From Avoidance to Confrontation: Peasant Protest in Precolonial and Colonial Southeast Asia

Comparative Studies in Society and History

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 1981, Pages 217-247

  Adas, Michael ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84974402977     PISSN: 00104175     EISSN: 14752999     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0010417500013281     Document Type: Article

References (243)

1. see, respectively, Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll (New York, 1972), esp. 648–57
2. Gerald Mullin, Flight and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth Century Virginia (New York, 1972);
3. Rodney Hilton, Bond Men Made Free (New York, 1973), esp. ch. 2
4. and H. S. Bennett, Life on the English Manor (Cambridge, 1937), ch. 11;
5. Jerome Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia (Princeton, 1961), esp. ch. 14.
6. Robert Rotberg and Ali Mazrui, eds. (Oxford, 1970), pp. 427–57;
7. A. I. Asiwaju's article on “Migrations as Revolt: The Example of the Ivory Coast and the Upper Volta Before 1945,” Journ al of African History 17, no. 4 (1976): 577–94;
8. Allen Isaacman, The Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique (Berkeley, 1976), ch. 5.
9. Soermarsaid Moertono, State and Statecraft in Old Java (Ithaca, N.Y. 1968),. 35.;
10. Thaung, “Burmese Kingship in Theory and Practice under the Reign of King Mindon,” Journal of the Burma Research Society (hereafter cited as JBRS) 42 (1959): 178–83;
11. John W. Spellman, Political Theory of Ancient India (Oxford, 1964), ch. 8;
12. Max Gluckman, “The Kingdom of the Zulu in South Africa,” in African Political Systems, M. Fortes and E. E. Evans-Pritcha rd, eds. (London, 1940), esp. 28–34.
13. Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, G. Roth and C. Wittich, eds. (New York, 1968), vol. 3, ch. 12.
14. see William Koenig, “The Early Kon-baung Polity, 1752–1819” (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1978), chs. 6,7;
15. or Victor Lieberman, “The Burmese Dynastic Pattern, circa 1590–1760” (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1976);
16. and Peter Carey, “Pangeran Dipanagara and Origins of the Java War, 1825–1830,” in Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Inst ituut (Leiden, forthcoming), ch. 2.
17. see Ivor Wilks, Asante in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1975), esp. 12;
18. Max Gluckman, Custom and Conflict in Africa (Glencoe, 111., 1959),. 39, 43, 45–6, et passim.
19. Moertono, State and Statecraft,. 88., 104–5, 107, 134;
20. H. J. de Graaf, De Regering van Sultan Agung, Vorst van Mararam, 1613–1645 (The Hague, 1958),. 118–21;
21. Koenig, “Early Kon-baung Polity,”. 34–6, 41.;
22. Lieberman, “Burmese Dynastic Pattern,”. 36, 39–40, 45, 120., 227.
23. Richard G. Fox, Kin, Clan, Raja and Rule (Berkeley, 1971).
24. Gluckman, Custom and Conflict,. 34–5, 37–44;
25. R. E. Bradbury, “The Kingdom of Benin,” in West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century, D. Forde and P. M. Kaberry, eds. (Oxford, 1967),. 5–6, 9, 27;
26. Jan Vansina, “A Comparison of African Kingdoms,” Africa 32 (1963): 329–30.
27. De Graaf, De Regering van Sultan Agung,. 119;
28. Peter Carey, “Origins of the Java War,” manuscript,. 8–11;
29. Onghokham, “The Residency of Madiun Pryayi and Peasant in the Nineteenth Century” (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1975),. 44., 60–61, 84;
30. W. A. J. van Davelaar, “Middenpersonen tusschen de districts-beambten en desahoofden op Java,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal, Land, en Volkenkunde (hereinafter cited as TGB) 34 (1891): 365–72;
31. Koenig, “Early Kon-baung Polity,”. 273., esp. pp. 295–96, 303–7;
32. Kennon Breazeale, “Thai Provincial Minority Elites ” (Paper read at the Seventh Conference of the International Historia ns of Asia, Bangkok, 1977), pp. 3–4, 11–12;
33. S. N. Hasan, “Zamindars under the Mughals,” in Land Control and Social Structure in Indian History, R. E. Frykenberg, ed. (Madison, Wise., 1969),. 17–32.
34. Koenig, “Early Kon-baung Polity,”. 245–46, 311–12;
35. Daw Mya Sein, Sir Charles Crosthwaite and the Administration of British Burma (Rangoon, 1938),. 63–4, 67–8.
36. Mya Sein, Sir Charles Crosthwaite,. 47, 67, 69, 72;
37. J. S. Furnivall, “Notes on the History of Hanthawaddy,” JBRS 4, no. 4 (1914): 209;
38. Mya Kyan, “Village Administration in Upper Burma,” JBRS 52 (1969): 68;
39. Onghokham, “Residency of Madiun Pryayi,” pp. 63–68;
40. Thomas Raffles, The History of Java (London, 1817), vol. 1,. 145, 284–86;
41. John Beattie, The Nvoro State (Oxford, 1971),. 132.;
42. Gluckman, Custom and Conflict,. 35–41, 51–52;
43. Jacques Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution (New York, 1972), esp. 51–57.
44. Pieter Louw and E. S. de Klerck, De Java-Oorlog van 1825–1830 (The Hague-Batavia, 1894–1909), vol. 1,. 23–50, 203–8.
45. Bram Peper, Grootte en Groei van Java's Inheemse Bevolking in de Negentiende Eeuw (Amsterdam, 1967).
46. see James G. Scott [Shway Yoe], The Burman: His Life and Notions (New York, 1963), ch. 54;
47. Henry Burney, “On the Population of the Burman Empire,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society of London 4, no. 4 (1842): 335–47.
48. Merle Ricklefs, Jogjakarta under Sultan Mangkubumi, 1749–1792 (Oxford, 1974), ch. 1.
49. See Economy and Society, vol. 3, pp. 1042–44.
50. For Java, see Onghokham, “Residency of Madiun Pryayi,”. 15, 35–36, 40–43, 61
51. G. P. Rouffaer, “Vorstenlanden,” Encyclopedia van Nederlandsch-Indie (The Hague, 1905), vol. 4,. 588–590, 624–25.
52. see Koenig, “Early Kon-baung Polity,” pp. 40, 249, 312–20;
53. Lieberman, “Burmese Dynastic Pattern,”. 88, 129
54. S. R. Karugire, A History of the Kingdom of Nkore in Western Uganda to 1896 (Oxford, 1971),. 64.;
55. Beattie, Nyoro State,. 137–39.
56. Beattie, Nyoro State, pp. 138
57. John F. Richards, ed., Kingship and Authority in South Asia (Madison, Wise., 1978),. iii, v.
58. Koenig, “Early Kon-baung Polity,”. 35, 40–41 et passim;
59. Lieberman, “Burmese Dynastic Pattern,”. 124.
60. See P. Lai, Great Sanskrit Plays (New York, 1957).
61. Carey, “Origins of the Java War,” pp. 6–10;
62. J.L.V., “Bijdrage tot de kennis der residentie Madioen,” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie (hereafter cited as TNI) 17, no. 2 (1855): 2–3,7–8;
63. “De toestand van Bagelen in 1830,” TNI 20, no. 2 (1858); 30;
64. Koenig, “Early Kön-baung Polity,” esp. pp. 308–12;
65. Moertono, State and Statecraft, 139–40, 143–44.
66. See also Onghokham, “Residency of Madiun Pryayi,” 95–96;
67. James G. Scott and John P. Hardiman, Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States (Rangoon, 1900), vol. 1, 413, 416–18;
68. Koenig, “Early Kön-baung Polity,” pp. 95, 312, 315–16.
69. Onghokham, “Residency of Madiun Pryayi,” 167–76, 199–200;
70. Carey, “Origins of the Java War,” 6, 8–9, 37–38, 40–42, 50;
71. J.L.V., “Kennis der Madioen,” pp. 5–6, 9;
72. Mya Sein, Sir Charles Crosthwaite, 40–41, 52, 65, 67–69;
73. Scott and Hardiman, Gazetteer of Upper Burma, 415–16.
74. M. J. H. Kollman, “Bagelen onder het bestuur van Soerkarta en Djokjokarta,” TGB 14 (1864): 362–64, 368.
75. see W. Bergsma, comp., Eindresume… de rechten van den inlander op de grond op Java en Madoera, 3 vols. (Batavia, 1876, 1880, 1896).
76. For examples, see Jean Chesneaux, Contributions à l'histoire de la nation Vietnamienne (Paris, 1955), 91
77. Gluckman, Custom and Conflict, pp. 39, 43, 45;
78. Jan Myrdal and Gun Kessel, Angkor: An Essay on Art and Imperialism (New York, 1970).
79. Moertono, State and Statecraft, 5, 75.
80. Gil Carl Alroy, The Involvement of Peasants in Internal Wars (Princeton, 1966), esp. 12, 18–20.
81. See, for examples, Koenig, “Early Kon-baung Polity,” 91–92;
82. Gluckman, “Kingdom of the Zulu,” 43–44;
83. Lê Thanh Khôi, Le Vietnam: histoire et civilisation (Paris, 1955), 296–310.
84. Moertono, State and Statecraft, 5–6;
85. Gustaaf W. van Imhoff, “Reis van den Gouverneur-General van Imhoff in het Jaar 1746,” Bijdragen tot Taal-Land-, en Volke nkunde (hereafter cited as BKI) 1, no. 3 (1853): 361–62, 409.
86. Moertono, State and Statecraft, 76–77;
87. H. J. de Graaf, Geschiedenis van Indonesie (The Hague, 1949), 428–29.
88. For Burma, see Scott and Hardiman, Gazetteer of Upper Burma, vol. 1, 432;
89. Mya Sein, Sir Charles Crosthwaite, 67.
90. Howard Spodek, “On the Origins of Gandhi's Political Methodology: The Heritage of Kathiawad and Gujarat,” Journal of Asian Studies 30, no. 2 (1971): 361–72.
91. Carey, “Origins of the Java War,” 10;
92. “De toestand van Bagelen,” 81;
93. Rouffaer, “Vorstenlanden,” 624;
94. Raffles, History of Java, 284.
95. Koenig, “Early Kon-baung Polity,” esp. 128–30;
96. Moertono, State and Statecraft, 104.;
97. Akin Rabibhadana, The Organization of Thai Society in the Early Bangkok Period (Ithaca, N.Y., 1969), esp. 82–89;
98. Beattie, Nyoro State, 132–33, 137, et passim.
99. see Lucien M. Hanks, “Merit and Power in Thai Social Order,” American Anthropologist 64, no. 6 (1962): 1247–62.
100. Carey, “Origins of the Java War,” 19;
101. Moertono, State and Statecraft, 76;
102. Akin Rabibhadana, Organization of Thai Society, 87.
103. Karugire, History of Kingdom of Nkore, 105–6.
104. Onghokham, “Residency of Madiun Pryayi,” 44;
105. Akin Rabibhadana, Organization of Thai Society, 181–82.
106. Mya Sein, Sir Charles Crosthwaite, 67;
107. Charles Crosthwaite, The Pacification of Burma (London, 1912), 5–6.
108. Lieberman, “Burmese Dynastic Pattern,” 45, 165, 189, 190, 196., 205–6, 221–22.
109. see Beattie, Nyoro State, 137;
110. Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India (Bombay, 1963), 116–17, 334.;
111. Vansina, “Comparison of African Kingdoms,” 326.
112. Koenig, “Early Kòn-baung Polity,” 304–5, 321–22;
113. Lieberman, “Burmese Dynastic Pattern,” 102;
114. Rouffaer, “Vorstenlanden,” 624;
115. Carey, “Origins of the Java War,” 9–10;
116. Breazeale, “Thai Provincial Minority Elites,” 3–4;
117. and Vansina, “Comparison of African Kingdoms,” 326.
118. M. L. van Deventer, Geschiedenis der Nederlanders op Java (Haarlem, 1886–1887), vol. 1, 127, 158, 230, 255, 301, 313;
119. Elizabeth Hopkins, “The Nyabingi Cult of Southwest Uganda,” in Protest and Power, Rotberg and Mazrui, eds., 283.
120. Moertono, State and Statecraft, 76.
121. Crosthwaite, Pacification of Bruma, 5–7;
122. Gustaaf W. van Imhoff, “Reis van den Gouverneur-General Gustaaf Willem Baron van Imhoff in en door je Jakatrasche Bovenl anden in 1744,” BKI 7 (1863): 234, 237, 244, 247.
123. see Alexander Woodside's discussion of the boat people of Cochin China in Vietnam and the Chinese Model (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), 141.
124. For examples, see Moertono, State and Statecraft, 75–76, 145.;
125. Raffles, History of Java, vol. 1, p. 273;
126. Carey, “Origins of the Java War,” 11, 42–43;
127. Koenig, “Early Kòn-baung Polity,” 88–92, 130, 144.
128. van Deventer, Geschiedenis der Nederlanders, vol. 1, 155, 199;
129. Kollman, “Bagelen onderhet Bestuur,” p. 354;
130. Lieberman, “Burmese Dynastic Pattern,” 45;
131. Gluckman, “Kingdom of the Zulus,” 42.
132. B. Schrieke, Indonesian Sociological Studies (The Hague, 1957), vol. 2, 300–301;
133. Moertono, State and Statecraft, 5–6, 75;
134. Onghokham, “Residency of Madiun Piyayi,” 154, 175, 188, 224
135. Lieberman, “Burmese Dynastic Pattern,” 45, 52;
136. Akin Rabibhadana, Organization of Thai Society, 73, 87–88;
137. Robert Tignor, The Colonial Transformation of Kenya (Princeton, 1976), 66.
138. L. N. Kamambo, “Mbira, Popular Protest in Colonial Tanzania, 1944–47,” in War and Society in Africa, B. A. Ogot, ed. (London, 1972), 242.
139. Carey, “Origins of the Java War,” 14–15;
140. Louw and de Klerck, Java-Oorlog, vol. 1, 25–26;
141. T.H. Pigeaud, Javaanse Volksvertoningen (Batavia, 1938), 35–36;
142. Koenig, “Early Kòn-baung Polity,” 90;
143. Lieberman, “Burmese Dynastic Pattern,” 45;
144. Chesneaux, Contributions à l'histoires, 40;
145. Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution, p. 130.
146. Than Tun, “Administration under King Thalun (1629–48),” JBRS 51, no. 2 (1968): 17780;
147. Lieberman, “Burmese Dynastic Pattern,” 120;
148. Akin Rabibhadana, Organization of Thai Society, 73–74;
149. Onghokham, “Residency of Madiun Pryayi,” p. 37.
150. Pe Maung Tin and G. H. Luce, The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma (Oxford, 1923), 177;
151. J. A. B. Wiselius, “Djaja Baja, zijn leven en profetieen,” BK1 7 (1872): 185.
152. Than Tun, “Administration under King Thalun,” pp. 181, 186–87;
153. Lieberman, “Burmese Dynastic Pattern,” 45, 161, 203–4, 217;
154. Michael Aung Thwin, “Kingship, the Sangha and Society in Pagan,” in Explorations in Early Southeast Asian History: Origi ns of Statecraft, K. Hall and J. Whitmore, eds. (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1976), 205–56;
155. Akin Rabibhadana, Organization of Thai Society, p. 87.
156. “The Political Significance of Religious Wealth in Burmese History: Some Further Thoughts,” Journal of Asian Studies 39, no. 4 (1980): 753–69.
157. F. Fokkens, “Vrije Desa's op Java en Madoera,” TGB 31 (1886): 477–517;
158. J.L.V., “Kennis der Madioen,” 10–11;
159. Onghokham, “Residency of Madiun Pryayi,” p. 46.
160. see K. W. van Gorkom, “Over het desabestuur op Java,” Indische Gids (hereafter cited as IG) 27, no. 2 (1905): 1028–29.
161. Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchius (London, 1970), 230–33.
162. Michael Adas, Prophets of Rebel lion: Millenarian Protest against the European Colonial Order (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1979), 97–99, 101–2.
163. Moertono, State and Statecraft, pp. 77–79;
164. Margaret J. Kartoni, “Performance, Music and Meaning of Réyog Ponorogo,” Indonesia 22 (1976): 114–15;
165. Benedict R. O'G. Anderson, Mythology and the Tolerance of the Javanese (Ithaca, N.Y., 1965), p. 28;
166. Maung Htin Aung, Burmese Law Tales (London, 1962), esp. 68–71, 94–95, 103–4, 120–21, 146–47;
167. idem. Epistles Written on the Eve of the Anglo-Burmese War (The Hague, 1968), 27;
168. idem, Burmese Drama (Oxford, 1937), pp. 19–20, 50–51, 74, 77, 86–87, 107–8.
169. see Eric Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels (New York, 1959), ch. 2.
170. Fora later elaboration, see idem. Bandits (New York, 1969), and the incisive critique by Anton Blok, “The Peasant and the Brigand: Social Banditry Reconsidered,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 14 (1972): 494–503.
171. Moertono, State and Statecraft, pp. 85–86, 185;
172. Onghokham, “Residency of Madiun Pryayi,” pp. 16–17, 65–69, 86;
173. de Graaf, Geschiedenis von Indonesia, pp. 102, 205;
174. Lieberman, “Burmese Dynastic Pattern,” pp. 223–28;
175. Koenig, “Kon-baung Polity,” pp. 15, 88–90, 132, 166;
176. Crosthwaite, Pacification of Burma, pp. 6–7;
177. Mya Sein, Administration of Burma, p. 88;
178. Scott and Hardiman, Gazetteer of Upper Burma, vol. 1, p. 512.
179. Le Thanh Khôi, Le Vietnam, pp. 259, 261–62;
180. Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution, pp. 130
181. Wolfgang Franke, A Century of Chinese Revolution 1851–1949 (New York, 1971), esp. pp. 6–12.
182. Van Deventer, Geschiedenis der Nederlanders, vol. 2, pp. 6–8;
183. E. Sarkisyanz, Buddhist Backgrounds of the Burmese Revolution (The Hague, 1965), p. 70.
184. Koenig, “Early Kon-baung Polity,” pp. 90–91.
185. Crosthwaite, Pacification of Burma, pp. 14, 17, 23, 27, 31 ff.;
186. Grattan Geary, Burma after the Conquest (London, 1886), pp. 46–47, 71, 232, 276, 292–93;
187. Government of Burma, Reports] on the Police Administration in Burma (Rangoon, 1888—1913), esp. those for 1888, 1894, 1 902, 1909, 1910, 1912, 1913;
188. Sartono Kartodirdjo, The Peasants' Revolt of Banten in 1888 (The Hague, 1966), esp. pp. 24, 110–16;
189. “Binnenlandsche onlusten op Java,” TNI (1861): 288–300;
190. D. H. Meijer, “Over het bendwezen op Java,” Indonesië 3 (1949–1950): 178–84.
191. Michael Adas, The Burma Delta: Economic Development and Social Change on an Asian Rice Frontier, 1852–1941 (Madison, Wis e., 1974), ch. 2, 3, 6;
192. J.L.V., “Kennis derMadioen,” p. 6;
193. Onghokham, “Residency of Madiun Pryayi,” pp. 194, 215–18, 222;
194. van Imhoff, “Reisvan 1774,” p. 230.
195. Hopkins, “Nyabingi Cult,” and J. M. Lonsdale, “Political Associations in Western Kenya,” in Protest and Power, Rotberg and Mazrui, eds., pp. 283 and 592, respectively.
196. Adas, Prophets of Rebellion, esp. ch. 5.
197. Adelante, “De ontwikkeling van de inlandsche hoofden op Java,” 1G 14 (1892): 683–84;
198. Government of Burma, Report on the Settlement Operations in the Bassein and Thongwa Districts, 1888–9 (Rangoon, 1890), p. 23.
199. Isaacman, Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique, pp. 103–5.
200. Crosthwaite, Pacification of Burma, p. 23.
201. Allen Isaacman, “Social Banditry in Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) and Mozambique, 1894–1907
202. An Expression of Early Peasant Protest, Journal of Southern African Studies 4, no. 1 (1977): 1 -30;
203. David Sturtevant, Popular Uprisings in the Philippines 1840–1940 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1976), pp. 94–95, 127
204. The following discussion of integration of peasant villages into the colonial systems of Java and Burma is based primari ly upon J. S. Furnivall, Colonial Policy and Practice (New York, 1956), pp. 71–77, 241–43;
205. Mya Sein, Sir Charles Crosthwaite, pp. 81–115, 157, 161, 165–75;
206. D. H. Burger, “Structuurveranderingen in de Javaanse samenleving,” pt. 1, Indonesië 2 (1948–1949): 381–94.
207. Lonsdale, “Political Associations in Western Kenya,” and Rene Lemarchand, “The Coup in Rwanda,” in Protest and Power, Rotberg and Mazrui, eds., pp. 589–96 and 889–90, respectively.
208. D. A. Washbrook, The Emergence of Provincial Politics: The Madras Presidency, 1870–1920 (Cambridge, 1976).
209. Scott and Hardiman, Gazetteer of Upper Burma, vol. 1, p. 416;
210. Government of Burma, Report on Settlement Operations in the Mandalay District, 1892–93 (Rangoon, 1894), p. 24;
211. Onghokham, “Residency of Madiun Pryayi,” p. 416
212. James C. Scott, “The Erosion of PatronClient Bonds and Social Change in Southeast Asia,” Journal of Asian Studies 33 (1972): 5–37.
213. Samuel Popkin, The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam (Berkeley, 1979), pp. 61–66, 71–7 2, 76, 80–82, et passim.
214. Adas, Prophets of Rebellion, esp. ch. 3.
215. Carey, “Origins of the Java War,” p. 15;
216. Adas, Burma Delta, ch. 6.
217. Harry Benda and Lance Castles, “The Samin Movement,” BKI 125, no. 2 (1965): 222–23;
218. and Government of Burma, The Origin and Causes of the Burma Rebellion 1930–1932 (Rangoon, 1934), pp. 33–34.
219. Isaacman, Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique, pp. 98, 101, 105–6;
220. Asiwaju, “Migration as Revolt,” passim; Lonsdale, “Political Associations in Western Kenya,” in Protest and Power, Rotbe rg and Mazrui, eds., p. 592.
221. See Government of Burma, Reports on Police Administration: Sartono, Peasants' Revolt of Banten. For other areas, see Isa acman, “Social Banditry,” pp. 15–16, 19, 23;
222. Sturtevant, Popular Uprisings, pp. 121, 135–36.
223. Sartono, Peasants' Revolt of Banten, pp. 135–36;
224. Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution, pp. 134
225. Onghokham, “Residency of Madiun Pryayi,” pp. 226, 230;
226. Louw and de Klerck, Java-Oorlog, vol. 1, pp. 267, 269, 273;
227. Adas, Burma Delta, pp. 149–50, 203–4;
228. Isaacman, “Social Banditry” p. 23;
229. idem, Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique, pp. 100–101, 107, 115–16;
230. John Iliffe, “Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion,” Journal of African History 8 (1967): 499.
231. W. J. Schoemaker, “Het Mohammedaansche fanatisme,” IG 20, no. 2 (1896): 1517–1537.
232. see G. W. J. Drewes, Drie Javaansche Goeroe's: Hun Leven, Onderricht en Messiasprediking (Leiden, 1925), esp. pp. 39–40, 49;
233. E. Michael Mendelson, State and Sangha in Burma (Ithaca, N.Y., 1975), pp. 173–79;
234. Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution, pp. 233, 262.
235. For examples of these forms of protest see, respectively, Raden Adjeng Kaitini, Letters of a Javanese Princess (New York, 1964), p. 60;
236. James R. Brandon, Theatre in Southeast Asia (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), pp. 259, 284–88;
237. James L. Peacock, “Anti-Dutch, Anti-Muslim Drama among Surabaja Proletarians: A Description of Performances and Response s,” Indonesia 4 (1967): 44–73;
238. Kartomi, “Performance, Music, and Meaning,” pp. 115–16;
239. Bernhard Dahm, Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence (Ithaca, N.Y., 1969), esp. pp. 102–5;
240. Thein Pe Myint, “Her Husband or Her Money,” “Oil,” “Bittersweet,” and “A Song to Make One Weep,” in Selected Short Stori es of Thein Pe Myint, P. M. Milne, trans. (Ithaca, N.Y., 1973);
241. Ngo Vinh Long, Before the Revolution: The Vietnamese Peasants under the French (Cambridge, Mass., 1973);
242. Adas, Burma Delta, pp. 193–96;
243. and Mendelson, State and Sangha, pp. 214–21.