Flight of the deities: Hindu resistance in Portuguese Goa

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 387-421

  Axelrod, Paul ^a   Fuerch, Michelle A ^a  

^a RIPON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0009408633     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0026749x00016516     Document Type: Article

References (177)

1. See Ranajit Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982-1989), a six volume series, and James C. Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976).
2. See Ranajit Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982-1989), a six volume series, and James C. Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976).
3. In 1564 the villagers of Cortalim reportedly killed Christians who passed through their village after hearing that a priest, Father Pedro Colaço, tried to convert a dying Brahman. See J. Wicki (ed.), Documenta Indica 1540-1549, vol. VI (Rome: Apud Monumenta Historica Soc. Iesu, 1948), p. 617. On 15 July 1583, three priests were killed with knives and axes by angry villagers when they arrived to celebrate the erection of a cross commemorating the supposed Christianization of the villages of Assolna, Velim, and Cuncolim: as punishment the villages were confiscated and turned over to the Jesuit order which eventually controlled a number of villages in the southern-most administrative district of Salsette. See Victor Fernandes, 'The Blessed Martyrs of Cuncolim,' The Goan World (November 1936), pp. 37-9, and Carmo Azevedo, 'The Revolt of Cuncolim,' Goa Today (December 1966), pp. 18-19. Also, toward the end of the eighteenth century, native missionaries of Goa revolted against domination by European missionaries. See Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: District Gazetteer, Part I, Goa, ed. V. T. Gune (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1979), p. 187.
4. In 1564 the villagers of Cortalim reportedly killed Christians who passed through their village after hearing that a priest, Father Pedro Colaço, tried to convert a dying Brahman. See J. Wicki (ed.), Documenta Indica 1540-1549, vol. VI (Rome: Apud Monumenta Historica Soc. Iesu, 1948), p. 617. On 15 July 1583, three priests were killed with knives and axes by angry villagers when they arrived to celebrate the erection of a cross commemorating the supposed Christianization of the villages of Assolna, Velim, and Cuncolim: as punishment the villages were confiscated and turned over to the Jesuit order which eventually controlled a number of villages in the southern-most administrative district of Salsette. See Victor Fernandes, 'The Blessed Martyrs of Cuncolim,' The Goan World (November 1936), pp. 37-9, and Carmo Azevedo, 'The Revolt of Cuncolim,' Goa Today (December 1966), pp. 18-19. Also, toward the end of the eighteenth century, native missionaries of Goa revolted against domination by European missionaries. See Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: District Gazetteer, Part I, Goa, ed. V. T. Gune (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1979), p. 187.
5. In 1564 the villagers of Cortalim reportedly killed Christians who passed through their village after hearing that a priest, Father Pedro Colaço, tried to convert a dying Brahman. See J. Wicki (ed.), Documenta Indica 1540-1549, vol. VI (Rome: Apud Monumenta Historica Soc. Iesu, 1948), p. 617. On 15 July 1583, three priests were killed with knives and axes by angry villagers when they arrived to celebrate the erection of a cross commemorating the supposed Christianization of the villages of Assolna, Velim, and Cuncolim: as punishment the villages were confiscated and turned over to the Jesuit order which eventually controlled a number of villages in the southern-most administrative district of Salsette. See Victor Fernandes, 'The Blessed Martyrs of Cuncolim,' The Goan World (November 1936), pp. 37-9, and Carmo Azevedo, 'The Revolt of Cuncolim,' Goa Today (December 1966), pp. 18-19. Also, toward the end of the eighteenth century, native missionaries of Goa revolted against domination by European missionaries. See Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: District Gazetteer, Part I, Goa, ed. V. T. Gune (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1979), p. 187.
6. In 1564 the villagers of Cortalim reportedly killed Christians who passed through their village after hearing that a priest, Father Pedro Colaço, tried to convert a dying Brahman. See J. Wicki (ed.), Documenta Indica 1540-1549, vol. VI (Rome: Apud Monumenta Historica Soc. Iesu, 1948), p. 617. On 15 July 1583, three priests were killed with knives and axes by angry villagers when they arrived to celebrate the erection of a cross commemorating the supposed Christianization of the villages of Assolna, Velim, and Cuncolim: as punishment the villages were confiscated and turned over to the Jesuit order which eventually controlled a number of villages in the southern-most administrative district of Salsette. See Victor Fernandes, 'The Blessed Martyrs of Cuncolim,' The Goan World (November 1936), pp. 37-9, and Carmo Azevedo, 'The Revolt of Cuncolim,' Goa Today (December 1966), pp. 18-19. Also, toward the end of the eighteenth century, native missionaries of Goa revolted against domination by European missionaries. See Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: District Gazetteer, Part I, Goa, ed. V. T. Gune (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1979), p. 187.
7. C. J. Borges, 'Foreign Jesuits and Native Resistance in Goa 1542-1759,' in Essays in Goan History, ed. T. R. de Souza (New Delhi: Concept, 1989), pp. 69-80.
8. Jean Comaroff, Body of Power Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), pp. 189-91.
9. James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), pp. 28-47.
10. Susan Bayly, Saints, Goddesses and Kings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 39.
11. The reaction to Muslim conversion policies was varied and more complex than the Goan response. S. M. Ikram, Muslim Civilization in India (New York: Columbia University Press: 1964), p. 232 and Aziz Ahmad, Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment (Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1964), p. 199 suggest a connection between intensified Muslim conversion and various forms of Hindu resistance. However, in some instances, it appears that destruction of the temples by Muslim rulers led to complete cessation of activities associated with it. See S. M. Bhardwaj, Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), p. 77. The pattern of Muslim proselytization ranged from peaceful persuasion of missionaries to forcible conversion by fanatical rulers and the results differed depending on the policies of the rulers and the practices of the indigenous populations. Susan Bayly, Saints, Goddesses and Kings, provides examples of the varied reactions to Islamicization in her book on South India.
12. The reaction to Muslim conversion policies was varied and more complex than the Goan response. S. M. Ikram, Muslim Civilization in India (New York: Columbia University Press: 1964), p. 232 and Aziz Ahmad, Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment (Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1964), p. 199 suggest a connection between intensified Muslim conversion and various forms of Hindu resistance. However, in some instances, it appears that destruction of the temples by Muslim rulers led to complete cessation of activities associated with it. See S. M. Bhardwaj, Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), p. 77. The pattern of Muslim proselytization ranged from peaceful persuasion of missionaries to forcible conversion by fanatical rulers and the results differed depending on the policies of the rulers and the practices of the indigenous populations. Susan Bayly, Saints, Goddesses and Kings, provides examples of the varied reactions to Islamicization in her book on South India.
13. The reaction to Muslim conversion policies was varied and more complex than the Goan response. S. M. Ikram, Muslim Civilization in India (New York: Columbia University Press: 1964), p. 232 and Aziz Ahmad, Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment (Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1964), p. 199 suggest a connection between intensified Muslim conversion and various forms of Hindu resistance. However, in some instances, it appears that destruction of the temples by Muslim rulers led to complete cessation of activities associated with it. See S. M. Bhardwaj, Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), p. 77. The pattern of Muslim proselytization ranged from peaceful persuasion of missionaries to forcible conversion by fanatical rulers and the results differed depending on the policies of the rulers and the practices of the indigenous populations. Susan Bayly, Saints, Goddesses and Kings, provides examples of the varied reactions to Islamicization in her book on South India.
14. The reaction to Muslim conversion policies was varied and more complex than the Goan response. S. M. Ikram, Muslim Civilization in India (New York: Columbia University Press: 1964), p. 232 and Aziz Ahmad, Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment (Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1964), p. 199 suggest a connection between intensified Muslim conversion and various forms of Hindu resistance. However, in some instances, it appears that destruction of the temples by Muslim rulers led to complete cessation of activities associated with it. See S. M. Bhardwaj, Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), p. 77. The pattern of Muslim proselytization ranged from peaceful persuasion of missionaries to forcible conversion by fanatical rulers and the results differed depending on the policies of the rulers and the practices of the indigenous populations. Susan Bayly, Saints, Goddesses and Kings, provides examples of the varied reactions to Islamicization in her book on South India.
15. Douglas Haynes and Gyan Prakash, 'Introduction: The Entanglement of Power and Resistance,' in Contesting Power, eds Douglas Haynes and Gyan Prakash (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 1-22.
16. M. N. Pearson, The New Cambridge History of India: The Portuguese in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 36.
17. See Anthony Disney, 'The Portuguese Empire in India, in Indo-Portuguese History, ed. J. Correia-Afonso (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1981), p. 160 and M. N. Pearson, 'Goa's Overseas Trade,' in Goa through the Ages: An Economic History II, ed. Teotonio R. de Souza (New Delhi: Concept, 1990), p. 150 which estimate that in the early 1630s only two per cent of Goa and Goa Islands came from land revenue (though for Bardez and Salsette the statistics are 50 per cent and 74 per cent respectively). See Antonio Bocarro, 'Livro das Plantas de Todas as Fortalezas, Cidades e Povoações do Estado da India Oriental,' in Arquivo Portuguez Oriental IV Parte II, ed. A. B. de Bragança Pereira (Bastorá: Tipografia Rangel, 1938). The low percentage for Goa reflects its status as the chief port of the Estado da India and the point from which the seas of western India were patrolled.
18. See Anthony Disney, 'The Portuguese Empire in India, in Indo-Portuguese History, ed. J. Correia-Afonso (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1981), p. 160 and M. N. Pearson, 'Goa's Overseas Trade,' in Goa through the Ages: An Economic History II, ed. Teotonio R. de Souza (New Delhi: Concept, 1990), p. 150 which estimate that in the early 1630s only two per cent of Goa and Goa Islands came from land revenue (though for Bardez and Salsette the statistics are 50 per cent and 74 per cent respectively). See Antonio Bocarro, 'Livro das Plantas de Todas as Fortalezas, Cidades e Povoações do Estado da India Oriental,' in Arquivo Portuguez Oriental IV Parte II, ed. A. B. de Bragança Pereira (Bastorá: Tipografia Rangel, 1938). The low percentage for Goa reflects its status as the chief port of the Estado da India and the point from which the seas of western India were patrolled.
19. See Anthony Disney, 'The Portuguese Empire in India, in Indo-Portuguese History, ed. J. Correia-Afonso (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1981), p. 160 and M. N. Pearson, 'Goa's Overseas Trade,' in Goa through the Ages: An Economic History II, ed. Teotonio R. de Souza (New Delhi: Concept, 1990), p. 150 which estimate that in the early 1630s only two per cent of Goa and Goa Islands came from land revenue (though for Bardez and Salsette the statistics are 50 per cent and 74 per cent respectively). See Antonio Bocarro, 'Livro das Plantas de Todas as Fortalezas, Cidades e Povoações do Estado da India Oriental,' in Arquivo Portuguez Oriental IV Parte II, ed. A. B. de Bragança Pereira (Bastorá: Tipografia Rangel, 1938). The low percentage for Goa reflects its status as the chief port of the Estado da India and the point from which the seas of western India were patrolled.
20. Teotonio R. de Souza, 'Rural Economy and Life,' in Goα through the Ages: An Economic History, ed. T. R. de Souza, II, p. 96.
21. M. N. Pearson, 'Wealth and Power: Indian Groups in the Portuguese Indian Economy,' South Asia 3 (1973), pp. 36-44; T. R. de Souza, 'Glimpses of Hindu Dominance of Goan Economy in the I7th Century,' Indica XII (March 1975), pp. 27-35.
22. M. N. Pearson, 'Wealth and Power: Indian Groups in the Portuguese Indian Economy,' South Asia 3 (1973), pp. 36-44; T. R. de Souza, 'Glimpses of Hindu Dominance of Goan Economy in the I7th Century,' Indica XII (March 1975), pp. 27-35.
23. Konkhanakhanaya (Belgaum: Belgaum Samachar, 1909 [original 1721]), p. 19.
24. Numerous Portuguese documents which will be discussed and transcribed in the section below entitled 'Goa Under the Portuguese' indicate that the temples served these functions in resisting Portuguese policies.
25. The novas conquistas refer to the talukas (districts) of Pernem, Bicholim, Sanquelim, Satari, Quepem, Sanguem, and Canacona which were acquired by the Portuguese through conquest and treaty between 1741 and 1788 at the time the Inquisition was ending. See Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu, p. 186. The velhas conquistas refer to the old conquests: the talukas (districts) of Bardez, Tiswadi (also known as Goa Island and Ilhas), and Salsette which were acquired in the first half of the sixteenth century by the Portuguese. Tiswadi, an island bounded by the Mandovi and Zuari Rivers, was acquired by conquest in 1510, and Bardez and Salsette by teaty in 1543. See ibid., pp. 144-53.
26. The novas conquistas refer to the talukas (districts) of Pernem, Bicholim, Sanquelim, Satari, Quepem, Sanguem, and Canacona which were acquired by the Portuguese through conquest and treaty between 1741 and 1788 at the time the Inquisition was ending. See Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu, p. 186. The velhas conquistas refer to the old conquests: the talukas (districts) of Bardez, Tiswadi (also known as Goa Island and Ilhas), and Salsette which were acquired in the first half of the sixteenth century by the Portuguese. Tiswadi, an island bounded by the Mandovi and Zuari Rivers, was acquired by conquest in 1510, and Bardez and Salsette by teaty in 1543. See ibid., pp. 144-53.
27. R. S. Newman, 'The Umbrellas of Cuncolim: A Study of Goan Identity', Eighth International Symposium on Asian Studies (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1986), P. 1107.
28. E. V. Daniel, Fluid Signs: Being a Person the Tamil Way (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).
29. Aleixo Jerónimo do Rosário Bragança. A Igreja de Mapuça (Bastorá: Tipografia Rangel, 1926). p. 13.
30. In fact, Our Lady of Miracles and Lairaya are regarded as two of seven sisters, who, according to local tradition, resided at the village of Mahem with their brother Khetoba. Khetoba went to bring the fire from the shrine of a nearby village, but failed to return. The sisters, in anger, left Mahem and dispersed to nearby villages. The seven village festivals of these sisters have complex ritual and mythical connections: customarily visits or flowers from the other sisters are sent at the time of the temple festival.
31. Luis Furtado, 'Mapusa's Lady of Miracles,' Goa Today (1985), p. 38.
32. D. D. Khedekar, 'Rhythm and Revelry: The Folk Performers,' in S. V. Doshi (ed.), Goa Cultural Patterns (Bombay: Marg, 1983). p. 139.
33. To frame Goan ethnic politics as simply Hindu versus Catholic masks a number of complexities: regional identity is an important political issue in Goa, and for many lower class and caste groups the boundary between Catholicism and Hinduism is blurred. See Robert S. Newman, 'Vision at Velim: The Political and Cultural Meanings of Miracle in Goa,' The 11th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies (Amsterdam: 1990), p. 15. For instance, Catholics and Hindus speak and support the Konkani language in spite of the dialectical differences between Catholic and Hindu speech. Konkani is the mother tongue and the regional language of people in Goa (though currently most Hindus support Marathi and Catholics support English as the medium of instruction in schools). Goans are unified in their resistance to economic dominance by 'Indians' (a name reserved primarily for Indians from other states) and united in their efforts to keep economic opportunities in the booming tourism industry for themselves.
34. G. D. Winius, The Black Legend of Portuguese India (New Delhi: Concept, 1985); C. R. Boxer, Portuguese India in the Mid-Seventeenth Century (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980); Francisco Xavier Gomes Catāo, Aldeia de Assagāo (Goa) Subsidies para a Sua Histária (Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1978); J. Correia Afonso, Indo-Poriuguese History Sources and Problems (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1981); Anthony D'Costa S.J., The Chrisitianisation of the Goa Islands (Bombay: India Printing Works, 1965); G. Mitterwallner, 'The Hindu Past: Sculpture and Architecture,' in Goa Cultural Patterns, ed. S. V. Doshi (Bombay: Marg, 1983), pp. 21-60; P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'Colaboradores Hindus de Afonso de Albuquerque,' Bolelim do Institute Vasco da Gama 73 (1941): 55-79; P. P. Shirodkar, Social Life in Goa of the Past Unpublished paper, n.d.).
35. G. D. Winius, The Black Legend of Portuguese India (New Delhi: Concept, 1985); C. R. Boxer, Portuguese India in the Mid-Seventeenth Century (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980); Francisco Xavier Gomes Catāo, Aldeia de Assagāo (Goa) Subsidies para a Sua Histária (Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1978); J. Correia Afonso, Indo-Poriuguese History Sources and Problems (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1981); Anthony D'Costa S.J., The Chrisitianisation of the Goa Islands (Bombay: India Printing Works, 1965); G. Mitterwallner, 'The Hindu Past: Sculpture and Architecture,' in Goa Cultural Patterns, ed. S. V. Doshi (Bombay: Marg, 1983), pp. 21-60; P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'Colaboradores Hindus de Afonso de Albuquerque,' Bolelim do Institute Vasco da Gama 73 (1941): 55-79; P. P. Shirodkar, Social Life in Goa of the Past Unpublished paper, n.d.).
36. G. D. Winius, The Black Legend of Portuguese India (New Delhi: Concept, 1985); C. R. Boxer, Portuguese India in the Mid-Seventeenth Century (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980); Francisco Xavier Gomes Catāo, Aldeia de Assagāo (Goa) Subsidies para a Sua Histária (Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1978); J. Correia Afonso, Indo-Poriuguese History Sources and Problems (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1981); Anthony D'Costa S.J., The Chrisitianisation of the Goa Islands (Bombay: India Printing Works, 1965); G. Mitterwallner, 'The Hindu Past: Sculpture and Architecture,' in Goa Cultural Patterns, ed. S. V. Doshi (Bombay: Marg, 1983), pp. 21-60; P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'Colaboradores Hindus de Afonso de Albuquerque,' Bolelim do Institute Vasco da Gama 73 (1941): 55-79; P. P. Shirodkar, Social Life in Goa of the Past Unpublished paper, n.d.).
37. G. D. Winius, The Black Legend of Portuguese India (New Delhi: Concept, 1985); C. R. Boxer, Portuguese India in the Mid-Seventeenth Century (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980); Francisco Xavier Gomes Catāo, Aldeia de Assagāo (Goa) Subsidies para a Sua Histária (Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1978); J. Correia Afonso, Indo-Poriuguese History Sources and Problems (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1981); Anthony D'Costa S.J., The Chrisitianisation of the Goa Islands (Bombay: India Printing Works, 1965); G. Mitterwallner, 'The Hindu Past: Sculpture and Architecture,' in Goa Cultural Patterns, ed. S. V. Doshi (Bombay: Marg, 1983), pp. 21-60; P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'Colaboradores Hindus de Afonso de Albuquerque,' Bolelim do Institute Vasco da Gama 73 (1941): 55-79; P. P. Shirodkar, Social Life in Goa of the Past Unpublished paper, n.d.).
38. G. D. Winius, The Black Legend of Portuguese India (New Delhi: Concept, 1985); C. R. Boxer, Portuguese India in the Mid-Seventeenth Century (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980); Francisco Xavier Gomes Catāo, Aldeia de Assagāo (Goa) Subsidies para a Sua Histária (Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1978); J. Correia Afonso, Indo-Poriuguese History Sources and Problems (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1981); Anthony D'Costa S.J., The Chrisitianisation of the Goa Islands (Bombay: India Printing Works, 1965); G. Mitterwallner, 'The Hindu Past: Sculpture and Architecture,' in Goa Cultural Patterns, ed. S. V. Doshi (Bombay: Marg, 1983), pp. 21-60; P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'Colaboradores Hindus de Afonso de Albuquerque,' Bolelim do Institute Vasco da Gama 73 (1941): 55-79; P. P. Shirodkar, Social Life in Goa of the Past Unpublished paper, n.d.).
39. G. D. Winius, The Black Legend of Portuguese India (New Delhi: Concept, 1985); C. R. Boxer, Portuguese India in the Mid-Seventeenth Century (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980); Francisco Xavier Gomes Catāo, Aldeia de Assagāo (Goa) Subsidies para a Sua Histária (Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1978); J. Correia Afonso, Indo-Poriuguese History Sources and Problems (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1981); Anthony D'Costa S.J., The Chrisitianisation of the Goa Islands (Bombay: India Printing Works, 1965); G. Mitterwallner, 'The Hindu Past: Sculpture and Architecture,' in Goa Cultural Patterns, ed. S. V. Doshi (Bombay: Marg, 1983), pp. 21-60; P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'Colaboradores Hindus de Afonso de Albuquerque,' Bolelim do Institute Vasco da Gama 73 (1941): 55-79; P. P. Shirodkar, Social Life in Goa of the Past Unpublished paper, n.d.).
40. G. D. Winius, The Black Legend of Portuguese India (New Delhi: Concept, 1985); C. R. Boxer, Portuguese India in the Mid-Seventeenth Century (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980); Francisco Xavier Gomes Catāo, Aldeia de Assagāo (Goa) Subsidies para a Sua Histária (Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1978); J. Correia Afonso, Indo-Poriuguese History Sources and Problems (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1981); Anthony D'Costa S.J., The Chrisitianisation of the Goa Islands (Bombay: India Printing Works, 1965); G. Mitterwallner, 'The Hindu Past: Sculpture and Architecture,' in Goa Cultural Patterns, ed. S. V. Doshi (Bombay: Marg, 1983), pp. 21-60; P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'Colaboradores Hindus de Afonso de Albuquerque,' Bolelim do Institute Vasco da Gama 73 (1941): 55-79; P. P. Shirodkar, Social Life in Goa of the Past Unpublished paper, n.d.).
41. G. D. Winius, The Black Legend of Portuguese India (New Delhi: Concept, 1985); C. R. Boxer, Portuguese India in the Mid-Seventeenth Century (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980); Francisco Xavier Gomes Catāo, Aldeia de Assagāo (Goa) Subsidies para a Sua Histária (Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1978); J. Correia Afonso, Indo-Poriuguese History Sources and Problems (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1981); Anthony D'Costa S.J., The Chrisitianisation of the Goa Islands (Bombay: India Printing Works, 1965); G. Mitterwallner, 'The Hindu Past: Sculpture and Architecture,' in Goa Cultural Patterns, ed. S. V. Doshi (Bombay: Marg, 1983), pp. 21-60; P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'Colaboradores Hindus de Afonso de Albuquerque,' Bolelim do Institute Vasco da Gama 73 (1941): 55-79; P. P. Shirodkar, Social Life in Goa of the Past Unpublished paper, n.d.).
42. A. Lopes Mendes, A India Portugueza, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1989 (original 1886)]; M. J. de Saldanha, História de Goa Politico e Arqueologica, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1990 (original 1925)]; J. H. da Cunha Rivara, Primeiro Brada a Favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1870); J. Gerson da Cunha (ed.), The SahyadriKhanda of the Skanda Purana: A Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Account of Western India (Bombay: Thacker, Vining and Company, 1877); Bragança Pereira, O Sistema das Castas (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1920); J. P. L. Dos Santos Pereira, Chatrinas (Orlim: 1899); and F. Xavier Nery, Defensa dos Direitos das Gão-carias (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1856).
43. A. Lopes Mendes, A India Portugueza, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1989 (original 1886)]; M. J. de Saldanha, História de Goa Politico e Arqueologica, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1990 (original 1925)]; J. H. da Cunha Rivara, Primeiro Brada a Favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1870); J. Gerson da Cunha (ed.), The SahyadriKhanda of the Skanda Purana: A Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Account of Western India (Bombay: Thacker, Vining and Company, 1877); Bragança Pereira, O Sistema das Castas (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1920); J. P. L. Dos Santos Pereira, Chatrinas (Orlim: 1899); and F. Xavier Nery, Defensa dos Direitos das Gão-carias (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1856).
44. A. Lopes Mendes, A India Portugueza, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1989 (original 1886)]; M. J. de Saldanha, História de Goa Politico e Arqueologica, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1990 (original 1925)]; J. H. da Cunha Rivara, Primeiro Brada a Favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1870); J. Gerson da Cunha (ed.), The SahyadriKhanda of the Skanda Purana: A Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Account of Western India (Bombay: Thacker, Vining and Company, 1877); Bragança Pereira, O Sistema das Castas (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1920); J. P. L. Dos Santos Pereira, Chatrinas (Orlim: 1899); and F. Xavier Nery, Defensa dos Direitos das Gão-carias (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1856).
45. A. Lopes Mendes, A India Portugueza, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1989 (original 1886)]; M. J. de Saldanha, História de Goa Politico e Arqueologica, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1990 (original 1925)]; J. H. da Cunha Rivara, Primeiro Brada a Favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1870); J. Gerson da Cunha (ed.), The SahyadriKhanda of the Skanda Purana: A Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Account of Western India (Bombay: Thacker, Vining and Company, 1877); Bragança Pereira, O Sistema das Castas (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1920); J. P. L. Dos Santos Pereira, Chatrinas (Orlim: 1899); and F. Xavier Nery, Defensa dos Direitos das Gão-carias (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1856).
46. A. Lopes Mendes, A India Portugueza, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1989 (original 1886)]; M. J. de Saldanha, História de Goa Politico e Arqueologica, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1990 (original 1925)]; J. H. da Cunha Rivara, Primeiro Brada a Favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1870); J. Gerson da Cunha (ed.), The SahyadriKhanda of the Skanda Purana: A Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Account of Western India (Bombay: Thacker, Vining and Company, 1877); Bragança Pereira, O Sistema das Castas (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1920); J. P. L. Dos Santos Pereira, Chatrinas (Orlim: 1899); and F. Xavier Nery, Defensa dos Direitos das Gão-carias (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1856).
47. A. Lopes Mendes, A India Portugueza, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1989 (original 1886)]; M. J. de Saldanha, História de Goa Politico e Arqueologica, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1990 (original 1925)]; J. H. da Cunha Rivara, Primeiro Brada a Favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1870); J. Gerson da Cunha (ed.), The SahyadriKhanda of the Skanda Purana: A Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Account of Western India (Bombay: Thacker, Vining and Company, 1877); Bragança Pereira, O Sistema das Castas (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1920); J. P. L. Dos Santos Pereira, Chatrinas (Orlim: 1899); and F. Xavier Nery, Defensa dos Direitos das Gão-carias (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1856).
48. A. Lopes Mendes, A India Portugueza, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1989 (original 1886)]; M. J. de Saldanha, História de Goa Politico e Arqueologica, 2 vols [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1990 (original 1925)]; J. H. da Cunha Rivara, Primeiro Brada a Favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1870); J. Gerson da Cunha (ed.), The SahyadriKhanda of the Skanda Purana: A Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Account of Western India (Bombay: Thacker, Vining and Company, 1877); Bragança Pereira, O Sistema das Castas (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1920); J. P. L. Dos Santos Pereira, Chatrinas (Orlim: 1899); and F. Xavier Nery, Defensa dos Direitos das Gão-carias (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1856).
49. T. R. de Souza, Medieval Goa (New Delhi: Concept, 1979); P. S. S. Pissurlencar (ed), Shri Shantadurga Chitushatabda Mahotsava Granth [Marathi, Shri Shantadurga, Fourth Centenary Celebration Volume] (Bombay: Shri Shantadurga Seva Samiti, 1966); P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'A Propósito dos Primeiros Livros Maratas Impressos em Goa,' Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama 49 (1956), pp. 22-42; A. K. Priolkar, The Goa Inquisition (Bombay: 1961); H. Gomes Catão, Freguesia de Orlim (1968); M. N. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); M. N. Pearson, The New Cambridge History of India: The Portuguese in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University-Press, 1989).
50. T. R. de Souza, Medieval Goa (New Delhi: Concept, 1979); P. S. S. Pissurlencar (ed), Shri Shantadurga Chitushatabda Mahotsava Granth [Marathi, Shri Shantadurga, Fourth Centenary Celebration Volume] (Bombay: Shri Shantadurga Seva Samiti, 1966); P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'A Propósito dos Primeiros Livros Maratas Impressos em Goa,' Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama 49 (1956), pp. 22-42; A. K. Priolkar, The Goa Inquisition (Bombay: 1961); H. Gomes Catão, Freguesia de Orlim (1968); M. N. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); M. N. Pearson, The New Cambridge History of India: The Portuguese in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University-Press, 1989).
51. T. R. de Souza, Medieval Goa (New Delhi: Concept, 1979); P. S. S. Pissurlencar (ed), Shri Shantadurga Chitushatabda Mahotsava Granth [Marathi, Shri Shantadurga, Fourth Centenary Celebration Volume] (Bombay: Shri Shantadurga Seva Samiti, 1966); P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'A Propósito dos Primeiros Livros Maratas Impressos em Goa,' Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama 49 (1956), pp. 22-42; A. K. Priolkar, The Goa Inquisition (Bombay: 1961); H. Gomes Catão, Freguesia de Orlim (1968); M. N. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); M. N. Pearson, The New Cambridge History of India: The Portuguese in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University-Press, 1989).
52. T. R. de Souza, Medieval Goa (New Delhi: Concept, 1979); P. S. S. Pissurlencar (ed), Shri Shantadurga Chitushatabda Mahotsava Granth [Marathi, Shri Shantadurga, Fourth Centenary Celebration Volume] (Bombay: Shri Shantadurga Seva Samiti, 1966); P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'A Propósito dos Primeiros Livros Maratas Impressos em Goa,' Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama 49 (1956), pp. 22-42; A. K. Priolkar, The Goa Inquisition (Bombay: 1961); H. Gomes Catão, Freguesia de Orlim (1968); M. N. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); M. N. Pearson, The New Cambridge History of India: The Portuguese in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University-Press, 1989).
53. T. R. de Souza, Medieval Goa (New Delhi: Concept, 1979); P. S. S. Pissurlencar (ed), Shri Shantadurga Chitushatabda Mahotsava Granth [Marathi, Shri Shantadurga, Fourth Centenary Celebration Volume] (Bombay: Shri Shantadurga Seva Samiti, 1966); P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'A Propósito dos Primeiros Livros Maratas Impressos em Goa,' Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama 49 (1956), pp. 22-42; A. K. Priolkar, The Goa Inquisition (Bombay: 1961); H. Gomes Catão, Freguesia de Orlim (1968); M. N. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); M. N. Pearson, The New Cambridge History of India: The Portuguese in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University-Press, 1989).
54. T. R. de Souza, Medieval Goa (New Delhi: Concept, 1979); P. S. S. Pissurlencar (ed), Shri Shantadurga Chitushatabda Mahotsava Granth [Marathi, Shri Shantadurga, Fourth Centenary Celebration Volume] (Bombay: Shri Shantadurga Seva Samiti, 1966); P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'A Propósito dos Primeiros Livros Maratas Impressos em Goa,' Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama 49 (1956), pp. 22-42; A. K. Priolkar, The Goa Inquisition (Bombay: 1961); H. Gomes Catão, Freguesia de Orlim (1968); M. N. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); M. N. Pearson, The New Cambridge History of India: The Portuguese in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University-Press, 1989).
55. T. R. de Souza, Medieval Goa (New Delhi: Concept, 1979); P. S. S. Pissurlencar (ed), Shri Shantadurga Chitushatabda Mahotsava Granth [Marathi, Shri Shantadurga, Fourth Centenary Celebration Volume] (Bombay: Shri Shantadurga Seva Samiti, 1966); P. S. S. Pissurlencar, 'A Propósito dos Primeiros Livros Maratas Impressos em Goa,' Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama 49 (1956), pp. 22-42; A. K. Priolkar, The Goa Inquisition (Bombay: 1961); H. Gomes Catão, Freguesia de Orlim (1968); M. N. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); M. N. Pearson, The New Cambridge History of India: The Portuguese in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University-Press, 1989).
56. Some examples are: Rui Gomes Pereira, Goa Gaunkari: The Old Village Associations (Panaji, Goa: A. Gomes Pereira, 1981); his Hindu Temples and Deities (Panaji, Goa: Printwell Press, 1978); V. N. S. Dhume, Shri Shantadurga Dei-astiian [Marathi] (Kavle, Goa: Shri Shantadurga Sansthan, 1975); O. Gomes. Village Goa (New Delhi: S. Chand, 1987); N. K. Wagle, 'The History and Social Organization of the Gauda Saraswata Brahmanas of the West Coast of India,' Journal of Indian History XLVIII, Part 1 (1970): 7-25.
57. Some examples are: Rui Gomes Pereira, Goa Gaunkari: The Old Village Associations (Panaji, Goa: A. Gomes Pereira, 1981); his Hindu Temples and Deities (Panaji, Goa: Printwell Press, 1978); V. N. S. Dhume, Shri Shantadurga Dei-astiian [Marathi] (Kavle, Goa: Shri Shantadurga Sansthan, 1975); O. Gomes. Village Goa (New Delhi: S. Chand, 1987); N. K. Wagle, 'The History and Social Organization of the Gauda Saraswata Brahmanas of the West Coast of India,' Journal of Indian History XLVIII, Part 1 (1970): 7-25.
58. Some examples are: Rui Gomes Pereira, Goa Gaunkari: The Old Village Associations (Panaji, Goa: A. Gomes Pereira, 1981); his Hindu Temples and Deities (Panaji, Goa: Printwell Press, 1978); V. N. S. Dhume, Shri Shantadurga Dei-astiian [Marathi] (Kavle, Goa: Shri Shantadurga Sansthan, 1975); O. Gomes. Village Goa (New Delhi: S. Chand, 1987); N. K. Wagle, 'The History and Social Organization of the Gauda Saraswata Brahmanas of the West Coast of India,' Journal of Indian History XLVIII, Part 1 (1970): 7-25.
59. Some examples are: Rui Gomes Pereira, Goa Gaunkari: The Old Village Associations (Panaji, Goa: A. Gomes Pereira, 1981); his Hindu Temples and Deities (Panaji, Goa: Printwell Press, 1978); V. N. S. Dhume, Shri Shantadurga Dei-astiian [Marathi] (Kavle, Goa: Shri Shantadurga Sansthan, 1975); O. Gomes. Village Goa (New Delhi: S. Chand, 1987); N. K. Wagle, 'The History and Social Organization of the Gauda Saraswata Brahmanas of the West Coast of India,' Journal of Indian History XLVIII, Part 1 (1970): 7-25.
60. Some examples are: Rui Gomes Pereira, Goa Gaunkari: The Old Village Associations (Panaji, Goa: A. Gomes Pereira, 1981); his Hindu Temples and Deities (Panaji, Goa: Printwell Press, 1978); V. N. S. Dhume, Shri Shantadurga Dei-astiian [Marathi] (Kavle, Goa: Shri Shantadurga Sansthan, 1975); O. Gomes. Village Goa (New Delhi: S. Chand, 1987); N. K. Wagle, 'The History and Social Organization of the Gauda Saraswata Brahmanas of the West Coast of India,' Journal of Indian History XLVIII, Part 1 (1970): 7-25.
61. Some exemplary works include Arjun Appadurai, Worship and Conflict under Colonial Rule: A South Indian Case (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Nicholas B. Dirks, The Hollow Crown (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); David Ludden, Peasant History in South India (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1985); Tom G. Kessinger, Vilyalpur 1848-1968: Social and Economic Change in an Indian Village (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974).
62. Some exemplary works include Arjun Appadurai, Worship and Conflict under Colonial Rule: A South Indian Case (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Nicholas B. Dirks, The Hollow Crown (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); David Ludden, Peasant History in South India (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1985); Tom G. Kessinger, Vilyalpur 1848-1968: Social and Economic Change in an Indian Village (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974).
63. Some exemplary works include Arjun Appadurai, Worship and Conflict under Colonial Rule: A South Indian Case (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Nicholas B. Dirks, The Hollow Crown (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); David Ludden, Peasant History in South India (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1985); Tom G. Kessinger, Vilyalpur 1848-1968: Social and Economic Change in an Indian Village (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974).
64. Some exemplary works include Arjun Appadurai, Worship and Conflict under Colonial Rule: A South Indian Case (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Nicholas B. Dirks, The Hollow Crown (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); David Ludden, Peasant History in South India (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1985); Tom G. Kessinger, Vilyalpur 1848-1968: Social and Economic Change in an Indian Village (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974).
65. For example, J. H. da Cunha Rivara, (ed.), Archiva Portuguez-Oriental g vols (Nova Goa: N. A. Imprensa Nacional, 1857-76); J. Wicki (ed.), Documenta Indica 12 vols (Rome: Monumenta Historica Soc. Iesu, 1940-1972); A. da Suva Rego, (ed.), Documentação para as Missões do Padnado Português do Oriente: India. 12 vols (Lisboa: Agência Geral das Colónias, 1947-58). (Hereafter Padroado.)
66. For example, J. H. da Cunha Rivara, (ed.), Archiva Portuguez-Oriental g vols (Nova Goa: N. A. Imprensa Nacional, 1857-76); J. Wicki (ed.), Documenta Indica 12 vols (Rome: Monumenta Historica Soc. Iesu, 1940-1972); A. da Suva Rego, (ed.), Documentação para as Missões do Padnado Português do Oriente: India. 12 vols (Lisboa: Agência Geral das Colónias, 1947-58). (Hereafter Padroado.)
67. For example, J. H. da Cunha Rivara, (ed.), Archiva Portuguez-Oriental g vols (Nova Goa: N. A. Imprensa Nacional, 1857-76); J. Wicki (ed.), Documenta Indica 12 vols (Rome: Monumenta Historica Soc. Iesu, 1940-1972); A. da Suva Rego, (ed.), Documentação para as Missões do Padnado Português do Oriente: India. 12 vols (Lisboa: Agência Geral das Colónias, 1947-58). (Hereafter Padroado.)
68. C. R. Boxer, 'A Glimpse of the Goa Archives,' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies XIV (1952), pp. 299-324; P. S. S. Pissurlencar, Roteiro dos Arquivos da India Portuguesa [A Guide to the Goa Archives] (Bastorá: Tipografia Rangel, 1955).
69. C. R. Boxer, 'A Glimpse of the Goa Archives,' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies XIV (1952), pp. 299-324; P. S. S. Pissurlencar, Roteiro dos Arquivos da India Portuguesa [A Guide to the Goa Archives] (Bastorá: Tipografia Rangel, 1955).
70. Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: District Gazetteer, Part I, Goa, pp. 91-120; G. M. Moraes, The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Mediaeval Karnataka (Bombay: B. X. Furtado & Sons, 1931), p. 17.
71. Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: District Gazetteer, Part I, Goa, pp. 91-120; G. M. Moraes, The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Mediaeval Karnataka (Bombay: B. X. Furtado & Sons, 1931), p. 17.
72. Moraes, The Kadamba Kula, pp. 167, 190.
73. Dirks, The Hollow Crown, p. 126.
74. A notable exception is Manji Shenvi, a GSB who is reported to have been the administrator in Goa on behalf of Vijayanagar empires. See Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu, p. 129.
75. J. Gerson da Cunha, Shri Sahyadri Khanda Skhanda Purana [Marathi, tr. from Sanskrit] V. D. Gaitonde (Bombay: Katyayni Publications, 1972); Shri Sahyadri Khanda Skhanda Purana [Sanskrit] (Bombay: Thacker, Vining and Company, 1877).
76. J. Gerson da Cunha, Shri Sahyadri Khanda Skhanda Purana [Marathi, tr. from Sanskrit] V. D. Gaitonde (Bombay: Katyayni Publications, 1972); Shri Sahyadri Khanda Skhanda Purana [Sanskrit] (Bombay: Thacker, Vining and Company, 1877).
77. F. Conlon, A Caste in a Changing World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977) PP- 15-16; J. V. Saldanha, Origin and Growth of Konkani or Goan Communities and Language (Bombay: Anglo-Lusitano Press, 1938), pp. 22-32.
78. F. Conlon, A Caste in a Changing World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977) PP- 15-16; J. V. Saldanha, Origin and Growth of Konkani or Goan Communities and Language (Bombay: Anglo-Lusitano Press, 1938), pp. 22-32.
79. Gerson da Cunha, Shri Sahyadri Khanda Skhanda Purana [Marathi]; his Shri Sahyadri Khanda Skhanda Purana [Sanskrit].
80. Gerson da Cunha, Shri Sahyadri Khanda Skhanda Purana [Marathi]; his Shri Sahyadri Khanda Skhanda Purana [Sanskrit].
81. S. H. Levitt, The Patityagramanirnaya: A Puranic History of Degraded Brahman Villages (Ann Arbor: Xerox University Microfilms, 1973), pp. 1-10.
82. Ibid. p. 104.
83. Saldanha, Origin and Growth of Konkani or Goan Communities and Language, p. 24; K. Guru Dutt, Chitrapur Saraswat Retrospect (Bangalore: B. D. Power Press, 1955); S.S. Talmaki, Sarasu-at Families, II (Bombay: 1939), p. 5; and Gerson da Cunha, Shri Sahyadri Khanda Skhanda Parana [Marathi], pp. 120-4.
84. Saldanha, Origin and Growth of Konkani or Goan Communities and Language, p. 24; K. Guru Dutt, Chitrapur Saraswat Retrospect (Bangalore: B. D. Power Press, 1955); S.S. Talmaki, Sarasu-at Families, II (Bombay: 1939), p. 5; and Gerson da Cunha, Shri Sahyadri Khanda Skhanda Parana [Marathi], pp. 120-4.
85. Saldanha, Origin and Growth of Konkani or Goan Communities and Language, p. 24; K. Guru Dutt, Chitrapur Saraswat Retrospect (Bangalore: B. D. Power Press, 1955); S.S. Talmaki, Sarasu-at Families, II (Bombay: 1939), p. 5; and Gerson da Cunha, Shri Sahyadri Khanda Skhanda Parana [Marathi], pp. 120-4.
86. Saldanha, Origin and Growth of Konkani or Goan Communities and Language, p. 24; K. Guru Dutt, Chitrapur Saraswat Retrospect (Bangalore: B. D. Power Press, 1955); S.S. Talmaki, Sarasu-at Families, II (Bombay: 1939), p. 5; and Gerson da Cunha, Shri Sahyadri Khanda Skhanda Parana [Marathi], pp. 120-4.
87. Levitt, The Patityagramanirnaya, p. 103.
88. Districts are known as talukas in the Indian languages and concelhos in Portuguese. The old conquests were comprised of three districts: Salsette, the Portuguese pronunciation of Shahashasti refers to the sixty six villages in the area; Tiswadi, which refers to the thirty historical villages there; and Bardez, the Portuguese pronunciation of baredesh which refers to the twelve areas there.
89. Gerson da Cunha, Shri Sahyadri Khanda Skhanda Purana [Marathi], p. 131.
90. Wagle,'The History and Social Organization of the Gauda Saraswata Brahmanas of the West Coast of India,' p. 9.
91. Conlon, A Caste in a Changing World, p. 15.
92. V. N. S. Dhume, Shri Mangesh Sansthan (Mardol, Goa: Shri Mangesh Sansthan Committee, 1974); his Shri Shantadurga Devastkan; and P. S. S. Pissurlencar (ed.) Shri Skantadurga Chitushatabda Mahotsav Granth (Bombay: Shri Shantadurga Seva Samiti, 1966).
93. V. N. S. Dhume, Shri Mangesh Sansthan (Mardol, Goa: Shri Mangesh Sansthan Committee, 1974); his Shri Shantadurga Devastkan; and P. S. S. Pissurlencar (ed.) Shri Skantadurga Chitushatabda Mahotsav Granth (Bombay: Shri Shantadurga Seva Samiti, 1966).
94. V. N. S. Dhume, Shri Mangesh Sansthan (Mardol, Goa: Shri Mangesh Sansthan Committee, 1974); his Shri Shantadurga Devastkan; and P. S. S. Pissurlencar (ed.) Shri Skantadurga Chitushatabda Mahotsav Granth (Bombay: Shri Shantadurga Seva Samiti, 1966).
95. The gauncares are the hereditary shareholders of the village community. Since the term is transcribed from Konkani, there are a variety of spellings; it is also transcribed as gãncars, gauncarias, and gaortcars.
96. D. D. Kosambi, Myth and Reality (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1962), p. 169.
97. de Souza, Medieval Goa, pp. 56-8; F. N. Xavier, Bosquejo Historien das Communidades, II (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1852), pp. 24-5.
98. de Souza, Medieval Goa, pp. 56-8; F. N. Xavier, Bosquejo Historien das Communidades, II (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1852), pp. 24-5.
99. de Souza, Medieval Goa, p. 58; and Kosambi, Myth and Reality, p. 169. According to data reported in J. J. Cicilia Kol, 'A General Statistical and Historical Report on Portuguese India Extracted in 1850 from Official Documents,' in J. W. Auld (ed.), Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. X, New Series (Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press, 1855), pp. 315-18. Brahman village communities paid an average annual tax of 3,142 xerafins in 1850; while the non-Brahman village communities paid an average of 1,343 xerafins. This further affirms the belief that the Brahmans generally held the more productive village lands, though some Chardo controlled villages are quite prosperous as well.
100. de Souza, Medieval Goa, p. 58; and Kosambi, Myth and Reality, p. 169. According to data reported in J. J. Cicilia Kol, 'A General Statistical and Historical Report on Portuguese India Extracted in 1850 from Official Documents,' in J. W. Auld (ed.), Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. X, New Series (Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press, 1855), pp. 315-18. Brahman village communities paid an average annual tax of 3,142 xerafins in 1850; while the non-Brahman village communities paid an average of 1,343 xerafins. This further affirms the belief that the Brahmans generally held the more productive village lands, though some Chardo controlled villages are quite prosperous as well.
101. de Souza, Medieval Goa, p. 58; and Kosambi, Myth and Reality, p. 169. According to data reported in J. J. Cicilia Kol, 'A General Statistical and Historical Report on Portuguese India Extracted in 1850 from Official Documents,' in J. W. Auld (ed.), Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. X, New Series (Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press, 1855), pp. 315-18. Brahman village communities paid an average annual tax of 3,142 xerafins in 1850; while the non-Brahman village communities paid an average of 1,343 xerafins. This further affirms the belief that the Brahmans generally held the more productive village lands, though some Chardo controlled villages are quite prosperous as well.
102. José C. Almeida, Aspects of the Agricultural Activity in Goa, Daman and Diu (Panaji: Government Printing Press, 1967), p. 17.
103. Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado, Glossário Luso-Asiático [New Delhi: Asian Education Services, 1988 (original 1918)], p. 495.
104. Afonso Mexia, 'Foral de Usos e Costumes dos Gancares e Lavradores desta Ilha de Goa e Outras Aneixas a Ella,' Archiva Portuguez-Oriental, V, ed. J. H. R. da Cunha Rivara (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1875), p. 124; this is the published version of a document found in several places in the Historical Archives of Goa (hereafter HAG) including MS 8791, Livros Vermelhos, fls. 147 ff., and Monções de Reino, No. 76, 1526, fls. 48 ff. For an English translation see B. H. Baden Powell, 'The Villages of Goa in the Early Sixteenth Century,' Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society (1900), pp. 261-91. See also V. Goenkar, 'The Origin of the Goa Communidades,' Navhind Times (May 3, 1970), p. 2.
105. Afonso Mexia, 'Foral de Usos e Costumes dos Gancares e Lavradores desta Ilha de Goa e Outras Aneixas a Ella,' Archiva Portuguez-Oriental, V, ed. J. H. R. da Cunha Rivara (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1875), p. 124; this is the published version of a document found in several places in the Historical Archives of Goa (hereafter HAG) including MS 8791, Livros Vermelhos, fls. 147 ff., and Monções de Reino, No. 76, 1526, fls. 48 ff. For an English translation see B. H. Baden Powell, 'The Villages of Goa in the Early Sixteenth Century,' Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society (1900), pp. 261-91. See also V. Goenkar, 'The Origin of the Goa Communidades,' Navhind Times (May 3, 1970), p. 2.
106. Afonso Mexia, 'Foral de Usos e Costumes dos Gancares e Lavradores desta Ilha de Goa e Outras Aneixas a Ella,' Archiva Portuguez-Oriental, V, ed. J. H. R. da Cunha Rivara (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1875), p. 124; this is the published version of a document found in several places in the Historical Archives of Goa (hereafter HAG) including MS 8791, Livros Vermelhos, fls. 147 ff., and Monções de Reino, No. 76, 1526, fls. 48 ff. For an English translation see B. H. Baden Powell, 'The Villages of Goa in the Early Sixteenth Century,' Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society (1900), pp. 261-91. See also V. Goenkar, 'The Origin of the Goa Communidades,' Navhind Times (May 3, 1970), p. 2.
107. J. A. Rubinoff, 'Vangad: the Context of Lineage,' in City and Countryside and Society in Maharashtra, eds M. Israel, D. W. Attwood, and N. K. Wagle (Toronto: University of Toronto Centre for South Asian Studies, 1988), p. 196; and de Souza, Medieval Goa, p. 62.
108. J. A. Rubinoff, 'Vangad: the Context of Lineage,' in City and Countryside and Society in Maharashtra, eds M. Israel, D. W. Attwood, and N. K. Wagle (Toronto: University of Toronto Centre for South Asian Studies, 1988), p. 196; and de Souza, Medieval Goa, p. 62.
109. Ludden, Peasant History in South India, pp. 85-6. Joint control of land is found in both North and South India, according to Rubinoff, 'Vangad: the Context of Lineage,' p. 195. However, Altekar argues that joint-tenancy in North India is not true communal ownership, but rather, is simply land-revenue obligations held by the multiple heirs for the purpose of land revenue. See A. S. Altekar, A History of Village Communities in Western India (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1927).
110. Ludden, Peasant History in South India, pp. 85-6. Joint control of land is found in both North and South India, according to Rubinoff, 'Vangad: the Context of Lineage,' p. 195. However, Altekar argues that joint-tenancy in North India is not true communal ownership, but rather, is simply land-revenue obligations held by the multiple heirs for the purpose of land revenue. See A. S. Altekar, A History of Village Communities in Western India (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1927).
111. Ludden, Peasant History in South India, pp. 85-6. Joint control of land is found in both North and South India, according to Rubinoff, 'Vangad: the Context of Lineage,' p. 195. However, Altekar argues that joint-tenancy in North India is not true communal ownership, but rather, is simply land-revenue obligations held by the multiple heirs for the purpose of land revenue. See A. S. Altekar, A History of Village Communities in Western India (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1927).
112. Almeida, Aspects of the Agricultural Activity in Goa, Daman and Diu, p. 55.
113. P. S. Lokanathan, Techno-economic Survey of Goa, Daman and Diu (New Delhi: National Council of Applied Economic Research, 1964), p. 39.
114. Ibid., p. 13; Pearson, 'Wealth and Power: Indian Groups in the Portuguese Indian Economy,' p. 38.
115. Ibid., p. 13; Pearson, 'Wealth and Power: Indian Groups in the Portuguese Indian Economy,' p. 38.
116. Mexia, 'Foral de Usos e Costumes,' p. 119.
117. See. Baden-Powell, 'The Villages of Goa in the Early Sixteenth Century,' p. 172. Though the textual and historical evidence suggests high caste primacy in Goan land-tenure arrangements in the pre-Portuguese period, the ethnographic reality is somewhat more complex. The dominant castes in Goa (the Saraswats and Chardos) controlled villages as gauncares in the productive bottomlands of the
118. See. Baden-Powell, 'The Villages of Goa in the Early Sixteenth Century,' p. 172. Though the textual and historical evidence suggests high caste primacy in Goan land-tenure arrangements in the pre-Portuguese period, the ethnographic reality is somewhat more complex. The dominant castes in Goa (the Saraswats and Chardos) controlled villages as gauncares in the productive bottomlands of the old conquests. But they were hardly the majority of the Goan population in the largely Catholic (89 per cent) village of Chandor, for instance; of the 4,647 Christian residents, 16 per cent are either Brahmans or Chardos. See Gomes. A Village in Goa, p. 88. Most of the residents of the villages everywhere in Goa are, in fact, landless laborers or hereditary servants, either Kunbi, Gaudda or Sudir (derived from Sudra), who are dominated by those from the Christian Brahman and Chardo castes (in the old conquests) or Hindus from the Saraswat or Maratha castes in the far more sparsely populated new conquests. Most Goans are members of the Kunbi or Gaudda communities. The Kunbis are generally settled south of the Zuari River in the Districts of Salsette, Canacona, and Quepem and thought to be of Dravidian origin. The Gauddas are located primarily in the villages north of the Zuari and regarded as Aryans: only a few villages and temples in Goa are controlled by these two groups.
119. F. Xavier Nery, Defensa dos Direitas das Gãucarias (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1856); J. H. da Cunha Rivara, Pnmeiro Brada a favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1840).
120. F. Xavier Nery, Defensa dos Direitas das Gãucarias (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1856); J. H. da Cunha Rivara, Pnmeiro Brada a favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India (Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional, 1840).
121. Gomes Pereira, Goa Gaunkari, p. 31.
122. Mexia, 'Foral de Usos e Costumes', p. 124.
123. J. H. da Cunha Rivara, (ed.), Archivo Portuguez-Onental, V, Parte 2a (Nova Goa: NA Imprensa Nacional, 1875), pp. 543, 839.
124. Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century and continuing today, regular entries in the Boletim Official (or as it is currently known, Official Bulletin) have detailed finances, income, festivals, rituals and their fees, associated deities, duties and payments of the servants of most of the temples in remarkable detail. In some cases, lists of the mahajans are included.
125. Mario Cabrai and Jean-Louis Nou e Sa, Goa (New Delhi: Lustre Press, 1986); T. Albuquerque, Anjuna: A Profile of a Village in Goa (New Delhi: Promilla, 1988); and her Santa Cruz Calapor: Profile of a Village in Goa (Panjim, Goa: Fernandes Publication, 1989).
126. Mario Cabrai and Jean-Louis Nou e Sa, Goa (New Delhi: Lustre Press, 1986); T. Albuquerque, Anjuna: A Profile of a Village in Goa (New Delhi: Promilla, 1988); and her Santa Cruz Calapor: Profile of a Village in Goa (Panjim, Goa: Fernandes Publication, 1989).
127. Mario Cabrai and Jean-Louis Nou e Sa, Goa (New Delhi: Lustre Press, 1986); T. Albuquerque, Anjuna: A Profile of a Village in Goa (New Delhi: Promilla, 1988); and her Santa Cruz Calapor: Profile of a Village in Goa (Panjim, Goa: Fernandes Publication, 1989).
128. For example, D'Costa, in The Christianisation of the Goa Islands cites numerous documents detailing the goodwill and great success of the conversion policies; in The Goa Inquisition, Priolkar details the evidence for the horror of the brutal conversion policies and the use of threats, enslavement, execution, and extortion in order to effect conversions.
129. For example, D'Costa, in The Christianisation of the Goa Islands cites numerous documents detailing the goodwill and great success of the conversion policies; in The Goa Inquisition, Priolkar details the evidence for the horror of the brutal conversion policies and the use of threats, enslavement, execution, and extortion in order to effect conversions.
130. D'Costa, The Christianisation of the Goa Islands, pp. 4-5.
131. 'Nação Histórica de Goa, Recenseamento 1844/ O Cabinete Litterano de Fontainhas (Nova Goa: 1846), p. 244.
132. J. N. da Fonseca, An Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the City of Goa [New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1986 (original 1878)], pp. 113-15.
133. HAG, Monções 93B, Viceroy's decree that there will be no new temples and those that exist cannot be repaired, 20 December 1566, fl. 38or; a law forbidding idols in any home, 26 March 1559, fl. 393r; HAG, Provisoes a Favor da Cristandade 1513-1840, MS. 9529, 1559, fl. 34r; Viceroy Dom Antão writes that no temples can be built and no repairs can be carried out, 1566, fl. gor; Anyone impeding conversion will be condemned to the galleys, 24 February 1570, fl. Sir, and a previous attempt to condemn to the king's galleys those who impede conversion in a letter dated 17 February 1560 in Suva Rego's Padroado, Vol. VIII, pp. 8-10; Instructions to priests cautioning them to learn enough about Hindu religious activities to prevent them, MS. 9529, 1581, fl. 36v; Diogo de Couto, Década, VIII (Lisboa: A Custa de Joam da Costa, e Diogo Soarez, 1673), p. 17; Francisco de Souza (ed.), Oriente Conquislada a Jesus Christo pelos Padres da Companhia de Jesus da Provincia de Goa, II (Bombay: Na Typ. 'Examiner,' 1886), p. 323; da Cunha Rivara, Primeiro Brada a Favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India, pp. 78-82; Wicki (ed.), Documenta Indica 1540-1549, I, pp. 756-61.
134. HAG, Monções 93B, Viceroy's decree that there will be no new temples and those that exist cannot be repaired, 20 December 1566, fl. 38or; a law forbidding idols in any home, 26 March 1559, fl. 393r; HAG, Provisoes a Favor da Cristandade 1513-1840, MS. 9529, 1559, fl. 34r; Viceroy Dom Antão writes that no temples can be built and no repairs can be carried out, 1566, fl. gor; Anyone impeding conversion will be condemned to the galleys, 24 February 1570, fl. Sir, and a previous attempt to condemn to the king's galleys those who impede conversion in a letter dated 17 February 1560 in Suva Rego's Padroado, Vol. VIII, pp. 8-10; Instructions to priests cautioning them to learn enough about Hindu religious activities to prevent them, MS. 9529, 1581, fl. 36v; Diogo de Couto, Década, VIII (Lisboa: A Custa de Joam da Costa, e Diogo Soarez, 1673), p. 17; Francisco de Souza (ed.), Oriente Conquislada a Jesus Christo pelos Padres da Companhia de Jesus da Provincia de Goa, II (Bombay: Na Typ. 'Examiner,' 1886), p. 323; da Cunha Rivara, Primeiro Brada a Favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India, pp. 78-82; Wicki (ed.), Documenta Indica 1540-1549, I, pp. 756-61.
135. HAG, Monções 93B, Viceroy's decree that there will be no new temples and those that exist cannot be repaired, 20 December 1566, fl. 38or; a law forbidding idols in any home, 26 March 1559, fl. 393r; HAG, Provisoes a Favor da Cristandade 1513-1840, MS. 9529, 1559, fl. 34r; Viceroy Dom Antão writes that no temples can be built and no repairs can be carried out, 1566, fl. gor; Anyone impeding conversion will be condemned to the galleys, 24 February 1570, fl. Sir, and a previous attempt to condemn to the king's galleys those who impede conversion in a letter dated 17 February 1560 in Suva Rego's Padroado, Vol. VIII, pp. 8-10; Instructions to priests cautioning them to learn enough about Hindu religious activities to prevent them, MS. 9529, 1581, fl. 36v; Diogo de Couto, Década, VIII (Lisboa: A Custa de Joam da Costa, e Diogo Soarez, 1673), p. 17; Francisco de Souza (ed.), Oriente Conquislada a Jesus Christo pelos Padres da Companhia de Jesus da Provincia de Goa, II (Bombay: Na Typ. 'Examiner,' 1886), p. 323; da Cunha Rivara, Primeiro Brada a Favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India, pp. 78-82; Wicki (ed.), Documenta Indica 1540-1549, I, pp. 756-61.
136. HAG, Monções 93B, Viceroy's decree that there will be no new temples and those that exist cannot be repaired, 20 December 1566, fl. 38or; a law forbidding idols in any home, 26 March 1559, fl. 393r; HAG, Provisoes a Favor da Cristandade 1513-1840, MS. 9529, 1559, fl. 34r; Viceroy Dom Antão writes that no temples can be built and no repairs can be carried out, 1566, fl. gor; Anyone impeding conversion will be condemned to the galleys, 24 February 1570, fl. Sir, and a previous attempt to condemn to the king's galleys those who impede conversion in a letter dated 17 February 1560 in Suva Rego's Padroado, Vol. VIII, pp. 8-10; Instructions to priests cautioning them to learn enough about Hindu religious activities to prevent them, MS. 9529, 1581, fl. 36v; Diogo de Couto, Década, VIII (Lisboa: A Custa de Joam da Costa, e Diogo Soarez, 1673), p. 17; Francisco de Souza (ed.), Oriente Conquislada a Jesus Christo pelos Padres da Companhia de Jesus da Provincia de Goa, II (Bombay: Na Typ. 'Examiner,' 1886), p. 323; da Cunha Rivara, Primeiro Brada a Favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India, pp. 78-82; Wicki (ed.), Documenta Indica 1540-1549, I, pp. 756-61.
137. HAG, Monções 93B, Viceroy's decree that there will be no new temples and those that exist cannot be repaired, 20 December 1566, fl. 38or; a law forbidding idols in any home, 26 March 1559, fl. 393r; HAG, Provisoes a Favor da Cristandade 1513-1840, MS. 9529, 1559, fl. 34r; Viceroy Dom Antão writes that no temples can be built and no repairs can be carried out, 1566, fl. gor; Anyone impeding conversion will be condemned to the galleys, 24 February 1570, fl. Sir, and a previous attempt to condemn to the king's galleys those who impede conversion in a letter dated 17 February 1560 in Suva Rego's Padroado, Vol. VIII, pp. 8-10; Instructions to priests cautioning them to learn enough about Hindu religious activities to prevent them, MS. 9529, 1581, fl. 36v; Diogo de Couto, Década, VIII (Lisboa: A Custa de Joam da Costa, e Diogo Soarez, 1673), p. 17; Francisco de Souza (ed.), Oriente Conquislada a Jesus Christo pelos Padres da Companhia de Jesus da Provincia de Goa, II (Bombay: Na Typ. 'Examiner,' 1886), p. 323; da Cunha Rivara, Primeiro Brada a Favor das Communidades das Aldeias do Estado da India, pp. 78-82; Wicki (ed.), Documenta Indica 1540-1549, I, pp. 756-61.
138. HAG, Monções 936, fis. 3ö8v-359r, n.d. Dom João de Castro was the viceroy from 1545-1548. All translations are the authors' and have been modified to reflect modern syntax and punctuation.
139. HAG, Monções 936, fl. 34iv. For an example of the Brahmans secretly practicing their Gentile festivals and ceremonies in the darkness of the night, see Suva Rego, Padroado, vol. VII, p. 331.
140. HAG, Monções 93B, fl. 366r This repeats King Dom Sebastião's 1559 prohibition of all Gentile ceremonies, rites, rituals, idols and temples. See Suva Rego, Padroado, vol. VII, pp. 284-286, and for the 1560 attempt, see Padroado, vol. VIII, pp. 58-9.
141. HAG, Monções 93B, fl. 366r This repeats King Dom Sebastião's 1559 prohibition of all Gentile ceremonies, rites, rituals, idols and temples. See Suva Rego, Padroado, vol. VII, pp. 284-286, and for the 1560 attempt, see Padroado, vol. VIII, pp. 58-9.
142. HAG, Monções 93B, fl. 342r. HAG, MS. 9529, Provisões a Favor da Cristandade 1513-1840, fls. 6ov-61v. For a complete list of the laws against infidel activity as passed by the viceroy in 1567 at the request of the Holy Provincial Council of Goa, see Suva Rego, Padroado, vol. X, pp. 405-13.
143. HAG, MS. 9529, Provisões a Favor da Cristandade 1513-1840, fls. 6ov-61v, 17 August 1633.
144. HAG, MS. 9529, Provisões a Favor da Cristandade 1513-1840, fls. 3ov, 31r (1571), fl. 36v (1581).
145. HAG, Monções 93B, fl. 342V. For a similar document dealing with prohibitions see Padroado, Vol. VII, pp. 284-286.
146. HAG, MS. 9529, fl. 49v.
147. HAG, Monções 93B, fl. 339r.
148. HAG, Monções 938, fis. 37or-37ov. Not a new decree as King Dom João had attempted the same in a letter dated 25 June 1557, in Suva Rego, Padroado, vol. VII. pp. 215-218, and again two years later in 1559, a repeat of the same order in Suva Rego, Paroado, vol. VII, pp. 264-9.
149. HAG, Monções 938, fis. 37or-37ov. Not a new decree as King Dom João had attempted the same in a letter dated 25 June 1557, in Suva Rego, Padroado, vol. VII. pp. 215-218, and again two years later in 1559, a repeat of the same order in Suva Rego, Paroado, vol. VII, pp. 264-9.
150. HAG, MS. 9529, fl. 59v.
151. HAG, MS. 9529, fls. 3r-3v, 4r-4v, 5r-5v.
152. HAG, Monções 93B, 39or.
153. HAG, Monções 93B, fl. 353r. Regarding earlier comments (1566) about the Brahmans taking their idols to the land of the Moors, see Suva Rego, Padroado, vol. X, pp. 104, 300.
154. HAG, MS. 9539, fls. 6ov-61v. Reports in 1559 of Gentiles who abandon their fazendas and go to terra firme in Suva Rego, Padroado, vol. VII, pp. 340-1.
155. HAG, Monções 93B, fls. 355r-356r.
156. HAG, Monções 93B, Letter signed by Domingos da Suva in Goa on 29 August 1790, fl. 384r.
157. HAG, Monções 93B, fis. 372v-373r.
158. HAG, Monções 93B, fis. 382v-383r.
159. HAG, Monções 93B, Letter dated 15 March 1714 from King Dom João to the viceroy, fls. 398r-398v.
160. HAG, Monções 93B, fl. 396v.
161. HAG, Monções 93B, fl. 399r.
162. HAG, MS. 9529, Law declared by Viceroy Count Linhares against the Hindus of Salsette who fled the lands for refusing to become Christians, 11 January 1663, fls. 61v-63v.
163. In addition to the works cited above by Dhume and Pissurlencar on the Mangesh and Shantadurga temples, some other examples of temple histories include, S. S. Sunthankar, Ase AhéShri Damodar (Belgaum: Jijisa Prakashan, 1974); B. D. Satoskar, Shri Devkikrishna Ravalnath Devasthan (Mashel, Goa: Shri Devkikrishna Ravanath Devasthan, 1982); Shri Nagesh Devasthan, Its Past and Present (Bombay: Wagle P. S. & P. Put. LTD, 1974); Souvenir Issued in the Mother's Service [In English and Marathi] (Bombay: Shree Shantadurga Seva Samati, 1966); Shri Sansthan Gokam Partagali Math Pancha-Shatabdhi Mahotsav (Partagali Goa: 1977); Shri Ramnath Devsthan (Ramnathim-Ponda, Goa: Shri Ramnath Devasthan, n.d.).
164. In addition to the works cited above by Dhume and Pissurlencar on the Mangesh and Shantadurga temples, some other examples of temple histories include, S. S. Sunthankar, Ase AhéShri Damodar (Belgaum: Jijisa Prakashan, 1974); B. D. Satoskar, Shri Devkikrishna Ravalnath Devasthan (Mashel, Goa: Shri Devkikrishna Ravanath Devasthan, 1982); Shri Nagesh Devasthan, Its Past and Present (Bombay: Wagle P. S. & P. Put. LTD, 1974); Souvenir Issued in the Mother's Service [In English and Marathi] (Bombay: Shree Shantadurga Seva Samati, 1966); Shri Sansthan Gokam Partagali Math Pancha-Shatabdhi Mahotsav (Partagali Goa: 1977); Shri Ramnath Devsthan (Ramnathim-Ponda, Goa: Shri Ramnath Devasthan, n.d.).
165. In addition to the works cited above by Dhume and Pissurlencar on the Mangesh and Shantadurga temples, some other examples of temple histories include, S. S. Sunthankar, Ase AhéShri Damodar (Belgaum: Jijisa Prakashan, 1974); B. D. Satoskar, Shri Devkikrishna Ravalnath Devasthan (Mashel, Goa: Shri Devkikrishna Ravanath Devasthan, 1982); Shri Nagesh Devasthan, Its Past and Present (Bombay: Wagle P. S. & P. Put. LTD, 1974); Souvenir Issued in the Mother's Service [In English and Marathi] (Bombay: Shree Shantadurga Seva Samati, 1966); Shri Sansthan Gokam Partagali Math Pancha-Shatabdhi Mahotsav (Partagali Goa: 1977); Shri Ramnath Devsthan (Ramnathim-Ponda, Goa: Shri Ramnath Devasthan, n.d.).
166. In addition to the works cited above by Dhume and Pissurlencar on the Mangesh and Shantadurga temples, some other examples of temple histories include, S. S. Sunthankar, Ase AhéShri Damodar (Belgaum: Jijisa Prakashan, 1974); B. D. Satoskar, Shri Devkikrishna Ravalnath Devasthan (Mashel, Goa: Shri Devkikrishna Ravanath Devasthan, 1982); Shri Nagesh Devasthan, Its Past and Present (Bombay: Wagle P. S. & P. Put. LTD, 1974); Souvenir Issued in the Mother's Service [In English and Marathi] (Bombay: Shree Shantadurga Seva Samati, 1966); Shri Sansthan Gokam Partagali Math Pancha-Shatabdhi Mahotsav (Partagali Goa: 1977); Shri Ramnath Devsthan (Ramnathim-Ponda, Goa: Shri Ramnath Devasthan, n.d.).
167. In addition to the works cited above by Dhume and Pissurlencar on the Mangesh and Shantadurga temples, some other examples of temple histories include, S. S. Sunthankar, Ase AhéShri Damodar (Belgaum: Jijisa Prakashan, 1974); B. D. Satoskar, Shri Devkikrishna Ravalnath Devasthan (Mashel, Goa: Shri Devkikrishna Ravanath Devasthan, 1982); Shri Nagesh Devasthan, Its Past and Present (Bombay: Wagle P. S. & P. Put. LTD, 1974); Souvenir Issued in the Mother's Service [In English and Marathi] (Bombay: Shree Shantadurga Seva Samati, 1966); Shri Sansthan Gokam Partagali Math Pancha-Shatabdhi Mahotsav (Partagali Goa: 1977); Shri Ramnath Devsthan (Ramnathim-Ponda, Goa: Shri Ramnath Devasthan, n.d.).
168. In addition to the works cited above by Dhume and Pissurlencar on the Mangesh and Shantadurga temples, some other examples of temple histories include, S. S. Sunthankar, Ase AhéShri Damodar (Belgaum: Jijisa Prakashan, 1974); B. D. Satoskar, Shri Devkikrishna Ravalnath Devasthan (Mashel, Goa: Shri Devkikrishna Ravanath Devasthan, 1982); Shri Nagesh Devasthan, Its Past and Present (Bombay: Wagle P. S. & P. Put. LTD, 1974); Souvenir Issued in the Mother's Service [In English and Marathi] (Bombay: Shree Shantadurga Seva Samati, 1966); Shri Sansthan Gokam Partagali Math Pancha-Shatabdhi Mahotsav (Partagali Goa: 1977); Shri Ramnath Devsthan (Ramnathim-Ponda, Goa: Shri Ramnath Devasthan, n.d.).
169. Shri Ramnath Devsthan, pp. 9-16.
170. Madhav Anant Desai. Chittakula-Karwar: A History (Bombay: Author, 1969), P- 32.
171. S. K. Mhamai, Sawants of Wadi, Coastal Politics in 18th and 19th Centuries (New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 1984), pp. 3-5.
172. Michael Adas, 'From Avoidance to Confrontation: Peasant Protest in Precolonial and Colonial Southeast Asia,' Comparative Studies in Society and History XXIII (1981): 217; Scott, Weapons of the Weak, pp. 22-47.
173. Michael Adas, 'From Avoidance to Confrontation: Peasant Protest in Precolonial and Colonial Southeast Asia,' Comparative Studies in Society and History XXIII (1981): 217; Scott, Weapons of the Weak, pp. 22-47.
174. Antonio Mascarenhas, Goa from Prehistoric Times (Vasco da Gama: Author, 1 1987), pp. 20-1; S. Marco, 'The Kunbis of Goa,' Goa Today, III (1969), pp. 14-15.
175. Antonio Mascarenhas, Goa from Prehistoric Times (Vasco da Gama: Author, 1 1987), pp. 20-1; S. Marco, 'The Kunbis of Goa,' Goa Today, III (1969), pp. 14-15.
176. Rosalind O'Hanlon, 'Recovering the Subject. Subaltern Studies and Histories of Resistance in Colonial South Asia,' Modern Asian Studies 22.1 (1988), p. 203.
177. Haynes and Prakash, 'Introduction: The Entanglement of Power and Resistance,' p. 20.