Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics

Millennium - Journal of International Studies

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 1992, Pages 371-388

  Peterson, M J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248256388     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298920210030901     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977); and Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society {London: Routledge, 1992).
2. 2, See, for example, the complaints in James N. Rosenau, ‘International Studies in a Transnational World’, Millennium (Vol. 5, No. 1 Spring 1976), pp. 1-20. It is significant that two early proponents of the study of transnational relations shifted their analytical focus to the systemic condition of interdependence. See Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Power and Interdependence (Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1977).
3. See, for example, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, NY: Random House, 1987). For an argument that some great powers have domestic institutions capable of checking expansionist policies before they go too far, see Jack L. Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and Internationa! Ambition (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991).
4. See, for example, Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1986).
5. See, for example, the discussions in Mike Featherstone (ed.), Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization, and Modernity (London: Sage, 1990).
6. See, for example, Kenneth Waltz, Theory of Internationa! Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); and Kenneth A. Oye (ed.). Cooperation Under Anarchy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985).
7. This tendency is more evident in popular discussions and verbal speculations than published work. For a particularly clear British example, see Evan Luard, The Globalization of Politics (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1990).
8. See, for example, Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World- System 2 vols. (New York, NY: Academic Press, 1976 and 1980); and Andre Gunder Frank, Dependent Accumulation and Underdevelopment (New York, NY: Monthly Review Press, 1979).
9. See, for example, Theda Skocpol. States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Peter Evans, Dietrich Reusehmeyer and Theda Skocpol (eds), Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Martin Carnoy, The State and Political Theory 2nd ed. {Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991); Eric A. Nordlinger, On the Autonomy of the Democratic State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981; Stephen D. Krasner, ‘Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics,’ Comparative Politics (Vol. 16. 1984), pp. 223-46; and James Caparaso (ed.). The Elusive State (Newbury Park. CA: Sage, 1989).
10. See, for example, Peter Gourevitch, Politics in Hard Times (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987); Peter A. Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1986); Szymon Chodak, The New State: Etatization of Western Societies (Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 1989); and Niklas Luhmann, Political Theory in the Welfare State translated by John Bednarz, Jr. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 3990).
11. See the discussion in, for example, Charles Maier (ed.), Changing Boundaries of the Political: Essays on the Evolving Balance between State and Society, Public and Private in Europe (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
12. Though much of his discussion confirms the general impression, Smith's conception of the state's role in education allows a broad role in fostering and maintaining culture generally. See An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations R.H. Campbell, A.S. Skinner, and W.B. Todd, eds. (Oxford; The Clarendon Press, 1966), Book V, Chap. 1.
13. See, for example, Peter Gourevitch, ‘The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Polities’, International Organization (Vol. 32, No. 4, Autumn 1978), pp. 881-911; Michael Bamett, ‘High Politics is Low Politics: The Domestic and International Sources of Israeli Security Policy, 1967-77’, World Politics (Vol. 42, No. 4, July 1990), pp. 529-62; and Harald Müller and Thomas Risse-Kappen, ‘From the Outside In and From the Inside Out: International Relations, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy’, in Valerie Hudson and David Skidmore (eds), The Limits of State Autonomy: Societal Groups and Foreign Policy Formulation (Boulder, CO: Westview, forthcoming).
14. See, for example, John Urrey, The Anatomy of Capitalist Societies: The Economy, Civil Socitey and the State (London: Macmillan, 1981); Jean-Marie Benoist, Les Outils de la Liberité (Paris: Laffont, 1985); and John Keane (ed.), Civil Society and the State (London: Verso, 1988).
15. See, for example, Ronnie Lipschutz, ‘Heteronomia: The Emergence of Global Civil Society’, paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Atlanta, Georgia, 31 March-4 April 1992. A revised version of this paper appears in Millennium (Vol. 21, No. 3, Winter 1992), pp. 389-420.
16. See, for example, Lawrence Krader, Dialectic of Civil Society (Amsterdam: Van Gorcum, 1976), p. 7.
17. Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767; reprint edition Edinburgh; Edinburgh University Press, 1966).
18. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 2. Book 2, Chs 5-7, edited by Philip Bradley {New York, NY: Knopf, 1960).
19. See, for example, David Held, Political Theory and the Modern State (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989), p. 6; and Andrew Arato, ‘Social Movements and Civil Society in the Soviet Union’, in Judith B. Sedaitis and Jim Butterfield (eds), Perestroika from Below (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1990), p. 198.
20. G.W.F. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of the Right edited by Allen W. Wood, translated by H.B. Nisbet (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), sections 182-8. However contemporary users seldom share Hegel's view that the state is morally superior to civil society.
21. See, for example, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981); Christine Di Stefano, ‘Masculinity as Ideology in Political Theory: Hobbesian Man Considered,’ Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 6, No. 6, 1983), pp. 633-14; and Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988).
22. This word is chosen to emphasize the continuing reality of separate national societies.
23. Most famously, Jeanne Kirkpatrick, Dictatorships and Double Standards: Rationalism and Reason in Politics (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1982).
24. See, for example, Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); and Enrique Baloyra (ed.), Comparing New Democracies: Transition and Consolidation in Mediterranean Europe and the Southern Cone (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1987). Geoffrey Pridham (ed.). Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Regime Transformation in Southern Europe (New York, NY: St Martin's Press, 1991) focuses on the transnational connections involved.
25. See, for example, H. Gordon Skilling, Samizdat and an Independent Society in Central and Eastern Europe (London: Macmillan, 1988); Timothy Garton Ash, The Magic Lantern (New York, NY: Random House, 1990): and Alan B. During, Action at the Grassroots: Fighting Poverty and Environmental Decline (Washington, DC: WorldWatch Institute, January’ 1989).
26. The basic economic theories involved are discussed in Richard Comes and Todd Sandler. The Theory of Externalities, Public Goods, and Club Goods (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
27. This premise underlies John Stopford and Susan Strange, Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
28. See, for example, Thomas Risse-Kappen, ‘Public Opinion Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policies in Liberal Democracies’, World Politics (Vol. 43, No. 4, July 1991), pp. 479-512.
29. See, for example, Peter A. Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of Stale Intervention in Britain and France (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1986); Kent E. Calder, ‘Japanese Foreign Economic Policy: Explaining the Reactive State’, World Politics (Vol. 40, No. 4. July 1988), pp. 517-41; and Paul D. Hutchcroft, ‘Oligarchs and Cronies in the Philippine State,’ World Politics (Vol. 43, No. 3, April 1991), pp. 414-50.
30. 32, See, for example, Tom Burke, ‘Friends of the Earth and the Conservation of Resources,’ in Peter Willets (ed.), Pressure Groups in the Global System (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1982), pp. 105-24.
31. See, for example, Samir Amin, Giovanni Arrighi, Andre Gunder Frank and lmmanuel Wallerstein. Transforming the Revolution (New York. NY: Monthly Review Press, 1990).
32. Wemer Link, Deutsche und amkerkanische Gewerkschaften und Geschaftsleute 1945-1975 (Dusseldorf: Droste, 1978) is one of the most detained studies.
33. Barbara Crane, ‘International Population Institutions’, in Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy (eds), Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Cooperation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993), pp. 309-50.
34. Efforts of the US government's Inter-American Foundation can be followed in its journal Grassroots Development. The most recent variant involves environmental activities. For example, the US AID provided $5 million to the World Wildlife Fund for use in a debt-for-nature swap that will support Philippine local organizations’ wildlife protection programs, tree nurseries, and park ranger training. Environmental Science and Technology (Vol. 25, No. 2, July 1991), p. 1187.
35. For a general discussion, see Barbara Haskell, ‘Access to Society: A Neglected Dimension of Power’, International Organization (Vol. 34, No. 1, Winter 1980), pp. 89-120.
36. Peter Olson, ‘The United States Human Rights Program in South Africa. 1986-89’ Human Rights Quarterly (Vol. 13, No. 1, February 1991), pp. 24-65.
37. These have been investigated more intensely in domestic politics. See, for example, Jack L. Walker, ‘The Diffusion of Knowledge, Policy Communities and Agenda Setting’, in Joyn E. Tropman, Milan J. Dluhy, and Roger M. Lind (eds), New Strategic Perspectives on Social Policy (New York, NY: Pergamon, 1981); John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1984; and Special Issue on Policy Communities Governance (Vol. 2, No. 1, January 1989).
38. See Peter M. Haas, Saving the Mediterranean (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.
39. See, for example, Robert F. Meagher, An International Redistribution of Wealth and Power (New York: Pergamon, 1979); Detlev Christian Dicke (ed.). Foreign Investment in the Present and a New International Economic Order (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987); Jerald W. Salacuse, ‘BIT by BIT: The Growth of Bilateral Investment Treaties and their Impact on Foreign Investments in Developing Countries’. The Internationa! Lawyer (Vol. 24, No. 3, 1991), pp. 655-76.
40. M.J. Peterson, ‘Whalers, Cetologists, Environmentalists and the International Regulation of Whaling’, International Organisation (Vol 46. No. 1. Winter 1992), pp. 147-86.
41. See, for example, Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.), Between Power and Plenty (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Peter J. Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984); Kent Calder, ‘Japanese Foreign Economic Policy Formation; Explaining the Reactive State’, World Politics (Vol. 40, No. 4, July 1988), pp. 517-41; and Thomas Risse-Kappen, ‘Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies,’ World Politics (Vol. 43, No. 4, July 1991), pp. 479-512.
42. See, for example, discussions of Western security policy communities on Soviet defense policy in Emanuel Adler, ‘The Emergence of Cooperation: National Epistemic Communities and the International Evolution of the Idea of Nuclear Arms Control’, international Organization (Vol. 46, No. 1, Winter 1992), pp. 101-45; and Matthew Evangelista, ‘Sources of Moderation in Soviet Security Policy’, in Philip Tetlock et al. (eds), Behavior, Society, and Nuclear War Vol. 2 (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 254-354.
43. Wolfgang Rudig, Anti-Nuclear Movements; A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy (Harlow, UK: Longman, 1990).
44. See the discussion in Tom J. Farer, ‘Human Rights Investment in Hispanic South America; Retrospect and Prospect’, Human Rights Quarterly (Vol. 13, No. 1, February 1991), p. 113.
45. Kathy Glass and Kirsten Eglund, ‘Why the Japanese are so Stubborn about Whaling’, Oceanus (Vol. 32, Spring 1989), pp. 45-53.
46. John Gerard Ruggie, ‘Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution’, International Organization (Vol. 46, No. 3, Summer 1992), pp. 584-93 discusses the context and consequences of American choices.
47. See, for example, George Modelski and Gardner Perry III, ‘Democratization in Long Perspective”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change (Vol. 39, Nos. 1/2, March/April 1991), pp. 23-34.
48. A point brought home with considerable force during the September 1992 European exchange rate crisis.
49. States and other societal actors generally agree that criminal transnational networks should be suppressed.