Western models and the 'Russian idea': Beyond inside/outside' in discourses on civil society

Millenium

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 53-77

  Patomäki, Heikki ^a   Pursiainen, Christer ^b  

^a NOTTINGHAM TRENT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b FINNISH INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0008834068     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298990280010901     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Jonathan L. Cohen & Andrew Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1994), xiv.
2. R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 146.
3. Compare Robert Fine and Shirin Rai, eds., Civil Society: Democratic Perspectives (London: Frank Cass. 1997); Anthony H. Birch, The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy (London and New York: Routledge, 1996).
4. Compare Robert Fine and Shirin Rai, eds., Civil Society: Democratic Perspectives (London: Frank Cass. 1997); Anthony H. Birch, The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy (London and New York: Routledge, 1996).
5. For details, see Crawford B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), 3.
6. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 5th ed. (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1976), 269.
7. See David Held, Models of Democracy, 2d ed. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996), 157-98.
8. For a critical overview of these discussions, see John S. Dryzek, Democracy in Capitalist Times (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
9. Robert Fine and Shirin Rai, 'Understanding Civil Society: A Preface' in Civil Society: Democratic Perspectives, 2.
10. See Laurence Whitehead, 'Bowling in the Bronx: The Uncivil Interstices between Civil and Political Society' in Fine and Rai, Civil Society: Democratic Perspectives, 94-114.
11. We could also have named this, for instance, aller Tocqueville, who argued that active participation in civic associations and political organisations is necessary for maintaining the democratic character of the political culture. See Cohen and Arato, Civil Society as Political Theory, 19.
12. John Stuart Mill 'Representative Government' in J.S. Mill, Utilitarianism, On Liberty, Considerations on Representative Government, ed. Geraint Williams. (London: Everyman, 1993), 262.
13. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), 221.
14. Ibid., 226.
15. Ibid., 228.
16. Compare Nicholas G. Onuf, The Republican Legacy in International Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 6.
17. See Hanna F. Pitkin, 'Representation' in Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, eds. Terence Ball, James Farr, and Russell L. Hanson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 132-54.
18. See Michael Walzer, 'Town Meetings and Worker's Control' in Ideas and Ideologies: A Reader, eds. Terence Ball and Richard Dagger (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), 58.
19. Jon Elster, 'Sell-Realisation in Work and Politics: The Marxist Conception of Good Life' in Alternatives to Capitalism, eds. Jon Elster and Karl O. Moene (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 127, 150.
20. See Roberto M. Unger, False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); and Roberto M. Unger, Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative (London: Verso, 1998).
21. See Roberto M. Unger, False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); and Roberto M. Unger, Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative (London: Verso, 1998).
22. See Cohen and Arato, Civil Society as Political Theory, 42-69.
23. Robert D. Putnian, Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 183.
24. Compare M.J. Peterson, 'Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21, no. 3: 371-88.
25. Compare Ronnie D. Lipshutz, 'Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21, no. 3: 389-420.
26. While the forms of universalism implicit in Western models of civil society may imply unjustified forms of exclusions and violence, and that notions such as global civil society still embody imperatives of territorial spaces that seriously constrain our capabilities to imagine novel political possibilities.
27. See András Bozóki, 'The Ideology of Modernization and the Policy of Materialism: The Day After for the Socialists', Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 13, no. 3 (1997), 56-102.
28. See Nikolai Berdiaev, The Origins of Russian Communism (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1960) and The Russian Idea (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1947).
29. See Nikolai Berdiaev, The Origins of Russian Communism (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1960) and The Russian Idea (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1947).
30. See Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth. A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960); N.J. Smelser, 'Towards a Theory of Modernisation' in Social Change, eds. Amitai Etzioni and Eva Etzioni, (New York: Basic Books, 1964), 258-74.
31. See Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth. A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960); N.J. Smelser, 'Towards a Theory of Modernisation' in Social Change, eds. Amitai Etzioni and Eva Etzioni, (New York: Basic Books, 1964), 258-74.
32. For contemporary applications of this idea, see the 'Cycles of Reform and Centra-reform' in V.I. Pantin and V.V. Lapkin, 'Volny politicheskoy modernizatsii v istorii Rossii. K obsuzhdeniyu gipotezy'. Polis (February 1998): 39-51; or the alteration of the 'Culture One' and 'Culture Two' in Sergei Medvedev. 'A General Theory of Russian Space: A Gay Science and a Rigorous Science', Alternatives 22, no. 4 (1997): 523-53; or see the theory of seven-phase cycles in A.S. Akhiezer, 'Izzhivet li rossiyskoye obshchestvo tsivilizatsionny krizis? (opyt sotsiokulturnogo prognoza)' in Modernizatsiya v Rossii i konflikt tsennostey, ed. S.Ya. Matveyeva (Moscow: Institut filosofii RAN, 1994), 226-47.
33. For contemporary applications of this idea, see the 'Cycles of Reform and Centra-reform' in V.I. Pantin and V.V. Lapkin, 'Volny politicheskoy modernizatsii v istorii Rossii. K obsuzhdeniyu gipotezy'. Polis (February 1998): 39-51; or the alteration of the 'Culture One' and 'Culture Two' in Sergei Medvedev. 'A General Theory of Russian Space: A Gay Science and a Rigorous Science', Alternatives 22, no. 4 (1997): 523-53; or see the theory of seven-phase cycles in A.S. Akhiezer, 'Izzhivet li rossiyskoye obshchestvo tsivilizatsionny krizis? (opyt sotsiokulturnogo prognoza)' in Modernizatsiya v Rossii i konflikt tsennostey, ed. S.Ya. Matveyeva (Moscow: Institut filosofii RAN, 1994), 226-47.
34. For contemporary applications of this idea, see the 'Cycles of Reform and Centra-reform' in V.I. Pantin and V.V. Lapkin, 'Volny politicheskoy modernizatsii v istorii Rossii. K obsuzhdeniyu gipotezy'. Polis (February 1998): 39-51; or the alteration of the 'Culture One' and 'Culture Two' in Sergei Medvedev. 'A General Theory of Russian Space: A Gay Science and a Rigorous Science', Alternatives 22, no. 4 (1997): 523-53; or see the theory of seven-phase cycles in A.S. Akhiezer, 'Izzhivet li rossiyskoye obshchestvo tsivilizatsionny krizis? (opyt sotsiokulturnogo prognoza)' in Modernizatsiya v Rossii i konflikt tsennostey, ed. S.Ya. Matveyeva (Moscow: Institut filosofii RAN, 1994), 226-47.
35. For contemporary applications of this idea, see the 'Cycles of Reform and Centra-reform' in V.I. Pantin and V.V. Lapkin, 'Volny politicheskoy modernizatsii v istorii Rossii. K obsuzhdeniyu gipotezy'. Polis (February 1998): 39-51; or the alteration of the 'Culture One' and 'Culture Two' in Sergei Medvedev. 'A General Theory of Russian Space: A Gay Science and a Rigorous Science', Alternatives 22, no. 4 (1997): 523-53; or see the theory of seven-phase cycles in A.S. Akhiezer, 'Izzhivet li rossiyskoye obshchestvo tsivilizatsionny krizis? (opyt sotsiokulturnogo prognoza)' in Modernizatsiya v Rossii i konflikt tsennostey, ed. S.Ya. Matveyeva (Moscow: Institut filosofii RAN, 1994), 226-47.
36. For a general introduction, see Christer Pursiainen. 'Eurasianism and Neo-Eurasianism: The Past. Present, and Postmodemity of a Russian Integration Ideology', UPI Working Papers 5 (Helsinki: Finnish Institute of International Affairs (UPI), 1998).
37. Eurasianism adopted many of the ideas of one of the leading panslavists, Nikolai Danilevsky, the author of Russia and Europe. See N.Ya. Danilevsky, Rossiya i Evropa: Vzglyad na kul'turnyaya i politicheskaya otnosheniya Slavyanskago mira k Germano-Romanskomu (St. Petersburg: Strakhov. 1868).
38. Eurasianism adopted many of the ideas of one of the leading panslavists, Nikolai Danilevsky, the author of Russia and Europe. See N.Ya. Danilevsky, Rossiya i Evropa: Vzglyad na kul'turnyaya i politicheskaya otnosheniya Slavyanskago mira k Germano-Romanskomu (St. Petersburg: Strakhov. 1868).
39. G.A. Zyuganov, Uroki zhizni (Moscow. 1997), 183. Sec also the theses introduced in his Rossiya-rodina moya: Ideologiya gosudarstvennogo patriotizma (Moscow: Informpechat, 1996), 50 and Geografiya pobedy: Osnovy rossiyskoy geopolitiki (Moscow, 1997). See also Zyuganov, Oktyabr' i sovremennost' (Moscow: Informatsionno-izdatel'skiy tsentr 'Inform-Znanie', 1997).
40. G.A. Zyuganov, Uroki zhizni (Moscow. 1997), 183. Sec also the theses introduced in his Rossiya-rodina moya: Ideologiya gosudarstvennogo patriotizma (Moscow: Informpechat, 1996), 50 and Geografiya pobedy: Osnovy rossiyskoy geopolitiki (Moscow, 1997). See also Zyuganov, Oktyabr' i sovremennost' (Moscow: Informatsionno-izdatel'skiy tsentr 'Inform-Znanie', 1997).
41. G.A. Zyuganov, Uroki zhizni (Moscow. 1997), 183. Sec also the theses introduced in his Rossiya-rodina moya: Ideologiya gosudarstvennogo patriotizma (Moscow: Informpechat, 1996), 50 and Geografiya pobedy: Osnovy rossiyskoy geopolitiki (Moscow, 1997). See also Zyuganov, Oktyabr' i sovremennost' (Moscow: Informatsionno-izdatel'skiy tsentr 'Inform-Znanie', 1997).
42. G.A. Zyuganov, Uroki zhizni (Moscow. 1997), 183. Sec also the theses introduced in his Rossiya-rodina moya: Ideologiya gosudarstvennogo patriotizma (Moscow: Informpechat, 1996), 50 and Geografiya pobedy: Osnovy rossiyskoy geopolitiki (Moscow, 1997). See also Zyuganov, Oktyabr' i sovremennost' (Moscow: Informatsionno-izdatel'skiy tsentr 'Inform-Znanie', 1997).
43. P. Ya. Chaadaev, 'Filosoficheskie pisma' in Rossiya glazami russkogo. Chaadaev. Leontev. Solovev. ed. A.F. Zamaleev (St. Petersburg: Nauka. 1991), 19-138.
44. A. Migranyan, 'Imeet li budushee Rossiya? (Razmyshleniya po motivam pervogo filosoficheskogo pisma P. Ya Chaadaeva)' in Rossiya v poiskakh identitechnosti, ed. A. Migranyan (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnyc otnosheniya, 1997), 38.
45. Here we refer especially to V. Khoros, 'Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo: obshchie podkhody'. Mezhdunarodnaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya (November 1995): 49-59 and his 'Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo: kak ono formiruetsya (sformiruetsya li) v postsovetskoy Rossii', Mezhdunarodnaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya (May 1997): 87-98; See also V. Khoros, ed., Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo. Mirovoy opyt i problemy Rossii (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo 'Editorial URSS', 1998). Finally, see also the round-table discussion where Khoros takes part: 'Avtoritarizm i demokratiya: ot Tret'evo mira k Rossii', Mezhdunarodnaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya (August 1995): 5-22.
46. Here we refer especially to V. Khoros, 'Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo: obshchie podkhody'. Mezhdunarodnaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya (November 1995): 49-59 and his 'Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo: kak ono formiruetsya (sformiruetsya li) v postsovetskoy Rossii', Mezhdunarodnaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya (May 1997): 87-98; See also V. Khoros, ed., Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo. Mirovoy opyt i problemy Rossii (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo 'Editorial URSS', 1998). Finally, see also the round-table discussion where Khoros takes part: 'Avtoritarizm i demokratiya: ot Tret'evo mira k Rossii', Mezhdunarodnaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya (August 1995): 5-22.
47. Here we refer especially to V. Khoros, 'Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo: obshchie podkhody'. Mezhdunarodnaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya (November 1995): 49-59 and his 'Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo: kak ono formiruetsya (sformiruetsya li) v postsovetskoy Rossii', Mezhdunarodnaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya (May 1997): 87-98; See also V. Khoros, ed., Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo. Mirovoy opyt i problemy Rossii (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo 'Editorial URSS', 1998). Finally, see also the round-table discussion where Khoros takes part: 'Avtoritarizm i demokratiya: ot Tret'evo mira k Rossii', Mezhdunarodnaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya (August 1995): 5-22.
48. Here we refer especially to V. Khoros, 'Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo: obshchie podkhody'. Mezhdunarodnaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya (November 1995): 49-59 and his 'Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo: kak ono formiruetsya (sformiruetsya li) v postsovetskoy Rossii', Mezhdunarodnaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya (May 1997): 87-98; See also V. Khoros, ed., Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo. Mirovoy opyt i problemy Rossii (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo 'Editorial URSS', 1998). Finally, see also the round-table discussion where Khoros takes part: 'Avtoritarizm i demokratiya: ot Tret'evo mira k Rossii', Mezhdunarodnaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya (August 1995): 5-22.
49. This interpretation of the unnatural historical development of Russian modernisation is presented in Khoros. 'Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo: obshchie podkhody'.
50. V.A. Krasiltshchikov, V.P. Gutnik, V.I. Kuznetsov, A.R. Belousov, and A.N. Klepatsh, Modernizatsiya: zarubezhny opyt i Rossiya (Moscow: Rossiyski nezavisimy institut sotsialnykh i natsionalnykh problem, 1994), especially chap. 4.
51. D.V. Goncharov and I.B. Goptareva. Vvedenie v politicheskuyu nauku (Moscow: Moskovskaya Gosudarstvennaya Yuridicheskaya Akademiya, Yurist. 1996), chap. 2, 3.
52. G.A. Belov, Politologiya. Kurs lektsiy (Moscow: Chero, 1996), 153.
53. This is the interpretation, for instance, of Krasiltshchikov et al., Modernizatsiya.
54. A.A. Ignat'ev and B.V. Mikhailev, 'Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo i perspektivy demokratii v Rossii' in Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo i perspektivy demokratii v Rossii, ed. B.V. Mikhailev (Moscow: Rossiyskiy Nauchny Fond, 1994), 3-30.
55. D.V. Olshansky and O.G. Kharitonova, 'Perestroika kak neudavshayasya popytka politiceskoy modernizatsii'. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 12, politicheskie nauki (June 1995): 28-36. Almost a similar analysis and conclusion can be found in Krasiltshchikov, Modernhatsiya, 80-86.
56. D.V. Olshansky and O.G. Kharitonova, 'Perestroika kak neudavshayasya popytka politiceskoy modernizatsii'. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 12, politicheskie nauki (June 1995): 28-36. Almost a similar analysis and conclusion can be found in Krasiltshchikov, Modernhatsiya, 80-86.
57. Sergei Medvedev. 'Landscape After the Battle: Rethinking Democracy in Russia' in Democracy. Economy and Civil Society in Transition: The Cases of Russia and the Baltic States, ed. Reino Hjerppe. Tapio Kanninen, Heikki Patomäki and Katarina Sehm (Helsinki: Finnish Institute of International Affairs (UPI) & Stakes. 1997). 72.
58. A.A. Radugin, ed., Politologiya. Kurs lektsiy (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo 'Tsentr', 1996), 153.
59. Khoros. 'Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo: kak ono formiruetsya', 98.
60. S. Ya. Matveyeva, 'Vozmozhen li v Rossii sintez konservativnykh i liberalnykh tsennostey?' in Modernizatsiya, 174-93.
61. I.V. Levin, 'Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo na zapade i v Rossii', Polis (May 1996): 107-19.
62. See. for instance, the sociological surveys presented and analysed in I.M. Klyamkin, V.V. Lapkin, and V.I. Pantin. 'Mezhdu avtoritarizmom i demokratiey', Polis (May 1995): 57-87.
63. Literaturnaya Gazeta, August 16, 1989. This interview is reproduced in Migranyan, Rossiya v poiskakh identitechnosti, 240.
64. Literaturnaya Gazeta, August 16, 1989. This interview is reproduced in Migranyan, Rossiya v poiskakh identitechnosti, 240.
65. G.N. Ashin, 'Elity kak subjekty modernizatsii' in Modernizatsiya i natsionalnaya kultura. Materialy teoreticheskogo seminara (Moscow: Mezhdunarodny Fond sotsial'no-ekonomicheskikh i polititcheskikh issledovaniy (Gorbachev Fond), Izdatel'stvo Aprel-85 (1995): 77-87.
66. V.P. Pugachev, ed., Osnovy politicheskoy nanki: Uchebnoe posobie dlya vyshchikh zavedeniy pod redaktsiey professora V.P. Pugacheva, Chasti I-II, (Moscow: Moskovskiy Gosudarstvenny Universitet imeni M.V.Lomonosova, Obshchestvo 'Znanie' Rossii, 1995), especially pt. 2, chap. 15, sect. 4.
67. V.V. Vintjuk, 'Avtoritarizm i grazhdanskoe obshchestvo' in Kuda idet Rossiya? Alternativy obshchestvennogo razvitiya. Mezhdunarodny simpozium 17-19 dekabrya 1933g, eds. T.I. Zaslavskoy and L.A. Arutyunyan (Moscow: Interfaks, 1994), 90-92.
68. Ibid.
69. Krasiltshchikov et al., Modernizatsiya, 105.
70. Migranyan, Rossiya v poiskakh identitechnosti, 313, 406.
71. See Bruce Parrott, 'Perspectives in Postcommunist Democratization' in Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova, eds. Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 1-39.
72. Khoros et al., Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo, 51-57. In general, the idea that private property and market economy is a precondition for a civil society, and that the functioning of these institutions in turn necessitates a functioning civil society, is wide-spread in Russian political thought. Compare G.F. Slesareva, 'Glava XIII: Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo' in Politologiya. Uehebnoe posobie dlya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy, ed. G.V. Polunina (Moscow: Akalis, 1996), 154-77. For almost a similar formulation, see also K.S. Gadzhiev, Politicheskaya nauka (2-e izdanie, Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 195), 73, 75.
73. Khoros et al., Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo, 51-57. In general, the idea that private property and market economy is a precondition for a civil society, and that the functioning of these institutions in turn necessitates a functioning civil society, is wide-spread in Russian political thought. Compare G.F. Slesareva, 'Glava XIII: Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo' in Politologiya. Uehebnoe posobie dlya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy, ed. G.V. Polunina (Moscow: Akalis, 1996), 154-77. For almost a similar formulation, see also K.S. Gadzhiev, Politicheskaya nauka (2-e izdanie, Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 195), 73, 75.
74. Khoros et al., Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo, 51-57. In general, the idea that private property and market economy is a precondition for a civil society, and that the functioning of these institutions in turn necessitates a functioning civil society, is wide-spread in Russian political thought. Compare G.F. Slesareva, 'Glava XIII: Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo' in Politologiya. Uehebnoe posobie dlya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy, ed. G.V. Polunina (Moscow: Akalis, 1996), 154-77. For almost a similar formulation, see also K.S. Gadzhiev, Politicheskaya nauka (2-e izdanie, Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 195), 73, 75.
75. We refer here especially to A.S. Panarin. Politologiya. Uchebnik (Moscow: Moskovskiy Gosudarstvennyy Universitet im. L.M. Lomonosova, Prospekt, 1997). See also his Filosofiya Politiki (Moscow: Novaya Shkola, 1996) and 'Politologiya o Rossii: Mezhdu obyasneniyem i ponimaniyem' in Modernizatsiya i natsionalnaya kultura, 55-64; 'Evraziyskiy proekt v mirosistemnon kontekste', Vostok (February 1995): 66-79; and '"Vtoraya Evropa" ili "Tretiy Rim" (Paradoksy evropeizma v sovremennoy Rossii)', Voprosy Filosofii (October 1996): 19-31.
76. We refer here especially to A.S. Panarin. Politologiya. Uchebnik (Moscow: Moskovskiy Gosudarstvennyy Universitet im. L.M. Lomonosova, Prospekt, 1997). See also his Filosofiya Politiki (Moscow: Novaya Shkola, 1996) and 'Politologiya o Rossii: Mezhdu obyasneniyem i ponimaniyem' in Modernizatsiya i natsionalnaya kultura, 55-64; 'Evraziyskiy proekt v mirosistemnon kontekste', Vostok (February 1995): 66-79; and '"Vtoraya Evropa" ili "Tretiy Rim" (Paradoksy evropeizma v sovremennoy Rossii)', Voprosy Filosofii (October 1996): 19-31.
77. We refer here especially to A.S. Panarin. Politologiya. Uchebnik (Moscow: Moskovskiy Gosudarstvennyy Universitet im. L.M. Lomonosova, Prospekt, 1997). See also his Filosofiya Politiki (Moscow: Novaya Shkola, 1996) and 'Politologiya o Rossii: Mezhdu obyasneniyem i ponimaniyem' in Modernizatsiya i natsionalnaya kultura, 55-64; 'Evraziyskiy proekt v mirosistemnon kontekste', Vostok (February 1995): 66-79; and '"Vtoraya Evropa" ili "Tretiy Rim" (Paradoksy evropeizma v sovremennoy Rossii)', Voprosy Filosofii (October 1996): 19-31.
78. We refer here especially to A.S. Panarin. Politologiya. Uchebnik (Moscow: Moskovskiy Gosudarstvennyy Universitet im. L.M. Lomonosova, Prospekt, 1997). See also his Filosofiya Politiki (Moscow: Novaya Shkola, 1996) and 'Politologiya o Rossii: Mezhdu obyasneniyem i ponimaniyem' in Modernizatsiya i natsionalnaya kultura, 55-64; 'Evraziyskiy proekt v mirosistemnon kontekste', Vostok (February 1995): 66-79; and '"Vtoraya Evropa" ili "Tretiy Rim" (Paradoksy evropeizma v sovremennoy Rossii)', Voprosy Filosofii (October 1996): 19-31.
79. We refer here especially to A.S. Panarin. Politologiya. Uchebnik (Moscow: Moskovskiy Gosudarstvennyy Universitet im. L.M. Lomonosova, Prospekt, 1997). See also his Filosofiya Politiki (Moscow: Novaya Shkola, 1996) and 'Politologiya o Rossii: Mezhdu obyasneniyem i ponimaniyem' in Modernizatsiya i natsionalnaya kultura, 55-64; 'Evraziyskiy proekt v mirosistemnon kontekste', Vostok (February 1995): 66-79; and '"Vtoraya Evropa" ili "Tretiy Rim" (Paradoksy evropeizma v sovremennoy Rossii)', Voprosy Filosofii (October 1996): 19-31.
80. Panarin, Politologiya, 64.
81. Ibid, 94.
82. Ibid., 80.
83. Ibid., 178.
84. A.S. Panarin, conversation with authors, Moscow, 3 November 1998. In this interview, Panarin made this point particularly clear - he is in favour of the Nordic model and 'democracy based on solidarity'.
85. Panarin, Politologiya, 147.
86. Panarin, 'Evraziyskiy prockt v mirosistemnon kontekste', 72.
87. Samuel Huntington, 'The Clash of Civilizations', Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (1993): 41.
88. Especially in 'Evraziyskiy proekt v mirosistemnon kontekste', and '"Vtoraya Evropa" ili "Tretiy Rim" (Paradoksy evropeizma v sovremennoy Rossii)', Panarin ends up with an openly anti-Western, even aggressive attitude, feeling sorry for the fact that all the achievements of a great power - rockets, tanks, the military-industrial complex - have been discarded, as well as for the withdrawal from Germany and Eastern Europe - and all this, according to him, has happened in the name of utopia, of an idealistic Gorbachevian new world order that never took place.
89. Panarin, 'Evraziyskiy proekt v mirosistemnon kontekste', 71.
90. See. for instance, Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, 251.
91. Zyuganov, Uroki zhizni, 173.
92. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, 172.
93. See Zyuganov, Geografiya pobedy, 209, 210.
94. Zyuganov, Oktyabr' I sovremennost'. 206.
95. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, 344-45, 357
96. See. for instance, Seyla Benhabib, 'In the Shadow of Aristotle and Hegel: Communicative Ethics and Current Controversies in Practical Philosophy' in Hermeneutics and Critical Theory in Ethics and Politics, ed. Michael Kelly (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1990), 1-31 and William Connolly, Political Theory and Modernity (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993), 127-36.
97. See. for instance, Seyla Benhabib, 'In the Shadow of Aristotle and Hegel: Communicative Ethics and Current Controversies in Practical Philosophy' in Hermeneutics and Critical Theory in Ethics and Politics, ed. Michael Kelly (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1990), 1-31 and William Connolly, Political Theory and Modernity (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993), 127-36.
98. David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Oxford: Polity Press, 1995), 283.
99. See the lucid analysis by John Tomlinson 'A Phenomenology of Globalization? Giddens on Global Modernity', European Journal of Communication 9, no. 2 (1994): 149-72.
100. See Patomaki & Pursiainen, 'Against the State'.
101. Roland Robertson. 'Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization as the Central Concept', in Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage, 1990), 22.
102. 'Ideoscapes', according to Appadurai, are 'concatenations of images, [that] have to do with the ideologies of states and the counter-ideologies of movements explicitly oriented to capturing state power or a piece of it. These ideoscapes are composed of elements of the Enlightenment world-view, which consists of concatenation of ideas, terms and images, including the master-term "democracy"'. See Arjun Appadurai, 'Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy', in Global Culture. Nationalism. Globalization and Modernity, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage, 1990), 299-300.
103. Andrew Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community: Ethical Foundations of the PostWestphalian Era (Oxford: Polity Press. 1998), 8.
104. See Heikki Patomäki, 'From Normative Utopias to Political Dialectics', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21, no. 2 (1992): 70-71.