p. 308.
120. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, p. 393. See also Brome, Havelock Ellis: Philosopher of Sex, ch. 17.
121. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, p. 393. See also Brome, Havelock Ellis: Philosopher of Sex, ch. 17.
122. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, p. 393. Ellis' comment was made in The Philosophy of Conflict and Other Essays in Wartime, 2nd edn (London, 1919).
123. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, p. 393. Ellis' comment was made in The Philosophy of Conflict and Other Essays in Wartime, 2nd edn (London, 1919).
124. Freud to Jones, 12/2/1920 in Complete Correspondence.
125. E. Jones, Free Associations (New York, 1959), p. 241.
126. Ellis to Freud, 9/8/1912, Ellis Collection, Harry Ransom Centre, University of Texas, Austin. Thanks to Chris Nottingham for allowing me to see a copy of this letter.
127. Freud to Ellis, 8/11/25. SFVAR 132, Freud Museum, London, my translation.
128. See Freud to Ellis, 12/9/1926 in Letters of Freud, selected by E. Freud, trans. T. and J. Stern (New York, 1975).
129. Ellis to Wortis, 30/10/1933, in Wortis, Fragments of an Analysis with Freud (New York, 1954), p. 2.
130. Ibid., p. 2.
131. Ellis to Wortis, 7/9/1934, in ibid., p. 10.
132. Ibid., p. 11.
133. Ellis to Wortis, March, 1934, in ibid.
134. Ellis (paraphrasing Nietzsche) to Wortis, 14/9/1934, in ibid.
135. Ellis to Wortis, 4/10/1934, in ibid., p. 13.
136. Freud to Ellis, September 1934, in ibid.
137. For psychoanalysis as a contractual arrangement, see J. Forrester, 'Contracting the Disease of Love: Authority and Freedom in the Origins of Psychoanalysis', in Forrester, The Seductions of Psychoanalysis (Cambridge, 1990).
138. Wortis, Fragments of an Analysis with Freud, p. 29.
139. Ibid., p. 30.
140. Ibid., p. 41.
141. Ellis to Wortis, 23/10/1934, in ibid., pp. 46-7.
142. Ibid., p. 65.
143. Ibid., p. 70.
144. Ibid., p. 89.
145. Ellis to Wortis, 16/12/1934, in ibid., p. 113.
146. Ellis to Wortis, 21/12/1934, in ibid., p. 118.
147. Ibid., p. 157.
148. Ibid., p. 165.
149. Ellis to Wortis, 29/10/1935, in ibid., pp. 171-2.
150. Ellis to Wortis, 14/9/1936, in ibid., p. 173.
151. Ellis to Wortis, 6/8/1938, in ibid., p. 181.
152. Grosskurth, Havelock Ellis, p. 446.
153. Ellis to F. Lafitte-Cyon, in ibid.
154. Ellis, 'Freud's Influence on Changed Attitudes Towards Sex', in Ellis, Sex and Marriage (London, 1951), p. 199. See also Ellis, 'Perversions in Childhood and Adolescence', in Calverton and Schmalhausen, The New Generation: The Intimate Problems of Modern Parents and Children (London, 1930), pp. 533-54, and 'The Later Freud', in Ellis, Questions of Our Day (London, 1936), pp. 128-32.
155. Ellis, 'Freud's Influence on Changed Attitudes Towards Sex', in Ellis, Sex and Marriage (London, 1951), p. 199. See also Ellis, 'Perversions in Childhood and Adolescence', in Calverton and Schmalhausen, The New Generation: The Intimate Problems of Modern Parents and Children (London, 1930), pp. 533-54, and 'The Later Freud', in Ellis, Questions of Our Day (London, 1936), pp. 128-32.
156. Ellis, 'Freud's Influence on Changed Attitudes Towards Sex', in Ellis, Sex and Marriage (London, 1951), p. 199. See also Ellis, 'Perversions in Childhood and Adolescence', in Calverton and Schmalhausen, The New Generation: The Intimate Problems of Modern Parents and Children (London, 1930), pp. 533-54, and 'The Later Freud', in Ellis, Questions of Our Day (London, 1936), pp. 128-32.
157. Ellis, 'Freud's Influence on Changed Attitudes towards Sex', p. 199.
158. Ibid., p. 200.
159. IbId.
160. Ibid., p. 201.
161. Ibid., p. 206.
162. Ibid., pp. 206-7.
163. M. Proust, Remembrance of Things Past, trans. T. Kilmartin (London, 1981), vol. 1, p. 572.
164. See I. Hacking, The Social Construction of What? (Cambridge, MA, 1999) for more on some of the uses of social constructivism. It should, however, be noted that Hacking does not adequately characterize the sociology of scientific knowledge.