Eclecticism Is Not a Free Good: Barriers to Knowledge Development in Social Work

Social Service Review

Volumn 70, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 400-434

  Tucker, David J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0009192941     PISSN: 00377961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/604197     Document Type: Article

References (218)

1. Stephen Cole, "The Hierarchy of the Sciences," American Journal of Sociology 89 (July 1983): 111-39.
2. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
3. Jeffrey Pfeffer, "Barriers to the Advance of Organizational Science: Paradigm Development as a Dependent Variable," Academy of Management Review 18 (October 1993): 599-620. I would like to acknowledge my debt to this particular article. In part, it provided an organizing framework for the initial part of this article, as well as some key insights into problems associated with the development and organization of knowledge.
4. Ibid.; and Raymond F. Zammuto and Terry Connolly, "Coping with Disciplinary Fragmentation," Organizational Behavior Teaching Review 9, no. 2 (1984): 30-37.
5. Ibid.; and Raymond F. Zammuto and Terry Connolly, "Coping with Disciplinary Fragmentation," Organizational Behavior Teaching Review 9, no. 2 (1984): 30-37.
6. Kuhn (n. 2 above); Janice B. Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, "The Structure of Scientific Fields and the Functioning of University Graduate Departments," American Sociological Review 37 (February 1972): 57-72; Larry Laudan, Progress and Its Problems (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); and Imre Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientific Research Programs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978).
7. Kuhn (n. 2 above); Janice B. Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, "The Structure of Scientific Fields and the Functioning of University Graduate Departments," American Sociological Review 37 (February 1972): 57-72; Larry Laudan, Progress and Its Problems (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); and Imre Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientific Research Programs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978).
8. Kuhn (n. 2 above); Janice B. Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, "The Structure of Scientific Fields and the Functioning of University Graduate Departments," American Sociological Review 37 (February 1972): 57-72; Larry Laudan, Progress and Its Problems (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); and Imre Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientific Research Programs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978).
9. Lakatos (n. 5 above), p. 4.
10. Lodahl and Gordon, "The Structure of Scientific Fields" (n. 5 above).
11. Ibid., quotes on pp. 58, 59. Janice B. Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, "Differences between Physical and Social Sciences in University Graduate Departments," Research in Higher Education 1 (Winter 1973): 191-213.
12. Ibid., quotes on pp. 58, 59. Janice B. Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, "Differences between Physical and Social Sciences in University Graduate Departments," Research in Higher Education 1 (Winter 1973): 191-213.
13. Salancik, Staw, and Pondy note: "One common measure depends heavily on evaluations by academicians about how developed they perceive various fields to be. This measure requires interviewing respondents who are knowledgeable about all of the fields to be rated." See Gerald R. Salancik, Barry M. Staw, and Louis R. Pondy, "Administrative Turnover as a Response to Unmanaged Organizational Interdependence," Academy of Management Journal 23 (1980): 428-29.
14. Lodahl and Gordon, "The Structure of Scientific Fields" (n. 5 above), p. 61.
15. Salancik, Staw, and Pondy (n. 9 above).
16. Ibid., p. 428.
17. William L. Moore and Jeffrey Pfeffer, "The Relationship between Departmental Power and Faculty Careers on Two Campuses: The Case for the Structural Effects on Faculty Salaries," Research in Higher Education 13 (1980): 291-306; Jeffrey Pfeffer and William L. Moore, "Power in University Budgeting: A Replication and Extension," Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (December 1980): 637-53.
18. William L. Moore and Jeffrey Pfeffer, "The Relationship between Departmental Power and Faculty Careers on Two Campuses: The Case for the Structural Effects on Faculty Salaries," Research in Higher Education 13 (1980): 291-306; Jeffrey Pfeffer and William L. Moore, "Power in University Budgeting: A Replication and Extension," Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (December 1980): 637-53.
19. Alison M. Konrad and Jeffrey Pfeffer, "Do You Get What You Deserve? Factors Affecting the Relationship between Productivity and Pay," Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (June 1990): 258-85; Jeffrey Pfeffer and Nancy Langton, "The Effect of Wage Dispersion on Satisfaction, Productivity, and Working Collaboratively: Evidence from University and College Faculty," Administrative Science Quarterly 38 (September 1993): 382-407.
20. Alison M. Konrad and Jeffrey Pfeffer, "Do You Get What You Deserve? Factors Affecting the Relationship between Productivity and Pay," Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (June 1990): 258-85; Jeffrey Pfeffer and Nancy Langton, "The Effect of Wage Dispersion on Satisfaction, Productivity, and Working Collaboratively: Evidence from University and College Faculty," Administrative Science Quarterly 38 (September 1993): 382-407.
21. Lodahl and Gordon, "Differences between Physical and Social Sciences" (n. 8 above).
22. Pfeffer and Moore (n. 13 above).
23. Konrad and Pfeffer (n. 14 above).
24. Pfeffer and Langton (n. 14 above).
25. Pfeffer (n. 3 above), p. 603.
26. Pfeffer and Moore (n. 13 above), pp. 638-39, and Lodahl and Gordon, "Differences between Physical and Social Sciences" (n. 8 above), p. 196, make essentially the same point in explaining why the physical sciences receive higher levels of funding than the social sciences. They note: "Part of their [the physical sciences] advantage probably proceeds from their higher visibility of favorable consequences. Policy makers and the public can be more certain of results from the more fully developed sciences."
27. Pfeffer (n. 3 above), p. 603.
28. Ibid.
29. Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, rev. and enlarged ed. (London: Free Press, 1957), pp. 553-56.
30. Jeffrey Pfeffer, Anthony Leong, and Katherine Strehl, "Paradigm Development and Particularism: Journal Publication in Three Scientific Fields," Social Forces 55 (June 1977): 938-51, quote on 940.
31. William C. Yoels, "The Structure of Scientific Fields and the Allocation of Editorships on Scientific Journals: Some Observations on the Politics of Knowledge," Sociological Quarterly 15 (Spring 1974): 264-76.
32. Ibid., pp. 265-66.
33. Jeffrey Pfeffer, Gerald R. Salancik, and Huseyin Leblebici, "The Effect of Uncertainty on the Use of Social Influence in Organization Decision Making," Administrative Science Quarterly 21 (June 1976): 212-28.
34. Pfeffer, Leong, and Strehl (n. 24 above).
35. Janice M. Beyer, "Editorial Policies and Practices among Leading Journals in Four Scientific Fields," Sociological Quarterly 19 (Winter 1978): 68-88.
36. Duncan Lindsey, "Distinction, Achievement, and Editorial Board Membership," American Psychologist 31 (November 1976): 799-804, quote on 800.
37. John T. Pardeck, Beverly J. Arndt, Donna B. Light, Gladys F. Mosley, Stacy D. Thomas, Mary A. Werner, and Kathryn E. Wilson, "Distinction and Achievement Levels of Editorial Board Members of Psychology and Social Work Journals," Psychological Reports 68 (1991): 523-27.
38. Rejection rates in the physical sciences varied between 20 and 40 percent, whereas in the social sciences and humanities they varied between 60 and 90 percent. See Harriet Zuckerman and Robert K. Merton, "Patterns of Evaluation in Science: Institutionalization, Structure and Functions of the Referee System," Minerva 9 (January 1971): 66-100. For more recent but similar findings, see Lowell L. Hargens, "Scholarly Consensus and Journal Rejection Rates," American Sociological Review 53 (February 1988): 139-51.
39. Rejection rates in the physical sciences varied between 20 and 40 percent, whereas in the social sciences and humanities they varied between 60 and 90 percent. See Harriet Zuckerman and Robert K. Merton, "Patterns of Evaluation in Science: Institutionalization, Structure and Functions of the Referee System," Minerva 9 (January 1971): 66-100. For more recent but similar findings, see Lowell L. Hargens, "Scholarly Consensus and Journal Rejection Rates," American Sociological Review 53 (February 1988): 139-51.
40. Hargens, "Scholarly Consensus" (n. 32 above).
41. Ibid., p. 139.
42. Hargens's conclusions have not been without controversy. See Stephen Cole, Gary Simon, and Jonathan R. Cole, "Do Journal Rejection Rates Index Consensus?" pp. 152-56, and Lowell L. Hargens, "Further Evidence on Field Differences in Consensus from the NSF Peer Review Studies," pp. 157-60, both in American Sociological Review, vol. 53 (February 1988).
43. Hargens's conclusions have not been without controversy. See Stephen Cole, Gary Simon, and Jonathan R. Cole, "Do Journal Rejection Rates Index Consensus?" pp. 152-56, and Lowell L. Hargens, "Further Evidence on Field Differences in Consensus from the NSF Peer Review Studies," pp. 157-60, both in American Sociological Review, vol. 53 (February 1988).
44. Hargens's conclusions have not been without controversy. See Stephen Cole, Gary Simon, and Jonathan R. Cole, "Do Journal Rejection Rates Index Consensus?" pp. 152-56, and Lowell L. Hargens, "Further Evidence on Field Differences in Consensus from the NSF Peer Review Studies," pp. 157-60, both in American Sociological Review, vol. 53 (February 1988).
45. William D. Garvey, Nan Lin, and Carnot E. Nelson, "Some Comparisons of Communication Activities in the Physical and Social Sciences," in Communication among Scientists and Engineers, ed. C. E. Nelson and D. K. Pollack (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1970), pp. 61-84.
46. Beyer (n. 29 above).
47. Hargens, "Scholarly Consensus" (n. 32 above).
48. Derek J. de Solla Price, "Citation Measures of Hard Science, Soft Science, Technology, and Nonscience," in Nelson and Pollack, eds. (n. 36 above), pp. 2-22.
49. Harriet Zuckerman and Robert K. Merton, "Institutionalization Patterns of Evaluation in Science," in The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, 2d ed., ed. Robert K. Merton and Norman Storer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 460-96. Cole (n. 1 above) has a different interpretation, but also see Hargens, "Scholarly Consensus" (n. 32 above), and the subsequent exchange between Cole, Simon, and Cole (n. 35 above) and Hargens, "Further Evidence" (n. 35 above).
50. Harriet Zuckerman and Robert K. Merton, "Institutionalization Patterns of Evaluation in Science," in The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, 2d ed., ed. Robert K. Merton and Norman Storer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 460-96. Cole (n. 1 above) has a different interpretation, but also see Hargens, "Scholarly Consensus" (n. 32 above), and the subsequent exchange between Cole, Simon, and Cole (n. 35 above) and Hargens, "Further Evidence" (n. 35 above).
51. Harriet Zuckerman and Robert K. Merton, "Institutionalization Patterns of Evaluation in Science," in The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, 2d ed., ed. Robert K. Merton and Norman Storer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 460-96. Cole (n. 1 above) has a different interpretation, but also see Hargens, "Scholarly Consensus" (n. 32 above), and the subsequent exchange between Cole, Simon, and Cole (n. 35 above) and Hargens, "Further Evidence" (n. 35 above).
52. Pfeffer (n. 3 above), p. 606.
53. James N. Baron and Michael T. Hannan, "The Impact of Economics on Contemporary Sociology," Journal of Economic Literature 32 (September 1994): 1111-46.
54. Pfeffer (n. 3 above), p. 606.
55. Lodahl and Gordon, "Differences between Physical and Social Sciences" (n. 8 above).
56. The concept of visibility of consequence, as used by Lodahl and Gordon (ibid., p. 193), refers to the standards by which research results are judged acceptable. When standards are clear and generally accepted in a field, visibility of consequence is high. Alternatively, when standards are not clear and involve conflict (e.g., quantitative vs. qualitative methods), visibility of consequence is low.
57. Janice M. Beyer and Thomas M. Lodahl, "A Comparative Study of Patterns of Influence in United States and English Universities," Administrative Science Quarterly 21 (January 1976): 104-29.
58. Pfeffer and Moore (n. 13 above), p. 389.
59. Lodahl and Gordon, "Differences between Physical and Social Sciences" (n. 8 above), p. 198.
60. Pfeffer and Langton (n. 14 above), p. 402.
61. Ibid., p. 403.
62. Richard L. Simpson, "Is Research Utilization for Social Workers?" Journal of Social Service Research 2 (Winter 1978): 143-57; Stuart A. Kirk, "The Puzzles of Peer Perusal," Social Work Research and Abstracts 29 (June 1993): 3-4; Glenn O. Haworth, "Social Work Research, Practice, and Paradigms," Social Service Review 58 (September 1984): 343-57; and William E. Gordon, "Social Work Revolution or Evolution," Social Work 28 (May 1983): 181-85.
63. Richard L. Simpson, "Is Research Utilization for Social Workers?" Journal of Social Service Research 2 (Winter 1978): 143-57; Stuart A. Kirk, "The Puzzles of Peer Perusal," Social Work Research and Abstracts 29 (June 1993): 3-4; Glenn O. Haworth, "Social Work Research, Practice, and Paradigms," Social Service Review 58 (September 1984): 343-57; and William E. Gordon, "Social Work Revolution or Evolution," Social Work 28 (May 1983): 181-85.
64. Richard L. Simpson, "Is Research Utilization for Social Workers?" Journal of Social Service Research 2 (Winter 1978): 143-57; Stuart A. Kirk, "The Puzzles of Peer Perusal," Social Work Research and Abstracts 29 (June 1993): 3-4; Glenn O. Haworth, "Social Work Research, Practice, and Paradigms," Social Service Review 58 (September 1984): 343-57; and William E. Gordon, "Social Work Revolution or Evolution," Social Work 28 (May 1983): 181-85.
65. Richard L. Simpson, "Is Research Utilization for Social Workers?" Journal of Social Service Research 2 (Winter 1978): 143-57; Stuart A. Kirk, "The Puzzles of Peer Perusal," Social Work Research and Abstracts 29 (June 1993): 3-4; Glenn O. Haworth, "Social Work Research, Practice, and Paradigms," Social Service Review 58 (September 1984): 343-57; and William E. Gordon, "Social Work Revolution or Evolution," Social Work 28 (May 1983): 181-85.
66. Harry Specht, "Social Work and the Popular Psychotherapies," Social Service Review 64 (September 1990): 345-57; Jerome C. Wakefield, "Why Psychotherapeutic Social Work Don't Get No Re-Specht," pp. 141-51; and Harry Specht, "Author's Reply: A Less Complex Statement of Social Work's Mission," pp. 152-59, both in Social Service Review, vol. 66 (March 1992).
67. Harry Specht, "Social Work and the Popular Psychotherapies," Social Service Review 64 (September 1990): 345-57; Jerome C. Wakefield, "Why Psychotherapeutic Social Work Don't Get No Re-Specht," pp. 141-51; and Harry Specht, "Author's Reply: A Less Complex Statement of Social Work's Mission," pp. 152-59, both in Social Service Review, vol. 66 (March 1992).
68. Harry Specht, "Social Work and the Popular Psychotherapies," Social Service Review 64 (September 1990): 345-57; Jerome C. Wakefield, "Why Psychotherapeutic Social Work Don't Get No Re-Specht," pp. 141-51; and Harry Specht, "Author's Reply: A Less Complex Statement of Social Work's Mission," pp. 152-59, both in Social Service Review, vol. 66 (March 1992).
69. Harry Specht, "Social Work and the Popular Psychotherapies," Social Service Review 64 (September 1990): 345-57; Jerome C. Wakefield, "Why Psychotherapeutic Social Work Don't Get No Re-Specht," pp. 141-51; and Harry Specht, "Author's Reply: A Less Complex Statement of Social Work's Mission," pp. 152-59, both in Social Service Review, vol. 66 (March 1992).
70. All of the following articles were published in Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 2 (October 1992): John T. Pardeck, "Are Social Work Editorial Boards Competent? Some Disquieting Data with Implications for Research on Social Work Practice" (pp. 487-96), June G. Hopps, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Past Editor of Social Work" (pp. 497-98), John R. Schuerman, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor of the Social Service Review" (pp. 499-500), Frederic G. Reamer, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 501-4), Anne E. Fortune, "More Is Not Better-Manuscript Reviewer Competence and Citations: From the Past Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 505-10), Duncan Lindsey, "Improving the Quality of Social Work Journals: From the Editor of Children and Youth Services Review" (pp. 515-24), William M. Epstein, "A Response to Pardeck: Thumb Therapy for Social Work Journals" (pp. 525-28), and John T. Pardeck, "The Distinction and Achievement Levels of Social Work Editorial Boards Revisited" (pp. 529-37).
71. All of the following articles were published in Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 2 (October 1992): John T. Pardeck, "Are Social Work Editorial Boards Competent? Some Disquieting Data with Implications for Research on Social Work Practice" (pp. 487-96), June G. Hopps, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Past Editor of Social Work" (pp. 497-98), John R. Schuerman, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor of the Social Service Review" (pp. 499-500), Frederic G. Reamer, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 501-4), Anne E. Fortune, "More Is Not Better-Manuscript Reviewer Competence and Citations: From the Past Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 505-10), Duncan Lindsey, "Improving the Quality of Social Work Journals: From the Editor of Children and Youth Services Review" (pp. 515-24), William M. Epstein, "A Response to Pardeck: Thumb Therapy for Social Work Journals" (pp. 525-28), and John T. Pardeck, "The Distinction and Achievement Levels of Social Work Editorial Boards Revisited" (pp. 529-37).
72. All of the following articles were published in Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 2 (October 1992): John T. Pardeck, "Are Social Work Editorial Boards Competent? Some Disquieting Data with Implications for Research on Social Work Practice" (pp. 487-96), June G. Hopps, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Past Editor of Social Work" (pp. 497-98), John R. Schuerman, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor of the Social Service Review" (pp. 499-500), Frederic G. Reamer, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 501-4), Anne E. Fortune, "More Is Not Better-Manuscript Reviewer Competence and Citations: From the Past Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 505-10), Duncan Lindsey, "Improving the Quality of Social Work Journals: From the Editor of Children and Youth Services Review" (pp. 515-24), William M. Epstein, "A Response to Pardeck: Thumb Therapy for Social Work Journals" (pp. 525-28), and John T. Pardeck, "The Distinction and Achievement Levels of Social Work Editorial Boards Revisited" (pp. 529-37).
73. All of the following articles were published in Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 2 (October 1992): John T. Pardeck, "Are Social Work Editorial Boards Competent? Some Disquieting Data with Implications for Research on Social Work Practice" (pp. 487-96), June G. Hopps, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Past Editor of Social Work" (pp. 497-98), John R. Schuerman, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor of the Social Service Review" (pp. 499-500), Frederic G. Reamer, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 501-4), Anne E. Fortune, "More Is Not Better-Manuscript Reviewer Competence and Citations: From the Past Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 505-10), Duncan Lindsey, "Improving the Quality of Social Work Journals: From the Editor of Children and Youth Services Review" (pp. 515-24), William M. Epstein, "A Response to Pardeck: Thumb Therapy for Social Work Journals" (pp. 525-28), and John T. Pardeck, "The Distinction and Achievement Levels of Social Work Editorial Boards Revisited" (pp. 529-37).
74. All of the following articles were published in Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 2 (October 1992): John T. Pardeck, "Are Social Work Editorial Boards Competent? Some Disquieting Data with Implications for Research on Social Work Practice" (pp. 487-96), June G. Hopps, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Past Editor of Social Work" (pp. 497-98), John R. Schuerman, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor of the Social Service Review" (pp. 499-500), Frederic G. Reamer, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 501-4), Anne E. Fortune, "More Is Not Better-Manuscript Reviewer Competence and Citations: From the Past Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 505-10), Duncan Lindsey, "Improving the Quality of Social Work Journals: From the Editor of Children and Youth Services Review" (pp. 515-24), William M. Epstein, "A Response to Pardeck: Thumb Therapy for Social Work Journals" (pp. 525-28), and John T. Pardeck, "The Distinction and Achievement Levels of Social Work Editorial Boards Revisited" (pp. 529-37).
75. All of the following articles were published in Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 2 (October 1992): John T. Pardeck, "Are Social Work Editorial Boards Competent? Some Disquieting Data with Implications for Research on Social Work Practice" (pp. 487-96), June G. Hopps, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Past Editor of Social Work" (pp. 497-98), John R. Schuerman, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor of the Social Service Review" (pp. 499-500), Frederic G. Reamer, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 501-4), Anne E. Fortune, "More Is Not Better-Manuscript Reviewer Competence and Citations: From the Past Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 505-10), Duncan Lindsey, "Improving the Quality of Social Work Journals: From the Editor of Children and Youth Services Review" (pp. 515-24), William M. Epstein, "A Response to Pardeck: Thumb Therapy for Social Work Journals" (pp. 525-28), and John T. Pardeck, "The Distinction and Achievement Levels of Social Work Editorial Boards Revisited" (pp. 529-37).
76. All of the following articles were published in Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 2 (October 1992): John T. Pardeck, "Are Social Work Editorial Boards Competent? Some Disquieting Data with Implications for Research on Social Work Practice" (pp. 487-96), June G. Hopps, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Past Editor of Social Work" (pp. 497-98), John R. Schuerman, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor of the Social Service Review" (pp. 499-500), Frederic G. Reamer, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 501-4), Anne E. Fortune, "More Is Not Better-Manuscript Reviewer Competence and Citations: From the Past Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 505-10), Duncan Lindsey, "Improving the Quality of Social Work Journals: From the Editor of Children and Youth Services Review" (pp. 515-24), William M. Epstein, "A Response to Pardeck: Thumb Therapy for Social Work Journals" (pp. 525-28), and John T. Pardeck, "The Distinction and Achievement Levels of Social Work Editorial Boards Revisited" (pp. 529-37).
77. All of the following articles were published in Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 2 (October 1992): John T. Pardeck, "Are Social Work Editorial Boards Competent? Some Disquieting Data with Implications for Research on Social Work Practice" (pp. 487-96), June G. Hopps, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Past Editor of Social Work" (pp. 497-98), John R. Schuerman, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor of the Social Service Review" (pp. 499-500), Frederic G. Reamer, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 501-4), Anne E. Fortune, "More Is Not Better-Manuscript Reviewer Competence and Citations: From the Past Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 505-10), Duncan Lindsey, "Improving the Quality of Social Work Journals: From the Editor of Children and Youth Services Review" (pp. 515-24), William M. Epstein, "A Response to Pardeck: Thumb Therapy for Social Work Journals" (pp. 525-28), and John T. Pardeck, "The Distinction and Achievement Levels of Social Work Editorial Boards Revisited" (pp. 529-37).
78. All of the following articles were published in Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 2 (October 1992): John T. Pardeck, "Are Social Work Editorial Boards Competent? Some Disquieting Data with Implications for Research on Social Work Practice" (pp. 487-96), June G. Hopps, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Past Editor of Social Work" (pp. 497-98), John R. Schuerman, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor of the Social Service Review" (pp. 499-500), Frederic G. Reamer, "A Response to Pardeck: From the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 501-4), Anne E. Fortune, "More Is Not Better-Manuscript Reviewer Competence and Citations: From the Past Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Social Work Education" (pp. 505-10), Duncan Lindsey, "Improving the Quality of Social Work Journals: From the Editor of Children and Youth Services Review" (pp. 515-24), William M. Epstein, "A Response to Pardeck: Thumb Therapy for Social Work Journals" (pp. 525-28), and John T. Pardeck, "The Distinction and Achievement Levels of Social Work Editorial Boards Revisited" (pp. 529-37).
79. William Epstein, "Social Work in the University," Journal of Social Work Education 31 (Spring/Summer 1995): 281-92; Charles Glisson, "The State of the Art of Social Work Research: Implications for Mental Health" (paper presented to NIMH Conference on Building Social Work Knowledge for Effective Mental Health Services and Policies, Bethesda, Md., 1995); and Waldo C. Klein and Martin Bloom, "Social Work as Applied Social Science: A Historical Analysis," Social Work 39 (July 1994): 421-31.
80. William Epstein, "Social Work in the University," Journal of Social Work Education 31 (Spring/Summer 1995): 281-92; Charles Glisson, "The State of the Art of Social Work Research: Implications for Mental Health" (paper presented to NIMH Conference on Building Social Work Knowledge for Effective Mental Health Services and Policies, Bethesda, Md., 1995); and Waldo C. Klein and Martin Bloom, "Social Work as Applied Social Science: A Historical Analysis," Social Work 39 (July 1994): 421-31.
81. William Epstein, "Social Work in the University," Journal of Social Work Education 31 (Spring/Summer 1995): 281-92; Charles Glisson, "The State of the Art of Social Work Research: Implications for Mental Health" (paper presented to NIMH Conference on Building Social Work Knowledge for Effective Mental Health Services and Policies, Bethesda, Md., 1995); and Waldo C. Klein and Martin Bloom, "Social Work as Applied Social Science: A Historical Analysis," Social Work 39 (July 1994): 421-31.
82. Martha Brunswick Heineman, "The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 55 (September 1981): 371-97; John R. Schuerman, "Debate with Authors: The Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 56 (March 1982): 44-46; Walter W. Hudson, "Scientific Imperatives in Social Work Research and Practice," Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 246-58; Ludwig L. Geismar, "Comments on 'The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research,'" Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 311-12; Martha Heineman Pieper, "The Future of Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 3-11; Edward J. Mullen, "Methodological Dilemmas in Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 12-20; William M. Epstein, "Science and Social Work," Social Service Review 60 (March 1986): 145-60; and Colin Peile, "Research Paradigms in Social Work: From Stalemate to Creative Synthesis," Social Service Review 62 (March 1988): 1-19.
83. Martha Brunswick Heineman, "The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 55 (September 1981): 371-97; John R. Schuerman, "Debate with Authors: The Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 56 (March 1982): 44-46; Walter W. Hudson, "Scientific Imperatives in Social Work Research and Practice," Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 246-58; Ludwig L. Geismar, "Comments on 'The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research,'" Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 311-12; Martha Heineman Pieper, "The Future of Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 3-11; Edward J. Mullen, "Methodological Dilemmas in Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 12-20; William M. Epstein, "Science and Social Work," Social Service Review 60 (March 1986): 145-60; and Colin Peile, "Research Paradigms in Social Work: From Stalemate to Creative Synthesis," Social Service Review 62 (March 1988): 1-19.
84. Martha Brunswick Heineman, "The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 55 (September 1981): 371-97; John R. Schuerman, "Debate with Authors: The Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 56 (March 1982): 44-46; Walter W. Hudson, "Scientific Imperatives in Social Work Research and Practice," Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 246-58; Ludwig L. Geismar, "Comments on 'The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research,'" Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 311-12; Martha Heineman Pieper, "The Future of Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 3-11; Edward J. Mullen, "Methodological Dilemmas in Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 12-20; William M. Epstein, "Science and Social Work," Social Service Review 60 (March 1986): 145-60; and Colin Peile, "Research Paradigms in Social Work: From Stalemate to Creative Synthesis," Social Service Review 62 (March 1988): 1-19.
85. Martha Brunswick Heineman, "The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 55 (September 1981): 371-97; John R. Schuerman, "Debate with Authors: The Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 56 (March 1982): 44-46; Walter W. Hudson, "Scientific Imperatives in Social Work Research and Practice," Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 246-58; Ludwig L. Geismar, "Comments on 'The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research,'" Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 311-12; Martha Heineman Pieper, "The Future of Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 3-11; Edward J. Mullen, "Methodological Dilemmas in Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 12-20; William M. Epstein, "Science and Social Work," Social Service Review 60 (March 1986): 145-60; and Colin Peile, "Research Paradigms in Social Work: From Stalemate to Creative Synthesis," Social Service Review 62 (March 1988): 1-19.
86. Martha Brunswick Heineman, "The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 55 (September 1981): 371-97; John R. Schuerman, "Debate with Authors: The Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 56 (March 1982): 44-46; Walter W. Hudson, "Scientific Imperatives in Social Work Research and Practice," Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 246-58; Ludwig L. Geismar, "Comments on 'The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research,'" Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 311-12; Martha Heineman Pieper, "The Future of Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 3-11; Edward J. Mullen, "Methodological Dilemmas in Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 12-20; William M. Epstein, "Science and Social Work," Social Service Review 60 (March 1986): 145-60; and Colin Peile, "Research Paradigms in Social Work: From Stalemate to Creative Synthesis," Social Service Review 62 (March 1988): 1-19.
87. Martha Brunswick Heineman, "The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 55 (September 1981): 371-97; John R. Schuerman, "Debate with Authors: The Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 56 (March 1982): 44-46; Walter W. Hudson, "Scientific Imperatives in Social Work Research and Practice," Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 246-58; Ludwig L. Geismar, "Comments on 'The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research,'" Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 311-12; Martha Heineman Pieper, "The Future of Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 3-11; Edward J. Mullen, "Methodological Dilemmas in Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 12-20; William M. Epstein, "Science and Social Work," Social Service Review 60 (March 1986): 145-60; and Colin Peile, "Research Paradigms in Social Work: From Stalemate to Creative Synthesis," Social Service Review 62 (March 1988): 1-19.
88. Martha Brunswick Heineman, "The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 55 (September 1981): 371-97; John R. Schuerman, "Debate with Authors: The Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 56 (March 1982): 44-46; Walter W. Hudson, "Scientific Imperatives in Social Work Research and Practice," Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 246-58; Ludwig L. Geismar, "Comments on 'The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research,'" Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 311-12; Martha Heineman Pieper, "The Future of Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 3-11; Edward J. Mullen, "Methodological Dilemmas in Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 12-20; William M. Epstein, "Science and Social Work," Social Service Review 60 (March 1986): 145-60; and Colin Peile, "Research Paradigms in Social Work: From Stalemate to Creative Synthesis," Social Service Review 62 (March 1988): 1-19.
89. Martha Brunswick Heineman, "The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 55 (September 1981): 371-97; John R. Schuerman, "Debate with Authors: The Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research," Social Service Review 56 (March 1982): 44-46; Walter W. Hudson, "Scientific Imperatives in Social Work Research and Practice," Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 246-58; Ludwig L. Geismar, "Comments on 'The Obsolete Scientific Imperative in Social Work Research,'" Social Service Review 56 (June 1982): 311-12; Martha Heineman Pieper, "The Future of Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 3-11; Edward J. Mullen, "Methodological Dilemmas in Social Work Research," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (Winter 1985): 12-20; William M. Epstein, "Science and Social Work," Social Service Review 60 (March 1986): 145-60; and Colin Peile, "Research Paradigms in Social Work: From Stalemate to Creative Synthesis," Social Service Review 62 (March 1988): 1-19.
90. Donald R. Baker, "A Structural Analysis of the Social Work Journal Network: 1985-1986," Journal of Social Service Research 15, nos. 3/4 (1992): 153-68.
91. Patrick Doreian, "Structural Equivalence in a Psychology Journal Network," Journal of the American Society for Information Science 36 (November 1985): 411-17; and Patrick Doreian and Thomas J. Fararo, "Structural Equivalence in a Journal Network," Journal of the American Society for Information Science 36 (January 1985): 28-37.
92. Patrick Doreian, "Structural Equivalence in a Psychology Journal Network," Journal of the American Society for Information Science 36 (November 1985): 411-17; and Patrick Doreian and Thomas J. Fararo, "Structural Equivalence in a Journal Network," Journal of the American Society for Information Science 36 (January 1985): 28-37.
93. Baker (n. 56 above), p. 164. It is also worth noting here that Doreian and Fararo's network study of citation patterns in sociology (n. 57 above) found a core-periphery structure similar to Baker's finding for social work. Doreian's later study of citation patterns in psychology (n. 57 above) revealed a different structure - one characterized by a less dominant central core of generalist journals, with more interchange at the periphery between specialist journals. Doreian speculated that differences between journal network structures likely is an important predictor of the intellectual state of a field; the centralized form of journal network structure, as found in social work and sociology, could characterize an unproductive, more fragmented discipline, whereas a more decentralized structure, as found in psychology, could characterize a healthy and productive field.
94. Kam-fong Monit Cheung, "Interdisciplinary Relationships between Social Work and Other Disciplines: A Citation Study," Social Work Research and Abstracts 26 (September 1990): 23-29.
95. Pfeffer (n. 3 above), p. 606.
96. Mark Fraser, Mary J. Taylor, Robert Jackson, and Jamal O'Jack, "Social Work and Science: Many Ways of Knowing," Social Work Research and Abstracts 27 (December 1991): 5-15.
97. Ibid., p. 13.
98. Glisson (n. 54 above).
99. Ibid., p. 7. Interestingly, Merlin Taber and Iris Shapiro, in a study published 30 years before Glisson's study, also found a wide range of topics covered in a sample of 124 articles from three core journals over a 40-year period, with only three topics achieving the rank of accounting for 10 percent of the articles. See Merlin Taber and Iris Shapiro, "Social Work and Its Knowledge Base: A Content Analysis of Periodical Literature," Social Work 10 (October 1965): 100-106. In a similar vein, Howe and Schuerman, in a study published 20 years ago on trends in the literature from 1957 to 1972 as reflected in three major social work journals, found increased theoretical eclecticism in the social treatment literature in social work. See Michael W. Howe and John R. Schuerman, "Trends in Social Work Literature: 1957-72," Social Service Review 48 (June 1974): 279-85.
100. Ibid., p. 7. Interestingly, Merlin Taber and Iris Shapiro, in a study published 30 years before Glisson's study, also found a wide range of topics covered in a sample of 124 articles from three core journals over a 40-year period, with only three topics achieving the rank of accounting for 10 percent of the articles. See Merlin Taber and Iris Shapiro, "Social Work and Its Knowledge Base: A Content Analysis of Periodical Literature," Social Work 10 (October 1965): 100-106. In a similar vein, Howe and Schuerman, in a study published 20 years ago on trends in the literature from 1957 to 1972 as reflected in three major social work journals, found increased theoretical eclecticism in the social treatment literature in social work. See Michael W. Howe and John R. Schuerman, "Trends in Social Work Literature: 1957-72," Social Service Review 48 (June 1974): 279-85.
101. Ibid., p. 7. Interestingly, Merlin Taber and Iris Shapiro, in a study published 30 years before Glisson's study, also found a wide range of topics covered in a sample of 124 articles from three core journals over a 40-year period, with only three topics achieving the rank of accounting for 10 percent of the articles. See Merlin Taber and Iris Shapiro, "Social Work and Its Knowledge Base: A Content Analysis of Periodical Literature," Social Work 10 (October 1965): 100-106. In a similar vein, Howe and Schuerman, in a study published 20 years ago on trends in the literature from 1957 to 1972 as reflected in three major social work journals, found increased theoretical eclecticism in the social treatment literature in social work. See Michael W. Howe and John R. Schuerman, "Trends in Social Work Literature: 1957-72," Social Service Review 48 (June 1974): 279-85.
102. This point is suggested by Miner, who, prompted by concern for the low level of paradigm development in organization science, studied the connection between rated importance, usefulness, and validity of 32 theories in organization science. Based on a finding of no connection between the three variables, he proposed the development of a new discipline so as to better integrate the study of organizations. See John B. Miner, "The Validity and Usefulness of Theories in an Emerging Organizational Science," Academy of Management Review 9 (April 1984): 296-306.
103. Haworth (n. 51 above). See Zammuto and Connolly (n. 4 above) for a similar argument in the case of organization science. For clinical social work, Kendall alludes to this issue when, in introducing Turner's text on social work treatment, which identifies some 22 different theories of clinical practice, she asks: "At what point does diversity become anarchy?" See Katherine A. Kendall, "Foreword," in Social Work Treatment: Interlocking Theoretical Approaches, 3d ed., ed. Francis Turner (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. xiii-xvi, quote at p. xv.
104. I use the terms manuscript evaluation time lag and editorial time lag interchangeably to refer to the time lag between the submission of a manuscript to a journal and the editorial decision to accept or reject it.
105. Data on the psychology journals were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Psychological Association (APA), except for the data on manuscript evaluation time lags. These data were obtained directly from APA's publication department. For sociology, data for American Sociological Review and Journal of Health and Social Behavior were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Sociological Association. For the two remaining sociology journals, Social Forces and Social Problems, data were obtained from the annual reports of the editors. For the social work journals, data were obtained directly from journal editors or their staff. Other data sources included a variety of published author's guides to journals dating back to 1977. These included American Psychological Association, Journals in Psychology, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1993); Michael D. Gordon, A Study of the Evaluation of Research Papers by Primary Journals in the U.K. (Leicester: Primary Communications Research Center, University of Leicester, 1978); Carol B. Howery, Publishing Options: An Author's Guide to Journals, 3d ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association, 1993); Wing Hong Loke, A Guide to Journals in Psychology and Education (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1990); Allan Markle and Roger C. Rinn, Author's Guide to Journals in Psychology, Psychiatry and Social Work (New York: Haworth, 1977); Henry N. Mendelsohn, An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1983) , An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 2d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1987), and An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 3d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1992); and Alvin J. Wang, Author's Guide to Journals in the Behavioral Sciences (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1989).
106. Data on the psychology journals were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Psychological Association (APA), except for the data on manuscript evaluation time lags. These data were obtained directly from APA's publication department. For sociology, data for American Sociological Review and Journal of Health and Social Behavior were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Sociological Association. For the two remaining sociology journals, Social Forces and Social Problems, data were obtained from the annual reports of the editors. For the social work journals, data were obtained directly from journal editors or their staff. Other data sources included a variety of published author's guides to journals dating back to 1977. These included American Psychological Association, Journals in Psychology, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1993); Michael D. Gordon, A Study of the Evaluation of Research Papers by Primary Journals in the U.K. (Leicester: Primary Communications Research Center, University of Leicester, 1978); Carol B. Howery, Publishing Options: An Author's Guide to Journals, 3d ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association, 1993); Wing Hong Loke, A Guide to Journals in Psychology and Education (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1990); Allan Markle and Roger C. Rinn, Author's Guide to Journals in Psychology, Psychiatry and Social Work (New York: Haworth, 1977); Henry N. Mendelsohn, An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1983) , An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 2d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1987), and An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 3d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1992); and Alvin J. Wang, Author's Guide to Journals in the Behavioral Sciences (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1989).
107. Data on the psychology journals were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Psychological Association (APA), except for the data on manuscript evaluation time lags. These data were obtained directly from APA's publication department. For sociology, data for American Sociological Review and Journal of Health and Social Behavior were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Sociological Association. For the two remaining sociology journals, Social Forces and Social Problems, data were obtained from the annual reports of the editors. For the social work journals, data were obtained directly from journal editors or their staff. Other data sources included a variety of published author's guides to journals dating back to 1977. These included American Psychological Association, Journals in Psychology, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1993); Michael D. Gordon, A Study of the Evaluation of Research Papers by Primary Journals in the U.K. (Leicester: Primary Communications Research Center, University of Leicester, 1978); Carol B. Howery, Publishing Options: An Author's Guide to Journals, 3d ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association, 1993); Wing Hong Loke, A Guide to Journals in Psychology and Education (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1990); Allan Markle and Roger C. Rinn, Author's Guide to Journals in Psychology, Psychiatry and Social Work (New York: Haworth, 1977); Henry N. Mendelsohn, An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1983) , An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 2d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1987), and An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 3d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1992); and Alvin J. Wang, Author's Guide to Journals in the Behavioral Sciences (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1989).
108. Data on the psychology journals were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Psychological Association (APA), except for the data on manuscript evaluation time lags. These data were obtained directly from APA's publication department. For sociology, data for American Sociological Review and Journal of Health and Social Behavior were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Sociological Association. For the two remaining sociology journals, Social Forces and Social Problems, data were obtained from the annual reports of the editors. For the social work journals, data were obtained directly from journal editors or their staff. Other data sources included a variety of published author's guides to journals dating back to 1977. These included American Psychological Association, Journals in Psychology, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1993); Michael D. Gordon, A Study of the Evaluation of Research Papers by Primary Journals in the U.K. (Leicester: Primary Communications Research Center, University of Leicester, 1978); Carol B. Howery, Publishing Options: An Author's Guide to Journals, 3d ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association, 1993); Wing Hong Loke, A Guide to Journals in Psychology and Education (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1990); Allan Markle and Roger C. Rinn, Author's Guide to Journals in Psychology, Psychiatry and Social Work (New York: Haworth, 1977); Henry N. Mendelsohn, An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1983) , An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 2d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1987), and An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 3d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1992); and Alvin J. Wang, Author's Guide to Journals in the Behavioral Sciences (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1989).
109. Data on the psychology journals were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Psychological Association (APA), except for the data on manuscript evaluation time lags. These data were obtained directly from APA's publication department. For sociology, data for American Sociological Review and Journal of Health and Social Behavior were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Sociological Association. For the two remaining sociology journals, Social Forces and Social Problems, data were obtained from the annual reports of the editors. For the social work journals, data were obtained directly from journal editors or their staff. Other data sources included a variety of published author's guides to journals dating back to 1977. These included American Psychological Association, Journals in Psychology, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1993); Michael D. Gordon, A Study of the Evaluation of Research Papers by Primary Journals in the U.K. (Leicester: Primary Communications Research Center, University of Leicester, 1978); Carol B. Howery, Publishing Options: An Author's Guide to Journals, 3d ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association, 1993); Wing Hong Loke, A Guide to Journals in Psychology and Education (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1990); Allan Markle and Roger C. Rinn, Author's Guide to Journals in Psychology, Psychiatry and Social Work (New York: Haworth, 1977); Henry N. Mendelsohn, An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1983) , An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 2d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1987), and An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 3d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1992); and Alvin J. Wang, Author's Guide to Journals in the Behavioral Sciences (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1989).
110. Data on the psychology journals were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Psychological Association (APA), except for the data on
111. Data on the psychology journals were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Psychological Association (APA), except for the data on manuscript evaluation time lags. These data were obtained directly from APA's publication department. For sociology, data for American Sociological Review and Journal of Health and Social Behavior were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Sociological Association. For the two remaining sociology journals, Social Forces and Social Problems, data were obtained from the annual reports of the editors. For the social work journals, data were obtained directly from journal editors or their staff. Other data sources included a variety of published author's guides to journals dating back to 1977. These included American Psychological Association, Journals in Psychology, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1993); Michael D. Gordon, A Study of the Evaluation of Research Papers by Primary Journals in the U.K. (Leicester: Primary Communications Research Center, University of Leicester, 1978); Carol B. Howery, Publishing Options: An Author's Guide to Journals, 3d ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association, 1993); Wing Hong Loke, A Guide to Journals in Psychology and Education (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1990); Allan Markle and Roger C. Rinn, Author's Guide to Journals in Psychology, Psychiatry and Social Work (New York: Haworth, 1977); Henry N. Mendelsohn, An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1983) , An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 2d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1987), and An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 3d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1992); and Alvin J. Wang, Author's Guide to Journals in the Behavioral Sciences (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1989).
112. Data on the psychology journals were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Psychological Association (APA), except for the data on manuscript evaluation time lags. These data were obtained directly from APA's publication department. For sociology, data for American Sociological Review and Journal of Health and Social Behavior were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Sociological Association. For the two remaining sociology journals, Social Forces and Social Problems, data were obtained from the annual reports of the editors. For the social work journals, data were obtained directly from journal editors or their staff. Other data sources included a variety of published author's guides to journals dating back to 1977. These included American Psychological Association, Journals in Psychology, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1993); Michael D. Gordon, A Study of the Evaluation of Research Papers by Primary Journals in the U.K. (Leicester: Primary Communications Research Center, University of Leicester, 1978); Carol B. Howery, Publishing Options: An Author's Guide to Journals, 3d ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association, 1993); Wing Hong Loke, A Guide to Journals in Psychology and Education (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1990); Allan Markle and Roger C. Rinn, Author's Guide to Journals in Psychology, Psychiatry and Social Work (New York: Haworth, 1977); Henry N. Mendelsohn, An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1983) , An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 2d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1987), and An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 3d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1992); and Alvin J. Wang, Author's Guide to Journals in the Behavioral Sciences (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1989).
113. Data on the psychology journals were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Psychological Association (APA), except for the data on manuscript evaluation time lags. These data were obtained directly from APA's publication department. For sociology, data for American Sociological Review and Journal of Health and Social Behavior were obtained from the published annual reports of the American Sociological Association. For the two remaining sociology journals, Social Forces and Social Problems, data were obtained from the annual reports of the editors. For the social work journals, data were obtained directly from journal editors or their staff. Other data sources included a variety of published author's guides to journals dating back to 1977. These included American Psychological Association, Journals in Psychology, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1993); Michael D. Gordon, A Study of the Evaluation of Research Papers by Primary Journals in the U.K. (Leicester: Primary Communications Research Center, University of Leicester, 1978); Carol B. Howery, Publishing Options: An Author's Guide to Journals, 3d ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association, 1993); Wing Hong Loke, A Guide to Journals in Psychology and Education (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1990); Allan Markle and Roger C. Rinn, Author's Guide to Journals in Psychology, Psychiatry and Social Work (New York: Haworth, 1977); Henry N. Mendelsohn, An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1983) , An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 2d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1987), and An Author's Guide to Social Work Journals, 3d ed. (Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers, 1992); and Alvin J. Wang, Author's Guide to Journals in the Behavioral Sciences (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1989).
114. Lindsey "Distinction, Achievement" (n. 30 above); Duncan Lindsey, "The Operation of Professional Journals in Social Work," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 5 (March 1978): 273-98; Baker (n. 56 above); Glisson (n. 54 above); Fraser et al. (n. 61 above); Pardeck et al. (n. 31 above); and Cheung (n. 59 above).
115. Lindsey "Distinction, Achievement" (n. 30 above); Duncan Lindsey, "The Operation of Professional Journals in Social Work," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 5 (March 1978): 273-98; Baker (n. 56 above); Glisson (n. 54 above); Fraser et al. (n. 61 above); Pardeck et al. (n. 31 above); and Cheung (n. 59 above).
116. Acceptance rates were standardized across the journals by subtracting from unity the figure obtained by dividing the numbers of papers published over a 2-year period by the number of submissions received over a 2-year period, with the latter lagged 1 year.
117. 2.13 = 6.31, significant at the .01 level. The Student-Newman-Keuls procedure, a post hoc test on difference between two means, found that for time 2, the acceptance rates for social work and sociology differed from each other, but those for social work and psychology and for psychology and sociology did not. Note that data on the Journal of Social Work Education were included in this analysis. I will provide full details of the analysis on request.
118. 3.17 = 26.31, p < .0001), showing the acceptance rates for the physical science journals as significantly higher than the acceptance rates for the social work, sociology, and psychology journals. Full details of this analysis are available from the author.
119. In case of the journals studied here, I measured changes in submissions only for journals on which I had 6 or more years of data. For these, I divided the sum of a journal's 1992 and 1993 submissions by the sum of 2 earliest years for which I had data, with none extending back beyond 1983. On average, submissions to social work journals decreased by 30 percent, with two journals having decreases of over 30 percent. Only one journal experienced an increase in the numbers of submissions, but at a modest level of 9 percent over a 6-year period.
120. Editors of social work journals, similar to what Hargens found for editors in sociology and psychology (see Hargens, "Scholarly Consensus" [n. 32 above], p. 141), appear more often to complain of a dearth of publishable papers among new submissions than of an abundance. For example, John Schuerman, editor of Social Service Review, in responding to Pardeck's criticism that social work editorial board members are comparatively incompetent, opined that an examination of a sample of material appearing in social work journals would probably reveal that much of it was inadequate. He then went on to observe that the main reason for this "was not the incompetence of those making publication decisions. The principal factor determining the quality of the work published is the quality of the work submitted. Journals reflect the state of the work in the field." See Schuerman, "A Response to Pardeck" (n. 53 above), p. 500.
121. Editors of social work journals, similar to what Hargens found for editors in sociology and psychology (see Hargens, "Scholarly Consensus" [n. 32 above], p. 141), appear more often to complain of a dearth of publishable papers among new submissions than of an abundance. For example, John Schuerman, editor of Social Service Review, in responding to Pardeck's criticism that social work editorial board members are comparatively incompetent, opined that an examination of a sample of material appearing in social work journals would probably reveal that much of it was inadequate. He then went on to observe that the main reason for this "was not the incompetence of those making publication decisions. The principal factor determining the quality of the work published is the quality of the work submitted. Journals reflect the state of the work in the field." See Schuerman, "A Response to Pardeck" (n. 53 above), p. 500.
122. This is generally the case for the six core social work journals examined here. The number of papers published per year varied only very modestly between 1983 and 1993. The average total numbers of papers published by these six journals in 1983-84 and in 1992-93 was 228 and 213, respectively, an overall average decrease of just over 6.5 percent. By the same token, there is some variation in this pattern when a larger group of journals is examined. Here, there is a modest overall increase in the numbers of articles published per year. At the same time, some individual journals decreased the numbers of articles published annually by as much as 30 percent.
123. Editors generally suggest that they play a mainly unobtrusive role in the peer review process. At the same time, however, and as one editor noted, the presence of dissensus in the peer review process tends to increase an editor's power by providing evaluative material from which an editor can draw regardless of reviewers' recommendations.
124. In a similar vein, informal discussions with some editors indicated that, faced with fewer new manuscripts, there was some increased effort to adjust the decision framework from one presupposing that submitted papers should not be published to one presupposing that they should. This was done by recruiting reviewers favorably predisposed to providing authors with helpful comments and criticism or by an editor taking a more active role in interpreting reviewers' comments to authors. In both cases, the apparent intent is to increase the numbers of publishable papers by providing advice and encouragement on revisions and resubmissions.
125. Joel Fischer, "The Social Work Revolution," Social Work 26 (May 1981): 199-207.
126. Zuckerman and Merton (n. 32 above); Hargens, "Scholarly Consensus" (n. 32 above).
127. 2.13 = 5.93, significant at the .02 level. Results from the Student-Newman-Keuls test on difference between means reveal that the length of editorial time lags for sociology and psychology do not differ significantly from each other. However, the editorial time lags for both sociology and psychology are significantly shorter than social work's editorial time lags. I will provide full details of the analysis on request.
128. Sidney E. Zimbalist, Historic Themes and Landmarks in Social Welfare Research (New York: Harper & Row, 1977). In his concluding chapter, Zimbalist notes that there have been wide swings in research emphasis over the years, with "an excessive tendency for social work to go 'overboard' with the latest wave of research when one succeeds in catching on in this generally research resistant profession" (p. 406). He goes on to observe: "Perhaps the periodic over enthusiasm is fed by the relative neglect of research at other times, so that the one extreme is a reaction to the other. In any case, there has been an obvious readiness to embrace a promising research approach as a potential panacea and ready solution to the highly intractable and deep-seated ills. We saw this long ago in the research on the causes of poverty, in the social survey movement, in the drive for social work measurement, and more recently in the study of the multiproblem family. Closer study of the dynamics and sources of such oscillations in research interest and activity should be rewarding. What is clearly needed is a more evenly balanced and steady commitment to research and research criticism throughout the profession over the long haul" (pp. 406-7).
129. W. Brian Arthur, M. Ermoliev Yu, and M. Kaniovski Yu, "Path-Dependent Processes and the Emergence of Macro-Structure," European Journal of Operational Research 30 (June 1987): 294-304, esp. 294.
130. Paul A. David, "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY," Economic History 75 (May 1985): 332-37; W. Brian Arthur, "Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events," Economic Journal 99, no. 394 (March 1989): 116-31, and "Positive Feedbacks in the Economy," Scientific American 262 (February 1990): 92-99.
131. Paul A. David, "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY," Economic History 75 (May 1985): 332-37; W. Brian Arthur, "Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events," Economic Journal 99, no. 394 (March 1989): 116-31, and "Positive Feedbacks in the Economy," Scientific American 262 (February 1990): 92-99.
132. Paul A. David, "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY," Economic History 75 (May 1985): 332-37; W. Brian Arthur, "Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events," Economic Journal 99, no. 394 (March 1989): 116-31, and "Positive Feedbacks in the Economy," Scientific American 262 (February 1990): 92-99.
133. Thrainn Eggertsson, "The Economics of Institutions: Avoiding the Open Field Syndrome and the Perils of Path Dependence," Acta Sociologica 36, no. 3 (1993): 223-37; Douglass C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); and Pfeffer (n. 3 above).
134. Thrainn Eggertsson, "The Economics of Institutions: Avoiding the Open Field Syndrome and the Perils of Path Dependence," Acta Sociologica 36, no. 3 (1993): 223-37; Douglass C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); and Pfeffer (n. 3 above).
135. Janice B. Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, "Funding the Sciences in University Departments," Educational Record 54 (Winter 1973): 74-82, esp. 81.
136. Arthur, "Positive Feedbacks" (n. 83 above); and North (n. 84 above).
137. For example, see Task Force on Social Work Research, Building Social Work Knowledge for Effective Services and Policies: A Plan for Research Development (Bethesda, Md.: National Institute of Mental Health, 1991).
138. National Science Board, Knowledge into Action: Improving the Nation's Use of the Social Sciences (Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 1969), pp. 44-50.
139. Ibid., p. xiii.
140. Mark Fraser, Jeffrey M. Jensen, and Robert E. Lewis, "Training for Research Scholarship in Social Work Doctoral Programs," Social Service Review 65 (December 1991): 597-613; and Fraser et al. (n. 61 above).
141. J. Merton England, A Patron for Pure Science (Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 1982).
142. Glisson (n. 54 above). This is not to deny that benefits in the form of pay and status will accrue to the minority who do manage to publish, or that the more gifted and experienced members of a given field will be more efficient in moving their work into the public realm. Regardless, low acceptance rates and longer time lags still suggest higher levels of wasted effort overall than are likely to be present in fields in which there is more certainty about relevant problems and approaches. Moreover, there is the additional consideration in social work that, historically, practitioners have contributed a good portion of published articles. However, there is some evidence that the trend in recent years is toward faculty contributing an increasing percentage of all journal articles. One possible reason for this is a change in the structure and operation of service delivery systems with more emphasis on productivity specific to the requirements of employing organizations. See Richard M. Grinnell and Martha L. Royer, "Authors of Articles in Social Work Journals," Journal of Social Service Research 6, nos. 3/4 (1983): 147-54; Stuart A. Kirk and Kevin J. Corcoran, "The $12,000.00 Question: Does It Pay to Publish?" Social Work 34 (July 1989): 379-81; Bruce A. Thyer and Kia J. Bentley, "Academic Affiliations of Social Work Authors: A Citation Analysis of Six Major Journals," Journal of Social Work Education 22, nos. 3/4 (1986): 67-73; and Bruce A. Thyer, Kim E. Boynton, Leslie Bennis, and David L. Levine, "Academic Affiliations of Social Work Journal Articles: A Publication Productivity Analysis," Journal of Social Service Research 18, nos. 3/4 (1994): 153-67.
143. Glisson (n. 54 above). This is not to deny that benefits in the form of pay and status will accrue to the minority who do manage to publish, or that the more gifted and experienced members of a given field will be more efficient in moving their work into the public realm. Regardless, low acceptance rates and longer time lags still suggest higher levels of wasted effort overall than are likely to be present in fields in which there is more certainty about relevant problems and approaches. Moreover, there is the additional consideration in social work that, historically, practitioners have contributed a good portion of published articles. However, there is some evidence that the trend in recent years is toward faculty contributing an increasing percentage of all journal articles. One possible reason for this is a change in the structure and operation of service delivery systems with more emphasis on productivity specific to the requirements of employing organizations. See Richard M. Grinnell and Martha L. Royer, "Authors of Articles in Social Work Journals," Journal of Social Service Research 6, nos. 3/4 (1983): 147-54; Stuart A. Kirk and Kevin J. Corcoran, "The $12,000.00 Question: Does It Pay to Publish?" Social Work 34 (July 1989): 379-81; Bruce A. Thyer and Kia J. Bentley, "Academic Affiliations of Social Work Authors: A Citation Analysis of Six Major Journals," Journal of Social Work Education 22, nos. 3/4 (1986): 67-73; and Bruce A. Thyer, Kim E. Boynton, Leslie Bennis, and David L. Levine, "Academic Affiliations of Social Work Journal Articles: A Publication Productivity Analysis," Journal of Social Service Research 18, nos. 3/4 (1994): 153-67.
144. Glisson (n. 54 above). This is not to deny that benefits in the form of pay and status will accrue to the minority who do manage to publish, or that the more gifted and experienced members of a given field will be more efficient in moving their work into the public realm. Regardless, low acceptance rates and longer time lags still suggest higher levels of wasted effort overall than are likely to be present in fields in which there is more certainty about relevant problems and approaches. Moreover, there is the additional consideration in social work that, historically, practitioners have contributed a good portion of published articles. However, there is some evidence that the trend in recent years is toward faculty contributing an increasing percentage of all journal articles. One possible reason for this is a change in the structure and operation of service delivery systems with more emphasis on productivity specific to the requirements of employing organizations. See Richard M. Grinnell and Martha L. Royer, "Authors of Articles in Social Work Journals," Journal of Social Service Research 6, nos. 3/4 (1983): 147-54; Stuart A. Kirk and Kevin J. Corcoran, "The $12,000.00 Question: Does It Pay to Publish?" Social Work 34 (July 1989): 379-81; Bruce A. Thyer and Kia J. Bentley, "Academic Affiliations of Social Work Authors: A Citation Analysis of Six Major Journals," Journal of Social Work Education 22, nos. 3/4 (1986): 67-73; and Bruce A. Thyer, Kim E. Boynton, Leslie Bennis, and David L. Levine, "Academic Affiliations of Social Work Journal Articles: A Publication Productivity Analysis," Journal of Social Service Research 18, nos. 3/4 (1994): 153-67.
145. Glisson (n. 54 above). This is not to deny that benefits in the form of pay and status will accrue to the minority who do manage to publish, or that the more gifted and experienced members of a given field will be more efficient in moving their work into the public realm. Regardless, low acceptance rates and longer time lags still suggest higher levels of wasted effort overall than are likely to be present in fields in which there is more certainty about relevant problems and approaches. Moreover, there is the additional consideration in social work that, historically, practitioners have contributed a good portion of published articles. However, there is some evidence that the trend in recent years is toward faculty contributing an increasing percentage of all journal articles. One possible reason for this is a change in the structure and operation of service delivery systems with more emphasis on productivity specific to the requirements of employing organizations. See Richard M. Grinnell and Martha L. Royer, "Authors of Articles in Social Work Journals," Journal of Social Service Research 6, nos. 3/4 (1983): 147-54; Stuart A. Kirk and Kevin J. Corcoran, "The $12,000.00 Question: Does It Pay to Publish?" Social Work 34 (July 1989): 379-81; Bruce A. Thyer and Kia J. Bentley, "Academic Affiliations of Social Work Authors: A Citation Analysis of Six Major Journals," Journal of Social Work Education 22, nos. 3/4 (1986): 67-73; and Bruce A. Thyer, Kim E. Boynton, Leslie Bennis, and David L. Levine, "Academic Affiliations of Social Work Journal Articles: A Publication Productivity Analysis," Journal of Social Service Research 18, nos. 3/4 (1994): 153-67.
146. Simpson (n. 51 above), p. 147.
147. Pfeffer (n. 3 above), p. 611.
148. Simpson (n. 51 above); Robert K. Merton, "The Matthew Effect in Science," Science 159, no. 3819 (January 1968): 56-63; and John A. Stewart, "Achievement and Ascriptive Processes in the Recognition of Scientific Articles," Social Forces 62 (September 1983): 166-89.
149. Simpson (n. 51 above); Robert K. Merton, "The Matthew Effect in Science," Science 159, no. 3819 (January 1968): 56-63; and John A. Stewart, "Achievement and Ascriptive Processes in the Recognition of Scientific Articles," Social Forces 62 (September 1983): 166-89.
150. Merton, "The Matthew Effect" (n. 95 above). In this regard, it is interesting to note that in a study of the productivity of social work doctoral graduates, Green, Hutchison, and Sar found that nearly "50 percent of all reported conference presentations and refereed journal articles were directed to non-social work conferences and journals." Robert G. Green, Elizabeth D. Hutchison, and Bibhuti K. Sar, "Evaluating Scholarly Performance: The Productivity of Graduates of Social Work Doctoral Programs," Social Service Review 66 (September 1992): 441-66, quote on 457.
151. Merton, "The Matthew Effect" (n. 95 above). In this regard, it is interesting to note that in a study of the productivity of social work doctoral graduates, Green, Hutchison, and Sar found that nearly "50 percent of all reported conference presentations and refereed journal articles were directed to non-social work conferences and journals." Robert G. Green, Elizabeth D. Hutchison, and Bibhuti K. Sar, "Evaluating Scholarly Performance: The Productivity of Graduates of Social Work Doctoral Programs," Social Service Review 66 (September 1992): 441-66, quote on 457.
152. Pfeffer (n. 3 above), p. 610.
153. Lindsey, "Operation of Professional Journals" (n. 69 above), and The Scientific Publication System in Social Science (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978); Pardeck et al. (n. 31 above); Pardeck, "Are Editorial Boards Competent" (n. 53 above); William M. Epstein, "Confirmational Response Bias among Social Work Journals," Science, Technology, and Human Values 15 (Winter 1990): 9-38, and "The Obligation of Intellectuals," Science, Technology, and Human Values 15 (Spring 1990): 244-47; and Waldo C. Klein and Martin Bloom, "Studies of Scholarly Productivity in Social Work Using Citation Analysis," Journal of Social Work Education 28 (Fall 1992): 291-99.
154. Lindsey, "Operation of Professional Journals" (n. 69 above), and The Scientific Publication System in Social Science (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978); Pardeck et al. (n. 31 above); Pardeck, "Are Editorial Boards Competent" (n. 53 above); William M. Epstein, "Confirmational Response Bias among Social Work Journals," Science, Technology, and Human Values 15 (Winter 1990): 9-38, and "The Obligation of Intellectuals," Science, Technology, and Human Values 15 (Spring 1990): 244-47; and Waldo C. Klein and Martin Bloom, "Studies of Scholarly Productivity in Social Work Using Citation Analysis," Journal of Social Work Education 28 (Fall 1992): 291-99.
155. Lindsey, "Operation of Professional Journals" (n. 69 above), and The Scientific Publication System in Social Science (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978); Pardeck et al. (n. 31 above); Pardeck, "Are Editorial Boards Competent" (n. 53 above); William M. Epstein, "Confirmational Response Bias among Social Work Journals," Science, Technology, and Human Values 15 (Winter 1990): 9-38, and "The Obligation of Intellectuals," Science, Technology, and Human Values 15 (Spring 1990): 244-47; and Waldo C. Klein and Martin Bloom, "Studies of Scholarly Productivity in Social Work Using Citation Analysis," Journal of Social Work Education 28 (Fall 1992): 291-99.
156. Lindsey, "Operation of Professional Journals" (n. 69 above), and The Scientific Publication System in Social Science (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978); Pardeck et al. (n. 31 above); Pardeck, "Are Editorial Boards Competent" (n. 53 above); William M. Epstein, "Confirmational Response Bias among Social Work Journals," Science, Technology, and Human Values 15 (Winter 1990): 9-38, and "The Obligation of Intellectuals," Science, Technology, and Human Values 15 (Spring 1990): 244-47; and Waldo C. Klein and Martin Bloom, "Studies of Scholarly Productivity in Social Work Using Citation Analysis," Journal of Social Work Education 28 (Fall 1992): 291-99.
157. Lindsey, "Operation of Professional Journals" (n. 69 above), and The Scientific Publication System in Social Science (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978); Pardeck et al. (n. 31 above); Pardeck, "Are Editorial Boards Competent" (n. 53 above); William M. Epstein, "Confirmational Response Bias among Social Work Journals," Science, Technology, and Human Values 15 (Winter 1990): 9-38, and "The Obligation of Intellectuals," Science, Technology, and Human Values 15 (Spring 1990): 244-47; and Waldo C. Klein and Martin Bloom, "Studies of Scholarly Productivity in Social Work Using Citation Analysis," Journal of Social Work Education 28 (Fall 1992): 291-99.
158. Lindsey, "Operation of Professional Journals" (n. 69 above), and The Scientific Publication System in Social Science (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978); Pardeck et al. (n. 31 above); Pardeck, "Are Editorial Boards Competent" (n. 53 above); William M. Epstein, "Confirmational Response Bias among Social Work Journals," Science, Technology, and Human Values 15 (Winter 1990): 9-38, and "The Obligation of Intellectuals," Science, Technology, and Human Values 15 (Spring 1990): 244-47; and Waldo C. Klein and Martin Bloom, "Studies of Scholarly Productivity in Social Work Using Citation Analysis," Journal of Social Work Education 28 (Fall 1992): 291-99.
159. Pfeffer (n. 3 above), p. 610.
160. Abbott observes, "The ability of a profession to sustain its jurisdiction lies partly in the power and prestige of its academic knowledge," in The Systems of Professions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), pp. 53-54. For similar views, see Donald A. Schon, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action (New York: Basic, 1983); and Eliot Freidson, Professionalism Reborn (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
161. Abbott observes, "The ability of a profession to sustain its jurisdiction lies partly in the power and prestige of its academic knowledge," in The Systems of Professions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), pp. 53-54. For similar views, see Donald A. Schon, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action (New York: Basic, 1983); and Eliot Freidson, Professionalism Reborn (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
162. Abbott observes, "The ability of a profession to sustain its jurisdiction lies partly in the power and prestige of its academic knowledge," in The Systems of Professions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), pp. 53-54. For similar views, see Donald A. Schon, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action (New York: Basic, 1983); and Eliot Freidson, Professionalism Reborn (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
163. Cole (n. 1 above).
164. For example, we read papers in journals, give credit for publications in prestigious journals, and think more highly of people who have received grants, fellowships, awards, and memberships in prestigious organizations - all based on the evaluations of others. See Cole (n. 1 above), p. 137.
165. Ibid., p. 138.
166. Ibid.
167. Pardeck, "Are Editorial Boards Competent?" (n. 53 above); Klein and Bloom (n. 54 above); Pardeck et al. (n. 31 above); and Lindsey, "Distinction, Achievement" (n. 30 above).
168. Pardeck, "Are Editorial Boards Competent?" (n. 53 above); Klein and Bloom (n. 54 above); Pardeck et al. (n. 31 above); and Lindsey, "Distinction, Achievement" (n. 30 above).
169. Hopps (n. 53 above); Reamer (n. 53 above); and Fortune (n. 53 above).
170. Richard Whitley, "The Establishment and Structure of Science as Reputational Organizations," in Scientific Establishments and Hierarchies, ed. Norbert Elias, Herminio Martin, and Richard Whitley (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1982), pp. 313-57.
171. One example is the emergence in the late 1970s of organizational ecology in organization science. Greeted initially with hostility and questions about its relevance, organizational ecology's selection approach to studying dynamic change and its use of longitudinal, population-level research designs are now broadly accepted. In addition, the scope of organization science has expanded to acknowledge an important place for macrotheories of organization. A second example is the bifurcation of social studies departments in England in the early 1950s into the separate but related fields of social work and social administration (now social policy), and the subsequent emergence of consensus about the orientation of each field, as well as about the appropriateness of the separation itself. Finally, Pfeffer (n. 3 above, p. 615) argues that, over the past 30 years, political science has emerged as one of the more paradigmatically developed social sciences, based on increased consensus among political scientists about such factors as appropriate units of analysis and basic assumptions about human nature. For further elaboration, see, respectively, W. Richard Scott, Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems, 3d ed. (Englewood Cliffs: N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992); Roy A. Parker, "Social Ills and Public Remedies," in Man and the Social Sciences, ed. William A. Robson (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1972), pp. 113-29; Ramesh Mishra, "The Academic Tradition in Social Policy: The Titmuss Years," in The Goals of Social Policy, ed. Martin Bulmer, Jane Lewis, and David Piachaud (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp. 64-83; and Robert Pinker, "Social Work and Social Policy in the Twentieth Century," in Bulmer, Lewis, and Piachaud, eds., pp. 84-107.
172. One example is the emergence in the late 1970s of organizational ecology in organization science. Greeted initially with hostility and questions about its relevance, organizational ecology's selection approach to studying dynamic change and its use of longitudinal, population-level research designs are now broadly accepted. In addition, the scope of organization science has expanded to acknowledge an important place for macrotheories of organization. A second example is the bifurcation of social studies departments in England in the early 1950s into the separate but related fields of social work and social administration (now social policy), and the subsequent emergence of consensus about the orientation of each field, as well as about the appropriateness of the separation itself. Finally, Pfeffer (n. 3 above, p. 615) argues that, over the past 30 years, political science has emerged as one of the more paradigmatically developed social sciences, based on increased consensus among political scientists about such factors as appropriate units of analysis and basic assumptions about human nature. For further elaboration, see, respectively, W. Richard Scott, Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems, 3d ed. (Englewood Cliffs: N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992); Roy A. Parker, "Social Ills and Public Remedies," in Man and the Social Sciences, ed. William A. Robson (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1972), pp. 113-29; Ramesh Mishra, "The Academic Tradition in Social Policy: The Titmuss Years," in The Goals of Social Policy, ed. Martin Bulmer, Jane Lewis, and David Piachaud (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp. 64-83; and Robert Pinker, "Social Work and Social Policy in the Twentieth Century," in Bulmer, Lewis, and Piachaud, eds., pp. 84-107.
173. One example is the emergence in the late 1970s of organizational ecology in organization science. Greeted initially with hostility and questions about its relevance, organizational ecology's selection approach to studying dynamic change and its use of longitudinal, population-level research designs are now broadly accepted. In addition, the scope of organization science has expanded to acknowledge an important place for macrotheories of organization. A second example is the bifurcation of social studies departments in England in the early 1950s into the separate but related fields of social work and social administration (now social policy), and the subsequent emergence of consensus about the orientation of each field, as well as about the appropriateness of the separation itself. Finally, Pfeffer (n. 3 above, p. 615) argues that, over the past 30 years, political science has emerged as one of the more paradigmatically developed social sciences, based on increased consensus among political scientists about such factors as appropriate units of analysis and basic assumptions about human nature. For further elaboration, see, respectively, W. Richard Scott, Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems, 3d ed. (Englewood Cliffs: N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992); Roy A. Parker, "Social Ills and Public Remedies," in Man and the Social Sciences, ed. William A. Robson (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1972), pp. 113-29; Ramesh Mishra, "The Academic Tradition in Social Policy: The Titmuss Years," in The Goals of Social Policy, ed. Martin Bulmer, Jane Lewis, and David Piachaud (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp. 64-83; and Robert Pinker, "Social Work and Social Policy in the Twentieth Century," in Bulmer, Lewis, and Piachaud, eds., pp. 84-107.
174. One example is the emergence in the late 1970s of organizational ecology in organization science. Greeted initially with hostility and questions about its relevance, organizational ecology's selection approach to studying dynamic change and its use of longitudinal, population-level research designs are now broadly accepted. In addition, the scope of organization science has expanded to acknowledge an important place for macrotheories of organization. A second example is the bifurcation of social studies departments in England in the early 1950s into the separate but related fields of social work and social administration (now social policy), and the subsequent emergence of consensus about the orientation of each field, as well as about the appropriateness of the separation itself. Finally, Pfeffer (n. 3 above, p. 615) argues that, over the past 30 years, political science has emerged as one of the more paradigmatically developed social sciences, based on increased consensus among political scientists about such factors as appropriate units of analysis and basic assumptions about human nature. For further elaboration, see, respectively, W. Richard Scott, Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems, 3d ed. (Englewood Cliffs: N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992); Roy A. Parker, "Social Ills and Public Remedies," in Man and the Social Sciences, ed. William A. Robson (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1972), pp. 113-29; Ramesh Mishra, "The Academic Tradition in Social Policy: The Titmuss Years," in The Goals of Social Policy, ed. Martin Bulmer, Jane Lewis, and David Piachaud (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp. 64-83; and Robert Pinker, "Social Work and Social Policy in the Twentieth Century," in Bulmer, Lewis, and Piachaud, eds., pp. 84-107.
175. J. Kenneth Benson, "A Framework for Policy Analysis," in Interorganizational Coordination: Theory, Research, and Implementation, ed. David L. Rogers and David A. Whetten (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1982), pp. 137-76.
176. Carel B. Germain and Alex Gitterman, The Life Model of Social Work Practice (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980); and Aaron Brower, "Can the Ecological Model Guide Social Work Practice?" Social Service Review (September 1988): 411-29.
177. Carel B. Germain and Alex Gitterman, The Life Model of Social Work Practice (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980); and Aaron Brower, "Can the Ecological Model Guide Social Work Practice?" Social Service Review (September 1988): 411-29.
178. Neither have they been studied from the point of view of understanding dynamic change processes that obtain at other aggregated levels of analysis. I elaborate on this in the following section.
179. James D. Thompson, Organizations in Action (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967); John Child, "Organization Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice," Sociology 6 (1972): 1-22; and Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik, The External Control of Organizations (New York: Harper & Row, 1978).
180. James D. Thompson, Organizations in Action (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967); John Child, "Organization Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice," Sociology 6 (1972): 1-22; and Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik, The External Control of Organizations (New York: Harper & Row, 1978).
181. James D. Thompson, Organizations in Action (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967); John Child, "Organization Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice," Sociology 6 (1972): 1-22; and Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik, The External Control of Organizations (New York: Harper & Row, 1978).
182. Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman, "The Population Ecology of Organizations," American Journal of Sociology 82 (March 1977): 929-64.
183. This argument is elaborated in a later article. See Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman, "Structural Inertia and Organizational Change," American Sociological Review 49 (April 1984): 149-64.
184. For relevant reviews, see Glenn R. Carroll, "Organizational Ecology," Annual Review of Sociology 10 (1984): 71-93; Jitendra V. Singh and Charles J. Lumsden, "Theory and Research in Organizational Ecology," Annual Review of Sociology 16 (1990): 161-95; David J. Tucker, Joel A. C. Baum, and Jitendra V. Singh, "The Institutional Ecology of Human Service Organizations," in Human Services as Complex Organizations, ed. Yeheskel Hasenfeld (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1992), pp. 47-72; and Joel A. C. Baum, "Organizational Ecology," chap. 3 of Handbook of Organization Studies, ed. Stewart Clegg, Cynthia Hardy, and Walter Nord (London: Sage, 1996), in press.
185. For relevant reviews, see Glenn R. Carroll, "Organizational Ecology," Annual Review of Sociology 10 (1984): 71-93; Jitendra V. Singh and Charles J. Lumsden, "Theory and Research in Organizational Ecology," Annual Review of Sociology 16 (1990): 161-95; David J. Tucker, Joel A. C. Baum, and Jitendra V. Singh, "The Institutional Ecology of Human Service Organizations," in Human Services as Complex Organizations, ed. Yeheskel Hasenfeld (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1992), pp. 47-72; and Joel A. C. Baum, "Organizational Ecology," chap. 3 of Handbook of Organization Studies, ed. Stewart Clegg, Cynthia Hardy, and Walter Nord (London: Sage, 1996), in press.
186. For relevant reviews, see Glenn R. Carroll, "Organizational Ecology," Annual Review of Sociology 10 (1984): 71-93; Jitendra V. Singh and Charles J. Lumsden, "Theory and Research in Organizational Ecology," Annual Review of Sociology 16 (1990): 161-95; David J. Tucker, Joel A. C. Baum, and Jitendra V. Singh, "The Institutional Ecology of Human Service Organizations," in Human Services as Complex Organizations, ed. Yeheskel Hasenfeld (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1992), pp. 47-72; and Joel A. C. Baum, "Organizational Ecology," chap. 3 of Handbook of Organization Studies, ed. Stewart Clegg, Cynthia Hardy, and Walter Nord (London: Sage, 1996), in press.
187. For relevant reviews, see Glenn R. Carroll, "Organizational Ecology," Annual Review of Sociology 10 (1984): 71-93; Jitendra V. Singh and Charles J. Lumsden, "Theory and Research in Organizational Ecology," Annual Review of Sociology 16 (1990): 161-95; David J. Tucker, Joel A. C. Baum, and Jitendra V. Singh, "The Institutional Ecology of Human Service Organizations," in Human Services as Complex Organizations, ed. Yeheskel Hasenfeld (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1992), pp. 47-72; and Joel A. C. Baum, "Organizational Ecology," chap. 3 of Handbook of Organization Studies, ed. Stewart Clegg, Cynthia Hardy, and Walter Nord (London: Sage, 1996), in press.
188. Michael T. Hannan, "Social Change, Organizational Diversity, and the Life Course," in Social Structures and Human Lives, ed. Matilda White Riley (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1988), pp. 161-74; Anne S. Miner, "Organizational Evolution and the Social Ecology of Jobs," American Sociological Review 56 (1991): 772-85; and "Seeking Adaptive Advantage: Evolutionary Theory and Managerial Action," in Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizations, ed. Joel A. C. Baum and Jitendra V. Singh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 76-89; Robert A. Burgelman and Brian S. Mittman, "An Intraorganizational Ecological Perspective on Managerial Risk Behavior, Performance, and Survival: Individual, Organizational, and Environmental Effects," in Baum and Singh, eds., pp. 53-75; Howard Aldrich, "New Paradigms for Old: The Population Perspective's Contribution to Health Services Research," Medical Care Review 44 (Fall 1987): 257-77; and David J. Tucker, "Progress and Problems in Population Ecology," in Baum and Singh, eds., pp. 327-33.
189. Michael T. Hannan, "Social Change, Organizational Diversity, and the Life Course," in Social Structures and Human Lives, ed. Matilda White Riley (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1988), pp. 161-74; Anne S. Miner, "Organizational Evolution and the Social Ecology of Jobs," American Sociological Review 56 (1991): 772-85; and "Seeking Adaptive Advantage: Evolutionary Theory and Managerial Action," in Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizations, ed. Joel A. C. Baum and Jitendra V. Singh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 76-89; Robert A. Burgelman and Brian S. Mittman, "An Intraorganizational Ecological Perspective on Managerial Risk Behavior, Performance, and Survival: Individual, Organizational, and Environmental Effects," in Baum and Singh, eds., pp. 53-75; Howard Aldrich, "New Paradigms for Old: The Population Perspective's Contribution to Health Services Research," Medical Care Review 44 (Fall 1987): 257-77; and David J. Tucker, "Progress and Problems in Population Ecology," in Baum and Singh, eds., pp. 327-33.
190. Michael T. Hannan, "Social Change, Organizational Diversity, and the Life Course," in Social Structures and Human Lives, ed. Matilda White Riley (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1988), pp. 161-74; Anne S. Miner, "Organizational Evolution and the Social Ecology of Jobs," American Sociological Review 56 (1991): 772-85; and "Seeking Adaptive Advantage: Evolutionary Theory and Managerial Action," in Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizations, ed. Joel A. C. Baum and Jitendra V. Singh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 76-89; Robert A. Burgelman and Brian S. Mittman, "An Intraorganizational Ecological Perspective on Managerial Risk Behavior, Performance, and Survival: Individual, Organizational, and Environmental Effects," in Baum and Singh, eds., pp. 53-75; Howard Aldrich, "New Paradigms for Old: The Population Perspective's Contribution to Health Services Research," Medical Care Review 44 (Fall 1987): 257-77; and David J. Tucker, "Progress and Problems in Population Ecology," in Baum and Singh, eds., pp. 327-33.
191. Michael T. Hannan, "Social Change, Organizational Diversity, and the Life Course," in Social Structures and Human Lives, ed. Matilda White Riley (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1988), pp. 161-74; Anne S. Miner, "Organizational Evolution and the Social Ecology of Jobs," American Sociological Review 56 (1991): 772-85; and "Seeking Adaptive Advantage: Evolutionary Theory and Managerial Action," in Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizations, ed. Joel A. C. Baum and Jitendra V. Singh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 76-89; Robert A. Burgelman and Brian S. Mittman, "An Intraorganizational Ecological Perspective on Managerial Risk Behavior, Performance, and Survival: Individual, Organizational, and Environmental Effects," in Baum and Singh, eds., pp. 53-75; Howard Aldrich, "New Paradigms for Old: The Population Perspective's Contribution to Health Services Research," Medical Care Review 44 (Fall 1987): 257-77; and David J. Tucker, "Progress and Problems in Population Ecology," in Baum and Singh, eds., pp. 327-33.
192. Michael T. Hannan, "Social Change, Organizational Diversity, and the Life Course," in Social Structures and Human Lives, ed. Matilda White Riley (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1988), pp. 161-74; Anne S. Miner, "Organizational Evolution and the Social Ecology of Jobs," American Sociological Review 56 (1991): 772-85; and "Seeking Adaptive Advantage: Evolutionary Theory and Managerial Action," in Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizations, ed. Joel A. C. Baum and Jitendra V. Singh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 76-89; Robert A. Burgelman and Brian S. Mittman, "An Intraorganizational Ecological Perspective on Managerial Risk Behavior, Performance, and Survival: Individual, Organizational, and Environmental Effects," in Baum and Singh, eds., pp. 53-75; Howard Aldrich, "New Paradigms for Old: The Population Perspective's Contribution to Health Services Research," Medical Care Review 44 (Fall 1987): 257-77; and David J. Tucker, "Progress and Problems in Population Ecology," in Baum and Singh, eds., pp. 327-33.
193. Michael T. Hannan, "Social Change, Organizational Diversity, and the Life Course," in Social Structures and Human Lives, ed. Matilda White Riley (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1988), pp. 161-74; Anne S. Miner, "Organizational Evolution and the Social Ecology of Jobs," American Sociological Review 56 (1991): 772-85; and "Seeking Adaptive Advantage: Evolutionary Theory and Managerial Action," in Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizations, ed. Joel A. C. Baum and Jitendra V. Singh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 76-89; Robert A. Burgelman and Brian S. Mittman, "An Intraorganizational Ecological Perspective on Managerial Risk Behavior, Performance, and Survival: Individual, Organizational, and Environmental Effects," in Baum and Singh, eds., pp. 53-75; Howard Aldrich, "New Paradigms for Old: The Population Perspective's Contribution to Health Services Research," Medical Care Review 44 (Fall 1987): 257-77; and David J. Tucker, "Progress and Problems in Population Ecology," in Baum and Singh, eds., pp. 327-33.
194. Germain and Gitterman (n. 110 above), p. 5.
195. Robert Morris and Delwin Anderson, "Personal Care Services: An Identity for Social Work," Social Service Review 49 (July 1975): 157-74; and Roy A. Parker, "Tending and Social Policy," in A New Look at the Personal Social Services, ed. E. Matilda Goldberg and Stephen Hatch (London: Policy Studies Institute, 1981), pp. 17-34.
196. Robert Morris and Delwin Anderson, "Personal Care Services: An Identity for Social Work," Social Service Review 49 (July 1975): 157-74; and Roy A. Parker, "Tending and Social Policy," in A New Look at the Personal Social Services, ed. E. Matilda Goldberg and Stephen Hatch (London: Policy Studies Institute, 1981), pp. 17-34.
197. For an overview, see Tucker, Baum, and Singh (n. 115 above).
198. For one of the very few studies of this genre pertaining to social work and the human services, see Roland L. Warren, Stephen M. Rose, and Ann F. Bergunder, The Structure of Urban Reform (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1974).
199. Frederick E. Emery and E. L. Trist, Towards a Social Ecology (London: Plenum, 1973); Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson, Culture and the Evolutionary Process (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985); and Joel A. C. Baum and Jitendra V. Singh, "Organizational Hierarchies and Evolutionary Processes: Some Reflections on a Theory of Organizational Evolution," in Baum and Singh, eds. (n. 116 above), pp. 3-20.
200. Frederick E. Emery and E. L. Trist, Towards a Social Ecology (London: Plenum, 1973); Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson, Culture and the Evolutionary Process (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985); and Joel A. C. Baum and Jitendra V. Singh, "Organizational Hierarchies and Evolutionary Processes: Some Reflections on a Theory of Organizational Evolution," in Baum and Singh, eds. (n. 116 above), pp. 3-20.
201. Frederick E. Emery and E. L. Trist, Towards a Social Ecology (London: Plenum, 1973); Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson, Culture and the Evolutionary Process (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985); and Joel A. C. Baum and Jitendra V. Singh, "Organizational Hierarchies and Evolutionary Processes: Some Reflections on a Theory of Organizational Evolution," in Baum and Singh, eds. (n. 116 above), pp. 3-20.
202. For a discussion of Kuhn's meaning, see Paul Hoyningen-Huene, Reconstructing Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
203. Ibid., pp. 132-36.
204. Zimbalist (n. 81 above).
205. Hoyningen-Huene (n. 122 above); Gordon (n. 51 above); Fischer (n. 78 above); and Laudan (n. 5 above).
206. Tucker, Baum, and Singh (n. 115 above).
207. David J. Tucker and Lorna F. Hurl, "An Ecological Study of the Dynamics of Foster Home Entries," Social Service Review 66 (December 1992): 617-41; David J. Tucker, Lorna F. Hurl, and Harry Ford, "Applying Organizational Ecology to the Study of the Family: The Case of Who Persists in Providing Foster Care" Journal of Marriage and the Family 56 (November 1994): 1005-18; and Lorna F. Hurl and David J. Tucker, "Constructing an Ecology of Foster Care: An Analysis of the Entry and Exit Rates of Foster Homes," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 22, no. 3 (September 1995): 89-119.
208. David J. Tucker and Lorna F. Hurl, "An Ecological Study of the Dynamics of Foster Home Entries," Social Service Review 66 (December 1992): 617-41; David J. Tucker, Lorna F. Hurl, and Harry Ford, "Applying Organizational Ecology to the Study of the Family: The Case of Who Persists in Providing Foster Care" Journal of Marriage and the Family 56 (November 1994): 1005-18; and Lorna F. Hurl and David J. Tucker, "Constructing an Ecology of Foster Care: An Analysis of the Entry and Exit Rates of Foster Homes," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 22, no. 3 (September 1995): 89-119.
209. David J. Tucker and Lorna F. Hurl, "An Ecological Study of the Dynamics of Foster Home Entries," Social Service Review 66 (December 1992): 617-41; David J. Tucker, Lorna F. Hurl, and Harry Ford, "Applying Organizational Ecology to the Study of the Family: The Case of Who Persists in Providing Foster Care" Journal of Marriage and the Family 56 (November 1994): 1005-18; and Lorna F. Hurl and David J. Tucker, "Constructing an Ecology of Foster Care: An Analysis of the Entry and Exit Rates of Foster Homes," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 22, no. 3 (September 1995): 89-119.
210. Baum and Singh, "Organizational Heirarchies" (n. 117 above), pp. 10-11.
211. Brian T. Pentland, "Organizing Moves in Software Support Hotlines," Administrative Science Quarterly 37 (December 1992): 527-48.
212. Ibid. See also Brian T. Pentland and Henry H. Rueter, "Organizational Routines as Grammars of Action," Administrative Science Quarterly 39 (September 1994): 484-510. For an earlier, classic statement that reflects a similar perspective, see Michael Polanyi, Personal Knowledge (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958). Another relevant study that invokes the idea of routines as a basis for analyzing family processes is David Reiss, The Family's Construction of Reality (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981).
213. Ibid. See also Brian T. Pentland and Henry H. Rueter, "Organizational Routines as Grammars of Action," Administrative Science Quarterly 39 (September 1994): 484-510. For an earlier, classic statement that reflects a similar perspective, see Michael Polanyi, Personal Knowledge (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958). Another relevant study that invokes the idea of routines as a basis for analyzing family processes is David Reiss, The Family's Construction of Reality (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981).
214. Ibid. See also Brian T. Pentland and Henry H. Rueter, "Organizational Routines as Grammars of Action," Administrative Science Quarterly 39 (September 1994): 484-510. For an earlier, classic statement that reflects a similar perspective, see Michael Polanyi, Personal Knowledge (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958). Another relevant study that invokes the idea of routines as a basis for analyzing family processes is David Reiss, The Family's Construction of Reality (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981).
215. Ibid. See also Brian T. Pentland and Henry H. Rueter, "Organizational Routines as Grammars of Action," Administrative Science Quarterly 39 (September 1994): 484-510. For an earlier, classic statement that reflects a similar perspective, see Michael Polanyi, Personal Knowledge (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958). Another relevant study that invokes the idea of routines as a basis for analyzing family processes is David Reiss, The Family's Construction of Reality (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981).
216. Eggertsson (n. 84 above), p. 224.
217. Abbott (n. 100 above), p. 102.
218. Anthony Halter and Ernest Gullerud, "Academic Mergers in Social Work Programs: Autonomy or Disharmony," Journal of Social Work Education 31, no. 2 (Spring/ Summer 1995): 269-80.