The Malaria antigens

Malaria: Molecular and Clinical Aspects

Volumn , Issue , 1999, Pages 181-216

  Berzins, Klavs ^a   Anders, Robin F ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0007702712     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (273)

1. Adams, J., Sim, K., Dolan, S., Fang, X., Kaslow, D. and Miller, L. (1992). A family of erythrocyte binding proteins of malaria parasites. PNAS, 89, 7085–7089.
2. Ahlborg, N., Berzins, K. and Perlmann, P. (1991). Definition of the epitope recognized by the Plasmodium falciparum-reactive human monoclonal antibody 33G2. Mol. Biochem. Para sitol., 46, 89–96.
3. Ahlborg, N., Iqbal, J., Bjork, L., Stahl, S., Perlmann, P. and Berzins, K. (1996). Plasmodium falciparum: differential parasite growth inhibition mediated by antibodies to the antigens Pf332 and Pf155/RESA. Exp. Parasitol., 82, 155–163.
4. Ahlborg, N., Larsson, A., Perlmann, P. and Berzins, K (1993a). Analysis of a human monoclonal antibody reactive with mul tiple Plasmodium falciparum anti gen repeat sequences using a solid phase affinity assay. Immunol. Lett., 37, 111–118.
5. Ahlborg, N Wiihlin, F1yg, B., Iqbal, J., Perlmann, P. and Berzins, K (1993b). Epitope specificity and capacity to inhibit parasite growth in vitro of human antibodies to repeat sequences of the Plasmodium falciparum antigen Ag332. Parasite Immunol., 15, 391–400.
6. Aikawa, M., Torii, M., SjOlander, A., Berzins, K., Perlmann, P. and Miller, L.H. (1990). Pf 155/RES A antigen is localized in dense granules of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Exp. Parasitol., 71, 326–329.
7. Al-Yaman, F., Genton, B., Anders, R., Taraika, J., Ginny, M., Mellor, S. et al. (1995). Assessment of the role of the humoral response to Plasmodium falciparum MSP2 compared to RES A and SPf66 in protecting Papua New Guinean children from clinical malaria. Parasite Immunol, 17, 493–501.
8. Al-Yaman, F, Genton, B., Anders, R.F., Falk, M., Triglia, T, Lewis, D. et al. (1994). Relationship between humoral response to Plasmodiumfalciparum merozoite surface antigen-2 and malaria morbidity in a highly endemic area of Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 51, 593–602.
9. Al-Yaman, F, Genton, B., Kramer, K.J., Chang, S.P., Hui, G.S., Baisor, M. et al. (1996). Assessment of the role of naturally acquired antibody levels to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 in protecting Papua New Guinean children from malaria morbidity. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 54, 443–448.
10. Amante, F.H., Crewther, P.E., Anders, R.F. and Good, M.F (1997). A cryptic T cell epitope on the apical membrane antigen 1 of Plasmodium chabaudi adami can prime for an anamnestic antibody response—implications for malaria vaccine design. J. Immunol., 159, 5535–5544.
11. Anders, R.F. (1986). Multiple cross-reactivities amongst antigens of Plasmodium falciparum impair the development of protective immunity against malaria with special reference to oxidant stress. Parasite Immunol., 8, 529–539.
12. Anders, R.F, Coppel, R.L., Brown, G.Y. and Kemp, D.J. (1988). Antigens with repeated amino acid sequences from the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Prog. Allergy, 41, 148–172.
13. Anders, R.F., Crewther, P.E., Edwards, S., Margetts, M., Matthew, M.L.S.M., Pollock, B. et al. (1998). Immunisation with recombinant AMA-1 protects mice against infection with Plasm odium chabaudi. Vaccine, 16, 240–247.
14. Anders, R.F., Murray, L.J., Thomas, LM., Davern, KM., Brown, G.V and Kemp, D.J. (1987). Structure and function of candidate vaccine antigens in Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem. Soc. Sym., 53, 103–114.
15. Ardeshir, F., Howard, RE, Viriyakosol, S., Arad, O. and Reese, R.T. (1990). Cross-reactive asparagine-rich determinants shared between several blood-stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum and the circumsporozoite protein. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 40, 113–128.
16. Astagneau, P., Chougnet, C., Lepers, J.P., Andriamangatiana-Rason, M.D. and Deloron, P. (1994). Antibodies to the 4-mer repeat of the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (Pf 155/RES A) protect against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Int. J. Epidemiol., 23, 169–175.
17. Bannister, LH. and Mitchell, G.H. (1989). The fine structure of secretion by Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites during red cell invasion. J. Protozool., 36, 362–367.
18. Banyal, H.S. and Inselburg, J. (1985). Isolation and charaterization of parasite-inhibitory Plasmodiumfa lciparum monoclonal antibodies. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 34, 1055–1064.
19. Barale, J.-C., Cadelle, D., Attal-Bonnefoy, G., Dehoux, P., Bonnefoy, S., Ridley, R. et al. (1997). Plasmodium falciparum AARP1, a giant protein containing repeated motifs rich in asparagine and aspartate residues, is associated with the infected erythrocyte membrane. Infect. Immun., 65, 3003–30 10.
20. Barnwell, J.W. and Galinski, M.R. (1995). Plasmodium vivax: a glimpse into the unique and shared biology of the merozoite. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 89, 113–120.
21. Barr, PJ., Inselburg, J., Green, KM., Kansopon, J., Hahm, B.K., Gibson, H.L et al. (1991). Immunogenicity of recombinant Plasmodium falciparum SERA proteins in rodents. Mol. Biochem. Para sitol, 45, 159–170.
22. Baruch, D.I., Gormley, J.A., Ma, C., Howard, R.J. and Pasloske, B.L. (1996). Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 is a parasitized erythrocyte receptor for adherence to CD36, thrombospondin, and. intercellular adhesion molecule L PNAS, 93, 3497–3502.
23. Bennett, B.J., Mohandas, N. and Coppel, R.L. (1997). Defining the minimal domain of the Plasmodium falciparum protein MESA involved in the interaction with the red cell membrane skeletal protein 4.1. J. Biol. Chern., 272, 15299–15306.
24. Berzins, K. (1991). Pfl55/RESA is not a surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Parasitol. Today, 7, 193–194.
25. Berzins, K, Adams, S., Broderson, J.R, Chizzolini, C., Hansson, M., Lovgren, K et al. (1995). Immunogenicity in Aotus monkeys of ISCOM formulated repeat sequences from the Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stage antigen Pf155/RESA. Vaccine Res., 4, 121–133.
26. Berzins, K, Perlmann, H., Wåhlin, B., Carlsson, J., Wahlgren, M., Udomsangpetch, R et al. (1986). Rabbit and human antibodies to a repeated amino acid sequence of a Plasmodium falciparum antigen, Pf155, react with the native protein and inhibit merozoite invasion. PNAS, 83, 1065–1069.
27. Berzins, K, Perlmann, H., Wahlin, B., Ekre, H.-P., Hogh, B., Petersen, E. et al. (1991). Passive immunization of Aotus monkeys with human antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum antigen Pfl55lRESA. Inject. Immun., 59, 1500–1506.
28. Bianco, A.E., Crewther, P.E., Coppel, R.L., Stahl, H.D., Kemp, D.J., Anders, R.F. et al. (1988). Patterns of antigen expression in asexual blood stages and gametocytes of Plasmodiumfalciparum. Am. J. Trap. Med. Hyg., 38, 258–267.
29. Bianco, A.E., Favaloro, J.M., Burkot, T.R, Culvenor, J.G., Crewther, P.E., Brown, G.V. et al. (1986). A repetitive antigen of Plasmodiumfalciparum that is homologous to heat shock protein 70 of Drosophila melanogaster. PNAS, 83, 8713–8717.
30. Blackman, M.J., Heidrich, H.-G., Donachie, S., McBride, J.S. and Holder, A.A. (1990). A single fragment of a malaria merozoite surface protein remains on the parasite during red cell invasion and is the target of invasion-inhibiting antibodies. J. Exp. Med., 172, 379–382.
31. Blackman, M.J. and Holder, A.A. (1992). Secondary processing of the Plasmodiumfalciparum merozoite surface protein-l (MSPl) by a calcium-dependent membrane-bound serine protease: shedding of MSP133 as a noncovalently associated complex with other fragments of the MSPI. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 50, 307–316.
32. Blackman, M.J., Ling, I.T., Nicholls, S.C. and Holder, A.A (1991). Proteolytic processing of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-l produces a membrane-bound fragment containing two epidermal growth factor-like domains. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 49, 29–34.
33. Blackman, M.J., Scott-Finnigan, T.J., Shai, S. and Holder, A.A. (1994). Antibodies inhibit the protease-mediated processing of a malaria merozoite surface protein. J. Exp. Med., 180, 389–393.
34. Borre, M.B., Dziegiel, M., Hogh, B., Petersen, E., Rieneck, K, Riley, E. et al. (1991). Primary structure and localization of a conserved immunogenic Plasmodium falciparum glutamate rich protein (GLURP) expressed in both the preerythrocytic and erythrocytic stages of the vertebrate life cycle. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 49, 119–132.
35. Bouharoun-Tayoun, H., Attanath, P., Sabchareon, A., Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T. and Druilhe, P. (1990). Antibodies that protect humans against Plasmodium falciparum blood stages do not on their own inhibit parasite growth and invasion in vitro, but act in cooperation with monocytes. J. Exp. Med., 172, 1633–1641.
36. Bouharoun-Tayoun, H. and Druilhe, P. (1992). Plasmodium falciparum malaria: evidence for an isotype imbalance which may be responsible for delayed acquisition of protective immunity. Inject. Immun., 60, 1473–1481.
37. Bouharoun-Tayoun, H., Oeuvray, C., Lunel, F. and Druilhe, P. (1995). Mechanisms underlying the monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent killing of Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stages. J. Exp. Med., 182, 409–418.
38. Boyle, D.B., Newbold, C.I., Smith, C.C. and Brown, KN. (1982). Monoclonal antibodies that protect in vivo against Plasmodium chabaudi recognize a 250,000-dalton parasite polypeptide. Inject. Immun., 38, 94–102.
39. Brooks, B.R., Pastor, RW. and Carson, F.W. (1987). Theoretically determined three-dimensional structure for the repeating tetrapeptide unit of the circumsporozoite coat protein of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PNAS, 84, 4470–4474.
40. Brown, J., Whittle, H.C., Berzins, K, Howard, R.J., Marsh, K and Sjoberg, K (1986). Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum growth by IgG antibody produced by human lymphocytes transformed with Epstein-BARR virus. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 63, 135–140.
41. Bull, P.C., Lowe, B.S., Kortok, M., Molyneux, C.S., Newbold, C.I. and Marsh, K (1998). Parasite antigens on the infected red cell surface are targets for naturally acquired immunity to malaria. Nature Med., 4, 358–360.
42. Bullough, P.A., Hughson, F.M., Skehel, J.J. and Wiley, D.C. (1994). Structure of influenza haemagglutinin at the pH of membrane fusion. Nature, 371, 37–43.
43. Buranakitjaroen, P. and Newbold, C.l. (1987). Antigenic cross reactivity between p 195 and a distinct protein of 100 kDa in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 22, 65–77.
44. Bushell, G.R., Ingram, L.T., Fardoulys, CA. and Cooper, J.A. (1988). An antigenic complex in the rhoptries of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 28, 105–112.
45. Camus, D. and Hadley, TJ. (1985). A Plasmodium falciparum anti gen that binds to host erythrocytes and merozoites. Science, 230, 553–556.
46. Cappai, R., Kaslow, D.C., Peterson, M.G., Cowman, A.F., Anders, R.F. and Kemp, D.J. (1992). Cloning and analysis of the RESA-2 gene: a DNA homologue of the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 54, 213–222.
47. Carlsson, J., Berzins, K., Perlmann, H. and Perlmann, P. (1991). Studies on Pfl55/RESA and other soluble antigens from in vitro cultured Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol. Res., 77, 27–32.
48. Cerami, C., Frevert, U., Sinnis, P., Takacs, B. Clavijo, P., Santos, M.J. et al. (1992). The basolateral domain of the hepatocyte plasma membrane bears receptors for the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Cell, 70, 1021–1033.
49. Certa, U., Rotmann, D., Matile, H. and Reber-Liske, R. (1987). A naturally occurring gene encoding the major surface antigen precursor p190 of Plasmodium falciparum lacks tripeptide repeats. EMBO J., 6, 4137–4142.
50. Chang, S.P., Case, S.E., Gosnell, W.L., Kramer, K.J., Tam, L.Q., Hashiro, C.Q. et al. (1996). A recombinant baculovirus 42-kilodalton C-terminal fragment of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 protects Aotus monkeys against malaria. Infect. Immun., 64, 253–261.
51. Chang, S.P., Gibson, H.L., Leeng, C.T., Barr, PJ. and Hui, G.S.N. (1992). A carboxyl-terminal fragment of Plasmodiumfalciparum gp195 expressed by a recombinant baculovirus induces antibodies that completely inhibit parasite growth. J. Immunol., 149, 548–555.
52. Chappel, J.A, Egan, A.F., Riley, E.M., Druilhe, P. and Holder, A.A. (1994). Naturally acquired human antibodies which recognize the first epidermal growth factor-like module in the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 do not inhibit parasite growth in vitro. Infect. Immun., 62, 4488–4494.
53. Chen, Q., Barragan, A., Fernandez, V., Sundstrom, A, Schlichtherle, M., Sahlen, A et al. (1998). Identification of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMPl). as the resetting ligand of the malaria parasite P. falciparum. J. Exp. Med., 187, 15–23.
54. Cheng, Q., Jones, G., Liu, E.X., Kidson, C. and Saul, A. (1991). Identification of a common Plasmodium epitope (CPE) recognised by a pan-specific inhibitory monoclonal antibody. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 49, 73–82.
55. Chitnis, C.E. and Miller, L.H. (1994). Identification of the erythrocyte binding domains of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi proteins involved in erythrocyte invasion. J. Exp. Med., 180, 497–506.
56. Clark, J.T., Anand, R. Akoglu, T. and McBride, J.S. (1987). Identification and characterisation of proteins associated with the rhoptry organelles of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Parasitol. Res., 73, 425–434.
57. Clark, J.T., Donachie, S., Anand, R., Wilson, C.F, Heidrich, H.-G. and McBride, J.S. (1989). 46–53 kilodalton glycoprotein from the surface of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 32, 15–24.
58. Cohen, S., McGregor, I.A. and Carrington, S. (1961). Gamma-globulin and acquired immunity to human malaria. Nature, 192, 733–737.
59. Collins, W.E., Anders, R.F, Pappaioanou, M., Campbell, G.H., Brown, G.V., Kemp, D.J. et al. (1986). Immunization of Aotus monkeys with recombinant proteins of an erythrocyte surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. Nature, 323, 259–262.
60. Collins, W.E., Anders, R.F, Ruebush, T.K., Kemp, D.J., Woodrow, G.C., Campbell, G.H. et al. (1991). Immunization of owl monkeys with the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen of Plasmodiumfalciparum. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 44, 34–41.
61. Collins, W.E., Pye, D., Crewther, P.E., Vandenberg, K.L., Galland, G.G., Sulzer, AJ. et al. (1994). Protective immunity induced in squirrel monkeys with recombinant apical membrane antigen-1 of Plasmodium fragile. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 51, 711–719.
62. Cooper, J.A. (1993). Merozoite surface antigen-I of Plasmodium. Parasitol. Today, 9, 50–54.
63. Cooper, J.A, Cooper, L.T. and Saul, AJ. (1992). Mapping of the region predominantly recognized by antibodies to the Plasmodiumfalciparum merozoite surface antigen MSA 1. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 51, 301–312.
64. Cooper, J.A., Ingram, L.T., Bushell, G.R., Fardoulys, C.A., Stenzel, D., Schofield, L. et al. (1988). The 140/1301105 kilodalton protein complex in the rhoptries of Plasmodium falciparum consists of discrete polypeptides. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 29. 251–260.
65. Coppel, R.L., Cowman, A F., Anders, R.F., Bianco, A.E., Saint, R.B., Lingelbach, K.R. et al. (1984). Immune sera recognize on erthrocytes a Plasmodium falciparum anti gen composed of repeated amino acid sequences. Nature, 310, 789–791.
66. Coppel, R.L., Cowman, A.F., Lingelbach, K.R., Brown, G.V., Saint, R.B., Kemp, D.J. et al. (1983), Isolate-specific S-antigen of Plasmodium falciparum contains a repeated sequence of eleven amino acids. Nature, 306, 751–756.
67. Coppel, R.L., Favaloro, J M., Crewther, P E, Burkot, T.R., Bianco, A E., Stahl, H.D. et al, (1985). A blood stage antigen of Plasmodium falciparum shares determinants with the sporozoite coat protein. PNAS, 82, 5121–5125.
68. Cowman, A.F., Saint, R.B., Coppel, R.L., Brown, G.V, Anders, R.F. and Kemp, D.J. (1985). Conserved sequences flank variable tandem repeats in two S-antigen genes of Plasmodium falciparum. Cell, 40, 775–783.
69. Crewther, P E., Bianco, A.E., Brown, G.V. Coppel, R.L., Stahl, H.D., Kemp, D.J. et al. (1986). Affinity purification of human antibodies against cloned antigens of Plasmodium falciparum. J. Immunol. Meth, 86, 257–264.
70. Crewther, P.E., Culvenor, J G., Silva, A., Cooper, J.A. and Anders, R.F. (1990). Plasmodium falciparum: two antigens of similar size are located in different compartments of the rhoptry. Exp. Parasitol., 70, 193–206.
71. Crewther, P.E., Matthew, M.L.S.M., Flegg, R.H. and Anders, R.F. (1996). Protective immune responses to apical membrane antigen I of Plasmodium chabaudi involve recognition of strain-specific epitopes. Infect. Immun., 64, 3310–3317.
72. Culvenor, J.G. and Crewther, RE. (1990), S-antigen localization in the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum. J. Protozool., 37, 59–65.
73. Culvenor, J G., Day, K.P. and Anders, R.F. (1991). Plasmodium falciparum ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen is released from merozoite dense granules after erythrocyte invasion. Infect. Immun., 59, 1183–1187.
74. Dame, J.B., Williams, J.L, McCutchan, T.F., Weber, J.L., Wirtz, R.A., Hockmeyer, W.T, et al. (1984), Structure of the gene encoding the immunodominant surface antigen on the sporozoite of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Science, 225, 593–599.
75. Deans, J.A., Alderson, T., Thomas, A.W., Mitchell, G.H. Lennox, E.S. and Cohen, S. (1982), Rat monoclonal antibodies which inhibit the in vitro multiplication of Plasmodium knowlesi. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 49, 297–309.
76. Deans, J.A., Knight, A.M., Jean, W.C., Waters, A P., Cohen, S. and Mitchell, G.H. (1988). Vaccination trials in rhesus monkeys with a minor, invariant, Plasmodium knowlesi 66 kD merozoite antigen. Parasite Immunol., 10, 535–552.
77. Delplace, P., Bhatia, A. Cagnard, M., Camus, D., Colombet, G., Debrabant, A. et al. (1988). Protein p126: a parasitophorous vacuole antigen associated with release of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Biol, Cell, 64, 215–221.
78. Diggs, C.L., Ballou, W.R. and Miller, L.H. (1993). The major merozoite surface protein as a malaria vaccine target. Parasitol. Today, 9, 300–302.
79. Diggs, C.L., Wellde, B.T., Anderson, J S, Weber, R.M. and Rodriguez, E. (1972). The protective effect of African human immunoglobulin G in Aotus trivirgatus infected with Asian Plasmodium falciparum. Proc. Helmint, Soc. Washington, 39, 449–456.
80. Dyson, H.J., Satterthwait, A.C., Lerner, R A, and Wright, PE. (1990). Conformational preferences of synthetic peptides derived from the immunodominant site of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodiumfalciparum by H NMR. Biochem 29, 7828–7837.
81. Dziegiel, M., Borre, M.B., Jepsen, S., Hogh, B., Petersen, E. and Vuust, J. (1991). Recombinant Plasmodium falciparum glutamate rich protein; Purification and use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 44, 306–313.
82. Dziegiel, M., Rowe, P, Bennett, S., Allen, S.J., Olerup, O., Gottschau, A. et al. (1993). Immunoglobulin M and G antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum glutamate-rich protein: correlation with clinical immunity in Gambian children. Infect, Immun., 61, 103–108.
83. Egan, A.F., Chappel, J.A., Burghaus, P.A., Morris, J.S., McBride, J.S., Holder, AA et al. (1995). Serum antibodies from malaria-exposed people recognize conserved epitopes formed by the two epidermal growth factor motifs of MSPI19, the carboxy-terminal fragment of the major merozoite surface protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Infect. Immun., 63, 456–466.
84. Egan, A.F., Morris, J., Bamish, G., Allen, S., Greenwood, B.M., Kaslow, D.C et al. (1996). Clinical immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria is associated with serum antibodies to the, 19-kDa C-terminal fragment of the merozoite surface antigen, PfMSP-1. J. Infect. Dis., 173, 765–769.
85. Eisen, D., Billman-Jacobe, H., Marshall, V.F., Fryauff, D. and Coppel, R.L (1998). Temporal variation of the merozoite surface protein-2 gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Infect. Immun., 66, 239–246.
86. Ellis, J., Ozaki, LS., Gwadz, R.W., Cochrane, A.H., Nussenzweig, V, Nussenzweig, R.S. et al. (1983). Cloning and expression in E. coli of the malaria sporozoite surface antigen gene from Plasmodium knowlesi. Nature, 302, 536–538.
87. Epping, R.J., Goldstone, S.D., Ingram, L.T., Upcroft, J.A., Ramasamy, R., Cooper, J.A. et al. (1988). An epitope recognised by inhibitory monoclonal antibodies that react with a 51 kilodalton merozoite surface antigen in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 28, 1–10.
88. Epstein, N., Miller, LH., Kaushel, D.C, Udeinya, I.J., Rener, J., Howard, TJ. et al. (1981). Monoclonal antibodies against a specific surface determinant on malarial (Plasmodium knowlesi) merozoites block erythrocyte invasion. J. Immunol., 127, 212–217.
89. Esposito, G, Pessi, A. and Verdini, A.S. (1989). H-NMR studies of synthetic polypeptide models of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein tandemly repeated sequence. Biopolymers, 28, 225–246.
90. Etlinger, H.M., Caspers, P., Matile, H., Schoenfeld, H.J., Stueber, D. and Takacs, B. (1991). Ability of recombinant or native proteins to protect monkeys against heterologous challenge with Plasmodium falciparum. Infect. Immun., 59, 3498–3503.
91. Favaloro, J.M., Coppel. R L, Corcoran, L M., Foote, S J., Brown, G.V., Anders, R F. et al. (1986). Structure of the RESA gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Nucleic Acids Res., 14, 8265–8277.
92. Felger, L, Marshal, V.M., Reeder, J.C, Hunt, J.A., Mgone, C.S. and Beck, H.-P. (1997). Sequence diversity and molecular evolution of the merozoite surface antigen 2 of Plasmodium falciparum. J. Mol. Evol., 45, 154–160.
93. Fenton, B., Clark, J.T., Khan, C.M.A., Robinson, J.Y, Walliker, D., Ridley, R. et al. (1991). Structural and antigenic polymorphism of the 35- to 48-kilodalton merozoite surface antigen (MSA-2) of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Cell. Biol., 11, 963–971.
94. Fenton, B., Clark, J.T., Wilson, C.F., McBride, J.S. and Walliker, D. (1989). Polymorphism of a 35–48 kDa Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 34, 79–86.
95. Fidock, D.A., Bottius, E., Brahimi, K., Moelans, I.I.M.D., Aikawa, M., Konings, R.N.H. et al. (1994). Cloning and characterization of a novel Pasmodiumfalciparum sporozoite surface antigen, STARP Mol. Biochem. Parasitol, 64, 219–232.
96. Foley, M., Corcoran, L., Tilley, L and Anders, R. (1994). Plasmodium, falciparum: mapping the membrane-binding domain in the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen. Exp. Parasitol., 79, 340–350.
97. Foley, M., Tilley, L., Sawyer, W.H. and Anders, R.F. (1991). The ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum associates with spectrin in the erythrocyte membrane. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol, 46, 137–148.
98. Franzén, L., Wåhlin, B., Wahlgren, M., Åslund, L., Perlmann, P., Wigzell, H. et al. (1989). Enhancement or inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte reinvasion in vitro by antibodies to an asparagine rich protein. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 32, 201–212.
99. Freeman, R.R., Trejdosiewicz, A.J. and Cross, G.A.M. (1980). Protective monoclonal antibodies recognising stage-specific merozoite antigens of a rodent malaria parasite. Nature, 284, 366–368.
100. Früh, K., Doumbo, O., Müller, H.-M., Koita, O., McBride, J., Crisanti, A. et al. (1991). Human antibodyresponse to the major merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodiumfalciparum is strain specific and short-lived. Infect. Immun., 59, 1319–1324.
101. Furuta, R.A., Wild, C.T., Weng, Y. and Weiss, CD. (1998). Capture of an early fusion-active conformation of HIV-1 gp41. Nat. Struct. Biol., 5, 276–279.
102. Galinski, M.R., Arnot, D.E., Cochrane, A.H., Barnwell, J.W, Nussenzweig, R.S. and Enea, V. (1987). The circumsporozoite gene of the Plasmodium cynomolgi complex. Cell, 48, 311–319.
103. Gibson, K.D. and Seheraga, H.A. (1986). Predicted conformations for the immunodominant region of the circumsporozoite protein of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PNAS, 83, 5649–5653.
104. Goswami, A., Singh, S., Redkar, V.D. and Sharma, S. (1997). Characterization ofPO, a ribosomal phosphoprotein of Plasmodium falciparum-antibody against amino-terminal domain inhibits parasite growth. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 12138–12143.
105. Groux, H., Perraut, R., Garraud, O., Poingt, J P. and Gysin, J, (1990), Functional characterization of the antibody-mediated protection against blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum in the monkey Saimiri sciureus, Europ. J. Immunol., 20, 2317–2323.
106. Guevara Patiño, J A, Holder, A.A., McBride, J.S. and Blackman, MJ. (1997). Antibodies that inhibit malaria merozoite surface protein-l processing and erythrocyte invasion are blocked by naturally acquired human antibodies. J. Exp. Med., 186, 1689–1699.
107. Gysin, J., Gavoille, S., Mattei, D., Scherf, A., Bonnefoy, S., Mercereau-Puijalon, O. et al. (1993). In vitro phagocytosis inhibition assay for the screening of potential candidate antigens for sub-unit vaccines against the asexual blood stage of Plasmodium falciparum. J. Immunol. Meth., 159, 209–219.
108. Harnyuttanakorn, P., McBride, J S., Donachie, S., Heidrich, H.-G. and Ridley, R.G. (1992). Inhibitory monoclonal antibodies recognise epitopes adjacent to a proteolytic cleavage site on the RAP-l protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 55, 177–186.
109. Helmby, H., Cavelier, L., Pettersson, U. and Wahlgren, M. (1993). Rosetting Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes express unique strain-specific antigens on their surface. Infect. Immun., 61, 284–288.
110. Higgins, D.G., McConnell, D.J. and Sharp, P.M. (1989). Malarial proteinase? Nature, 340, 604.
111. Hinterberg, K., Scherf, A., Gysin, J., Toyoshima, T., Aikawa, M., Mazie, J.C. et al. (1994). Plasmodium falciparum: the Pf332 antigen is secreted from the parasite by a Brefeldin A-dependent pathway and is translocated to the erythrocyte membrane via the Maurer’s clefts. Exp. Parasitol., 79, 279–291.
112. Hodder, A.N., Crewther, P.E., Matthew, M.L.S.M., Reid, G.E., Moritz, R.L., Simpson, R.J. et al. (1996). The disulfide bond structure of Plasmodium apical membrane antigen-1. J. Biol. Chern., 271, 29446–29452.
113. Hogh, B., Petersen, E., Dziegiel, M., David, K., Ilanson, A., Borre, M. et al. (1992). Antibodies to a recombinant glutamate-rich Plasmodiumfalciparum protein: evidence for protection of individuals living in a holoendemic area of Liberia. Am. J. Trop. Med, Hyg., 46, 307–313.
114. Holder, A.A. (1988). The precursor to major merozoite surface antigens: Structure and role in immunity. Prog. Allergy, 41, 72–97.
115. Holder, A.A. (1996), Preventing merozoite invasion of erythrocytes. In Malaria Vaccine Development: a multi-immune response approach, edited by S.L. Hoffman, pp. 77–104. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
116. Holder, A.A., Blackman, M.J., Burghaus, P.A., Chappel, J.A., Ling, I.T., McCallum-Deighton, N. et al. (1992). A malaria merozoite surface protein (MSPl)-strueture, processing and function. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 87, Suppl. III, 37–42.
117. Holder, A.A. and Freeman, R.R. (1981). Immunization against blood-stage rodent malaria using purified parasite antigens. Nature, 294, 361–364.
118. Holder, A.A., Freeman, R.R. and Nicholls, S.C (1988). Immunization against Plasmodium falciparum with recombinant polypeptides produced in Escherichia coli. Parasite Immunol., 10, 607–617.
119. Hommel, M., David, P.H. and Oligino, L.D. (1983). Surface alteration of erythrocytes in Plasmodiumfalciparum malaria. Antigenic variation, antigenic diversity and the role of the spleen. J. Exp. Med., 157, 1137–1148.
120. Hommel, M., Hughes, M., Bond, P. and Crampton, J.M. (1991). Antibodies and DNA probes used to analyze variant populations of the Indochina-l strain of Plasmodiumfalciparum. Infect. Immun., 59, 3975–3981.
121. Hope, I.A., Hall, R, Simmons, D.L., Hyde, J.E. and Scaife, J.G. (1984). Evidence for immunological crossreaction between sporozoites and blood stages of a human malaria parasite. Nature, 308, 191–194.
122. Horii, T., Bzik, D.J, and Inselburg, J. (1988). Characterization of antigen-expressing Plasmodium falciparum cDNA clones that are reactive with parasite inhibitory antibodies. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 30, 9–18.
123. Howard, R.F. (1992). The sequence of the p82 rhoptry protein is highly conserved between two Plasmodium falciparum isolates. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 51, 327–330.
124. Howard, R.F., Jacobson, K.C., Rickel, E. and Thurman, J. (1998a). Analysis of inhibitory epitopes in the Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry protein RAP-1 including identification of a second inhibitory epitope. Infect. Immun., 66, 380–386.
125. Howard, R.F., Narum, D.L., Blackman, M. and Thurman, J. (1998b). Analysis of the processing of Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated protein 1 and location of Pr86 to schizont rhoptries and p67 to free merozoites, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 92, 111–122.
126. Huber, W., Felger, I., Matile, H., Lipps, H.J., Steiger, S. and Beck, H.-P. (1997). Limited sequence polymorphism in the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 3. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 87, 231–234.
127. Hudson, D.E., Wellems, T.E. and Miller, L.H. (1988). Molecular basis for mutation in a surface protein expressed by malaria parasites. J. Mol. Biol., 203, 707–714.
128. Hui, G.S.N. and Siddiqui, W.A. (l987). Serum from Pfl95 protected Aotus monkeys inhibit Plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro. Exp. Parasitol., 64, 519–522.
129. Hui, G.S.N., Tam, L.Q., Chang, S.P., Case, S.E., Hashiro, C., Siddiqui, W.A. et al. (1991). Synthetic low-toxicity muramyl dipeptide and monophosphoryl lipid A replace Freund complete adjuvant in inducing growth-inhibitory antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein, gp195. Inject. Immun., 59, 1585–1591.
130. HlZlgh, B., Marbiah, N.T., Burghaus, P.A. and Andersen, P.K. (1995). Relationship between maternally derived anti-Plasmodium falciparum antibodies and risk of infection and disease in infants living in an area of Liberia, West Africa, in which malaria is highly endemic. Inject. Immun., 63, 4034–4038.
131. Inselburg, J., Bathurst, I.C., Kansopon, J., Barr, P.J. and Rossan, R (1993). Protective immunity induced in Aotus monkeys by a recombinant SERA protein of Plasmodium falciparum: further studies using SERA 1 and MF75.2 adjuvant. Inject. Immun., 61, 2048–2052.
132. Inselburg, J., Bzik, D.J., Li, WB., Green, K.M., Kansopon, J., Hahm, B.K. et al. (1991). Protective immunity induced in Aotus monkeys by recombinant SERA proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. Inject. Immun., 59, 1247–1250.
133. Iqbal, J., Perlmann, P. and Berzins, K. (1993). Plasmodiumfalciparum: analysis of the cytoadherence inhibition of the human monoclonal antibody 33G2 and of antibodies reactive with antigen Pf332. Exp. Parasitol., 77, 79–87.
134. Irion, A., Beck, H.P. and Felger, I. (1997). New repeat unit and hot spot of recombination in FC27-type alleles of the gene coding for Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 2. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 90, 367–370.
135. Jakobsen, P.H. (1995). Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite exoantigens: their role in disease and in immunity. Danish Med. Bull., 42, 22–39.
136. Jakobsen, P.H., Lemnge, M.M., Abu-Zeid, Y.A., Msangeni, H.A., Salum, EM., Mhina, J.I.K. et al. (1996). Immunoglobulin G reactivities to rhoptry-associated protein-l associated with decreased levels of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in Tanzanian children. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 55, 642–646.
137. Jongwutiwes, S., Putaporntip, C., Kanbara, H. and Tanabe, K. (1998). Variation in the thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP) gene ofPlasmodiumfalciparumfrom Thai field isolates Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 92, 349–353.
138. Jongwutiwes, S., Tanabe, K. and Kanbara, H. (1993). Sequence conservation in the C-terminal part of the precursor to the major merozoite surface proteins (MSPI) of Plasmodium falciparum from field isolates. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 59, 95–100.
139. Kaneko, O., Kimura, M., Kawamoto, E, Ferreira, M.U. and Tanabe, K. (1997). Plasmodiumfalciparum: allelic variation in the merozoite surface protein 1 gene in wild isolates from southern Vietnam. Exp. Parasitol., 86, 45–57.
140. Kang, Y. and Long, C.A. (1995). Sequence heterogeneity of the C-terminal, Cys-rich region of the merozoite surface protein-l (MSP-l) in field samples of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 73, 103–110.
141. Kilejian, A., Sharma, Y.D., Karoui, H. and Naslund, L. (1986). Histidine-rich domain of the knob protein of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PNAS, 83, 7938–7941.
142. Klotz, EW, Hadley, T.J., Aikawa, M., Leech, J., Howard, R.J. and Miller, L.H. (1989). A 60-kDa Plasmodium falciparum protein at the moving junction formed between merozoite and erythrocyte during invasion. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 36, 177–186.
143. Klotz, EW, Hudson, D.E., Coon, H.G. and Miller, L.H. (1987). Vaccination-induced variation in the 140 kD merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. 1. Exp. Med., 165, 359–367.
144. Kohn, W.D., Mant, C.T. and Hodges, R.S. (1997). α-Helical protein assembly motifs. 1. Biol. Chem., 272, 2583–2586.
145. Kumar, A., Arora, R., Kaur, P., Chauhan, V.S. and Sharma, P. (1992). “Universal” T helper cell determinants enhance immunogenicity of a Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen peptide. 1. Immunol., 148, 1499–1505.
146. Kumar, S., Yadava, A., Keister, D.B., Tian, J.H., Ohl, M., Perdue-Greenfield, K.A. et al. (1995). Immunogenicity and in vivo efficacy of recombinant Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-l in Aotus monkeys. Mol. Med., 1, 325–332.
147. Leech, J.H., Barnwell, J.W, Miller, L.H. and Howard, R.J. (1984). Identification of a strain-specific malarial antigen exposed on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. J. Exp. Immunol., 159, 1567–1575.
148. Lew, A.M., Langford, C.J., Anders, RE, Kemp, D.J., Saul, A., Fardoulys, C. et al. (1989). A protective monoclonal antibody recognizes a linear epitope in the precursor to the major merozoite antigens of Plasmodium cabaudi adami. PNAS, 86, 3768–3772.
149. Liang, H. and Sim, B.K.L. (1997). Conservation of s tructure and function of the erythrocyte-binding domain of Plasmodium falciparum EBA-175. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 84, 241–245.
150. Lobo, C.A., Kar, S.K., Ravindran, B., Kabilan, L. and Sharma, S. (1994). Novel proteins of Plasmodium falciparum identified by differential immunoscreening using immune and patient sera. Infect. Immun., 62, 651–656.
151. Locher, CP. and Tam, L.Q. (1993). Reduction of disulfide bonds in Plasmodium falciparum gpl95 abolishes the production of growth-inhibitory antibodies. Vaccine, 11, 1119–1123.
152. Locher, CP, Tam, L.Q., Chang, S.P., McBride, J.S. and Siddiqui, WA. (1996). Plasmodiumfalciparum: gpl95 tripeptide repeat-specific monoclonal antibody inhibits parasite growth in vitro. Exp. Parasitol., 84, 7483.
153. Lupas, A. (1996). Coiled coils: new structures and new functions. Trends Biochem. Sci., 21, 375–382.
154. Lustigman, S., Anders, R.F., Brown, G.V. and Coppel, R.L. (1990). The mature-parasite-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (MESA) of Plasmodium falciparum associates with the erythrocyte membrane skeletal protein, band 4.I. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 38, 261–270.
155. Lyon, J.A., Thomas, A.W., Hall, T. and Chulay, J.D. (1989). Specificities of antibodies that inhibit merozoite dispersal from malaria-infected erythrocytes. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 36, 77–86.
156. Majarian, W.R., Daly, T.M., Weidanz, WP. and Long, C.A. (1984). Passive immunization against murine malaria with an IgG3 monoclonal antibody. J. Immunol., 132, 3131–3137.
157. Marsh, K. and Howard, R.J. (1986). Antigens induced on erythrocytes by P falciparum: expression of diverse and conserved determinants. Science, 231, 150–153.
158. Marshall, V.M., Anthony, R.L., Bangs, M.J., Pumomo, Anders, R.F. and Coppel, R L. (1994). Allelic variants of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen 2 (MSA-2) in a geographically restricted area of Irian Jaya. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 63, 13–21.
159. Marshall, V.M., Coppel, R.L., Martin, R.K., Oduola, A.M.J., Anders, R.F. and Kemp, D.J. (1991). A Plasmodium falciparum MSA-2 gene apparently generated by intragenic recombination between the two allelic families. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 45, 349–352.
160. Marshall, V.M., Silva, A., Foley, M., Cranmer, S., Wang, L., MeColl, D.J. et al. (1997). A second merozoite surface protein (MSP-4) of Plasmodium falciparum that contains an epidermal growth factor-like domain. Infect. Immun., 65, 4460–4467.
161. Marshall, V.M., Zhang, L.-X., Anders, R.F. and Coppel, R.L. (1995). Diversity of the vaccine candidate AMA-1 of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 77, 109–413.
162. Mattei, D., Berzins, K., Wahlgren, M., Udomsangpetch, R., Perlmann, P., Griesser, H.W. et al. (1989). Crossreactive antigenic determinants present on different Plasmodiumfalciparum blood-stage antigens. Parasite Immunol., 11, 15–30.
163. Mattei, D. and Scherf, A. (1992). The Pf332 gene of Plasmodium falciparum codes for a giant protein that is translocated from the parasite to the membrane of infected erythrocytes. Gene, 110, 71–79.
164. MeColl, D.J. (1994). Characterization of a malaria merozoite surface antigen. PhD thesis, University of Melbourne.
165. McColl, D.J. and Anders, R.F. (1997). Conservation of structural motifs and antigenic diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-3 (MSP-3). Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 90, 21–31.
166. McColl, D.J., Silva, A., Foley, M., Kun, J.F.J., Favaloro, J.M., Thompson, J.K. et al. (1994). Molecular variation in a novel polymorphic antigen associated with Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 68, 53–67.
167. McGregor, LA., Carrington, S.C and Cohen, S. (1963). Treatment of East African Plasmodiumfalciparum malaria with West African human gammaglobulin. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 57, 170–175.
168. Miettinen-Baumann, A., Strych, W, McBride, J. and Heidrich, H.-G. (1988). A 46000 dalton Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface glycoprotein not related to the 185000–195000 dalton schizont precursor molecule: isolation and characterization. Parasitol. Res., 74, 317–323.
169. Miller, L.H., Roberts, T., Shahabuddin, M. and McCutchan, T.F. (1993). Analysis of sequence diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-l). Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 59, 1–14.
170. Modiano, D., Chiucchiuini, A., Petrarca, V., Sirima, B.S., Luoni, G., Perlmann, H. et 111. (1998). Humoral response to Plasmodium falciparum Pfl55/ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen and Pf332 in three sympatric ethnic groups of Burkina Faso. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 58, 220–224.
171. Mulhern, T.D., Howlett, G.J., Reid, G.E., Simpson, R.J., McColl, D.J., Anders, R.F. et al. (1995). Solution structure of a polypeptide containing four heptad repeat units from a merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem., 34, 3479–3491.
172. Müller, H.-M, Früh, K., von Brunn, A., Esposito, F., Lombardi, S., Crisanti, A. et al. (1989). Development of the human immune response against the major surface protein (gpl90) of Plasmodium falciparum. Infect. Immun., 57, 3765–3769.
173. Narum, D.L. and Thomas, A.W. (1994). Differential localization of full-length and processed forms of PF83/AMA-1 an apical membrane antigen of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 67, 59–68.
174. Newbold, C.l., Pinches, R., Roberts, D.J. and Marsh, K. (1992). Plasmodiumfalciparum: the human agglutinating antibody response to the infected red cell surface is predominantly variant specific. Exp. Parasitol., 75, 281–292.
175. Nolte, D. and Knapp, B. (1991). Partial sequences of three new asparagine-rich blood stage proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 46, 319–321.
176. Nwagwu, M., Haynes, J.D., Orlandi, P.A. and Chulay, J.D. (1992). Plasmodiumfalciparum: chymotryptic-like proteolysis associated with, a 101-kDa acidic-basic repeat antigen. Exp. Parasitol., 75, 399–414.
177. Ockenhouse, C.F., Klotz, F.W., Tandon, N.N. and Jamieson, G.A. (1991). Sequestrin, a CD36 recognition protein on Plasmodiumfalciparum malaria-infected erythrocytes identified by anti-idiotype antibodies. PNAS, 88, 3175–3179.
178. Oeuvray, C, Bouharoun-Tayoun, H., Gras-Masse, H., Bottius, E., Kaidoh, T., Aikawa, M. et al. (1994). Merozoite surface protein-3: a malaria protein inducing antibodies that promote Plasmodium falciparum killing by cooperation with blood monocytes. Blood, 84, 1594–1602.
179. Olafsson, P, Matile, H. and Certa, U. (1992). Plasmodium falciparum: the repetitive MSA-l surface protein of the RO-71 isolate is recognized by mouse antibody against the nonrepetitive repeat block of RO-33. Exp. Parasitol., 74, 381–389.
180. Ozaki, L.S., Svec, P., Nussenzweig, R.S., Nussenzweig, V. and Godson, G.N. (1983). Structure of the Plasmodium knowlesi gene coding for the circumsporozoite protein. Cell, 34, 815–822.
181. Pandey, A.V., Joshi, R., Tekwani, B.L., Singh, R.L. and Chauhan, V.S. (1997). Synthetic peptides corresponding to a repetitive sequence of malarial histidine rich protein bind haem and inhibit haemozoin formation in vitro. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 90, 281–287.
182. Pasloske, B.L., Baruch, D.I., van Schravendijk, M.R., Handunnetti, S.M., Aikawa, M., Fujioka, H. et al. (1993). Cloning and characterization of a Plasmodium falciparum gene encoding a novel high-molecular weight host membrane-associated protein, PtEMP3. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 59, 59–72.
183. Perkins, M.E. (1991). Approaches to study merozoite invasion of erythrocytes. Res. Immunol., 142, 662–665.
184. Perkins, M.E. and Rocco, L.J. (1990). Chemical cross-linking of Plasmodium falciparum glycoprotein, Pf200 (190-205 kDa), to the S-antigen at the merozoite surface. Exp. Parasitol., 70, 207–216.
185. Perlmann, H., Berzins, K., Perlmann, H., Troye-Blomberg, M., Wahlgren, M. and Wiihlin, B. (1988). Malaria vaccines: immunogen selection and epitope mapping. Vaccine, 6, 183–187.
186. Perlmann, P., Berzins, K., Wahlgren, M., Carlsson, J., Bjorkman, A. et al. (1984). Antibodies in malarial sera to parasite antigens in the membrane of erythrocytes infected with early asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum. J. Exp. Med., 159, 1686–1704.
187. Perraut, R., Mercereau-Puijalon, O., Mattei, D., Bourreau, E, Bonnefoy, S., Bonnemains, B. et al. (1997). Immunogenicity and efficacy trials with Plasmodiumfalciparum recombinant antigens identified as targets of opsonizing antibodies in the naive squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 56, 343–350.
188. Perraut, R., Mercereau-Puijalon, O., Mattei, D., Bourreau, E., Garraud, O, Bonnemains, B. et al. (1995). Induction of opsonizing antibodies after injection of recombinant Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate antigens in preirrunune Saimiri sciureus monkeys. Infect. Immun., 63, 554–562.
189. Perrin, L.H. and Dayal, R. (1982). Immunity to asexual erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum: role of defined antigens in the humoral response. Immunol. Rev., 61, 245–269.
190. Perrin, L.H., Merkli, B., Loche, M., Chizzolini, C., Smart, J. and Richie, R, (1984). Antimalarial immunity in Saimiri monkeys. Immunization with surface components of asexual blood stages. J. Exp. Med., 160, 441–451.
191. Perrin, L.H., Ramirez, E., Lambert, P.H. and Miescher, P.A. (1981). Inhibition of P. falciparum growth in human erythrocytes by monoclonal antibodies. Nature, 289, 301–303.
192. Petersen, E., Hogh, B., Marbiah, N.T., Perlmann, H., Willcox, M., Dolopaie, E. et al. (1990). A longitudinal study of antibodies to the Plasmodiumfalciparum antigen Pf 155/RES A and immunity to malaria infection in adult Liberians. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 84, 339–345.
193. Peterson, G., Coppel, R.L., Moloney, M.B. and Kemp, D.J. (1988). Third form of the precursor to the major merozoite surface antigens of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Cell. Biol., 8, 2664–2667.
194. Peterson, M.G., Marshall, V.M., Smythe, J.A., Crewther, P.E., Lew, A., Silva, A. et al. (1989). Integral membrane protein located in the apical complex of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Cell. Biol., 9, 3151–3154.
195. Pirson, P.J. and Perkins, M.E. (1985). Characterization with monoclonal antibodies of a surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. 1. Immunol., 134, 1946–1951.
196. Pye, D., Edwards, S.J., Anders, RE, O Brien, C.M., Franchina, P., Corcoran, L.N. et al. (1991). Failure of recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing Plasmodium falciparum antigens to protect Saimiri monkeys against malaria. Infect. Immun., 59, 2403–2411.
197. Qari, S.H., Shi, Y-P, Goldman, I.E, Nahlen, B.L., Tibayrenc, M. and Lal, A.A. (1998). Predicted and observed alleles of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-l (MSP-l), a potential malaria vaccine antigen. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 92, 241–252.
198. Ramasamy, R and Geysen, H.M. (1990). Novel cross-reactive epitopes on asexual blood stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasite Immunol., 12, 457–471.
199. Ramasamy, R, Jones, G. and Lord, R (1990). Characterization of an innhibitory monoclonal antibody-defined epitope on a malaria vaccine candidate antigen. Immunol. Lett., 23, 305–310.
200. Ranford-Cartwright, L.C., Taylor, R.R., Asgarijirhandeh, N., Smith, D.B., Roberts, P.E., Robinson, VJ. et al. (1996). Differential antibody recognition of FC27-like Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein MSP2 antigens which lack 12 amino acid repeats. Parasite Immunol., 18, 411–420.
201. Reeder, J.C., Rogerson, S.J., Al-Yaman, E, Anders, RE, Coppel, R.L., Novakovic, S. et al. (1994). Diversity of agglutinating phenotype, cytoadherence, and rosette-forming characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Papua New Guinean children. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 51, 45–55.
202. Ridley, R.G., Takacs, B., Etlinger, H. and Scaife, J.G. (1990a). A rhoptry antigen of Plasmodium falciparum is protective in Saimiri monkeys. Parasitol., 101, 187–192.
203. Ridley, R.G., Takacs, B., Lahm, H.W., Delves, C.J., Goman, M., Certa, U. et al. (1990b). Characterization and sequence of a protective rhoptry antigen from Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 41, 125–134.
204. Riley, E.M., Allen, S.J., Troye-Blomberg, M., Bennett, S., Perlmann, H., Andersson, G. et al. (1991). Association between immune recognition of the malaria vaccine candidate antigen Pf155/RES A and resistance to clinical disease: a prospective study in a malaria-endemic region of West Africa. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 85, 436–443.
205. Riley, E.M., Allen, S.J., Wheeler, J.G., Blackman, M.J., Bennett, S., Takacs, B. et al. (1992a). Naturally acquired cellular and humoral immune responses to the major merozoite surface antigen (PfMSPl) of Plasmodium falciparum are associated with reduced malaria morbidity. Parasite Immunol., 14, 321–337.
206. Riley, E.M., Olerup, O, Bennett, S., Rowe, P., Allen, S.J., Blackman, M.J. et al. (1992b). MHC and malaria: the relationship between HLA class II alleles and. immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum. Int. Immunol, 4, 1055–1063.
207. Robson, K.J.H., Hall, J.R.S., Davies, L.C., Crisanti, A., Hill, A.V.S. and Wellems, T.E. (1990). Polymorphism of the TRAP gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., Biol. Sci., 242, 205–216.
208. Ruangjirachuporn, W., Udomsangpetch, R, Carlsson, J., Drenckhahn, D., Perlmann, P and Berzins, K. (1991). Plasmodium falciparum: Analysis of the interaction of antigen Pfl55/RESA with the erythrocyte membrane. Exp. Parasitol., 73, 62–72.
209. Ruangjirachuporn, W., Wåhlin, B., Perlmann, H., Carlsson, J., Berzins, K., Wahlgren, M. et al. (1988). Monoclonal antibodies to a synthetic peptide corresponding to a repeated sequence in the Plasmodium falciparum antigen P.f155. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 29, 19–28.
210. Saint, R.B., Coppel, R.L., Cowman, A.F., Brown, G.V, Shi, P.T., Barzaga, N. et al. (1987). Changes in repeat number, sequence, and reading frame in S-antigen genes of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Cell. Biol., 7, 2968–2973.
211. Sam-Yellowe, T.Y. (1996). Rhoptry organelles of the Apicomplexa: their role in host cell invasion and intracellular survival. Parasitol Today, 12, 308–316.
212. Sam-Yellowe, T.Y., Fujioka, H., Aikawa, M. and Messineo, D.G. (1995). Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry proteins of 140/130/110 kD (Rhop-H) are located in an electron lucent compartment in the neck of the rhoptlies. J. Eukar. Microbiol, 42, 224–231.
213. Sam-Yellowe, T.Y and Perkins, M. (1990). Binding of Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry proteins to mouse erythrocytes and their possible role in invasion. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 39, 91–100.
214. Sam-Yellowe, T.Y. and Perkins, M.E. (1991). Interaction of the 140/130/110 kDa rhoptry protein complex of Plasmodium falciparum with the erythrocyte membrane and liposomes. Exp. Parasitol., 73, 161–171.
215. Sam-Yellowe, T.Y., Shio, H. and Perkins, M.E. (1988). Secretion of Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry protein into the plasma membrane of host erythrocytes. 1. Cell Biol., 106, 1507–1513.
216. Saul, A., Cooper, J., Hauquitz, D., Irving, D., Cheng, Q., Stowers, A. et al. (1992a). The 42-kilodalton rhoptry-associated protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 50, 139–150.
217. Saul, A, Cooper, J., Ingram, L., Anders, R.F. and Brown, G.V. (1985). Invasion of erythrocytes in vitro by Plasmodium falciparum can be inhibited by monoclonal antibody directed against an S antigen. Parasite Immunol7, 587–593.
218. Saul, A, Lord, R., Jones, G.L. and Spencer, L. (1992b). Protective immunization with invariant peptides of the Plasmodium falciparum antigen MSA2. J. Immunol., 148, 208–211.
219. Scherf, A., Hilbich, C., Sieg, K., Mattei, D., Mercereau-Puijalon, O. and Müller-Hill, B. (1988). The 11–1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum codes for distinct fast evolving repeats. EMBO J., 7, 1129–1137.
220. Schmidt-Ullrich, R., Brown, J., Whittle, H. and Lin, P.-S. (1986). Human-human hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to the Mr 195,000 Plasmodium falciparum blood stage anti gen. J. Exp. Med., 163, 179–188.
221. Schofield, L. (1991). On the function of repetitive domains in protein antigens of Plasmodium and other eukaryotic parasites. Parasitol. Today, 7, 99–105.
222. Schofield, L., Bushell, G.R., Cooper, J.A., Saul, A.J., Upcroft, J.A and Kidson, C. (1986). A rhoptry antigen of Plasmodium falciparum contains conserved and variable epitopes recognized by inhibitory monoclonal antibodies. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 18, 183–195.
223. Sharma, P., Bharadwaj, A, Bhasin, V.K., Sailaja, V.N. and Chauhan, V.S. (1996). Antibodies to a conserved-motif peptide sequence of the Plasmodium falciparum thrombospondin-related anonymous protein and circumsporozoite protein recognize a 78-kilodalton protein in the asexual blood stages of the parasite and inhibit merozoite invasion in vitro. Infect. Immun., 64, 2172–2179.
224. Sharma, P., Kumar, A, Singh, B., Bharadwaj, A, Sailaja, N., Adak, T. et al. (1998). Characterization of protective epitopes in a highly conserved Plasmodium falciparum antigenic protein containing repeats of acidic and basic residues. Infect. Immun., 66, 2895–2904.
225. Siddique, A.B., Ahlborg, N., Wåhlin Flyg, B., Perlmann, P. and Berzins, K. (1998a). Antibodies to sequences in a non-repeat region of Plasmodium falciparum antigen Pf155/RESA inhibit either cytoadherence or parasite growth in vitro. Parasitol., 117, 209–216.
226. Siddique, A.B., Iqbal, J., Ahlborg, N., Wåhlin Flyg, B., Perlmann, P. and Berzins, K. (1998b). Antibodies to nonrepeat sequences of antigen Pfl55/RESA of Plasmodium falciparum inhibit parasite growth in vitro. Parasitol. Res., 84, 485–491.
227. Siddiqui, W.A, Tam, L.Q., Kramer, K.J., Hui, G.S.N., Case, S.E., Yamaga, KM. et al. (1987). Merozoite surface coat precursor protein completely protects Aotus monkeys against Plasmodiumfalciparum malaria. PNAS, 84, 3014–3018.
228. Sim, B.K.L. (1995). EBA-175: an erythrocyte-binding ligand of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol. Today, 11, 213–217.
229. Sim, B.K.L., Carter, J.M., Deal, C.D., Holland, C., Haynes, J.D. and Gross, M. (1994a). Plasmodiumfalciparum: further characterization of a functionally active region of the merozoite invasion ligand EBA-175. Exp. Parasitol., 78, 259–268.
230. Sim, B.K.L., Chitnis, C.E., Wasniowska, K, Hadley, T.J. and Miller, L.H. (1994b). Receptor and ligand domains for invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum. Science, 264, 1941–1944.
231. Sim, B.K.L., Orlandi, P.A, Haynes, J.D., Klotz, F.W., Carter, J.M., Camus, D. et al. (1990). Primary structure of the 175K Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte binding antigen and identification of a peptide which elicits antibodies that inhibit malaria merozoite invasion. J. Cell Biol., 111, 1877–1884.
232. Sim, B.KL., Toyoshima, T., Haynes, J.D. and Aikawa, M. (1992). Localization of the 175-kilodalton erythrocyte binding antigen in mieronemes of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 51, 157–160.
233. Sjölander, A, Ståhl, S., Lövgren, K., Hansson, M., Cavelier, L., Walles, A. et al. (1993). Plasmodiumfalciparum: the immune response in rabbits to the clustered asparagine-rich protein (CARP) after immunization in Freund’s adjuvant or immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMS). Exp. Parasitol., 76, 134–145.
234. Smythe, J.A, Coppel, R.L., Brown, G.V., Ramasamy, R., Kemp, D.J. and Anders, R.F. (1988). Identification of two integral membrane proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. PNAS, 85, 5 195–5199.
235. Smythe, J.A., Coppel, R.L., Day, K.P., Martin, R.K, Oduola, A.M.J., Kemp, D.J. et al. (1991). Structural diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen-2. PNAS, 88, 1751–1755.
236. Smythe, J.A, Peterson, M.G., Coppel, R.L., Saul, AJ., Kemp, D.J. and Anders, R.F. (1990). Structural diversity in the 45-kilodalton merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol, 39, 227–234.
237. Snewin, V.A., Herrera, M., Sanchez, G., Scherf, A., Laiigsley, G. and Herrera, S. (1991). Polymorphism of the alleles of the merozoite surface antigens MSA1 and MSA2 in Plasmodiumfalciparum wild isolates from Colombia. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 49, 265–276.
238. Staalsø, T., Khalil, E.A.G., Elhassan, I.M., Zijlstra, E.E., Elhassan, AM., Ghia, H.A et al. (1998). Antibody reactivity to conserved linear epitopes of Plasmodiumfalciparum erythrocyte membrane protein I (PfEMP1). Immunol. Lett., 60, 121–126.
239. Stahl, H.-D., Crewther, P.E., Anders, R.F., Brown, G.V., Coppel, R.L., Bianco, A.E. et al. (1985). Interspersed blocks of repetitive and charged amino acids in a dominant immunogen of Plasmodium falciparum. PNAS, 82, 543–547.
240. Stahl, H.-D., Crewther, P.E., Anders, RF. and Kemp, D.J. (1987). Structure of the FIRA gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Bioi. Med., 4, 199–211.
241. Stahl, H.D., Bianco, A.E., Crewther, P.E., Anders, R.F., Kyne, AP., Coppel, R.L. et al. (1986a). Sorting large numbers of clones expressing Plasmodium falciparum antigens in Escherichia coli by differential antibody screening. Mol. Biol. Med., 3, 351–368.
242. Stahl, H.D., Bianco, AE., Crewther, P.E., Burkot, T., Coppel, R.L., Brown, G.V. et al. (1986b). An asparagine-rich protein from blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum shares determinants with sporozoites. Nucleic Acids Res., 14, 3089–3102.
243. Stowers, A.W., Cooper, J.A, Ehrhardt, T. and Saul, A (1996). A peptide derived from a B cell epitope of Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry associated protein 2 specifically raises antibodies to rhoptry associated protein J. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 82, 167–180.
244. Su, X.Z., Heatwole, V.M., Wertheimer, S.P., Guinet, F., Herrfeldt, J.A, Peterson, D.S. et al. (1995). The large diverse gene family var encodes proteins involved in cytoadherence and antigenic variation of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Cell, 82, 89–100.
245. Szarfman, A, Lyon, J.A., Walliker, D., Quakyi, I., Howard, R.J., Sun, S. et al. (1988). Mature liver stages of cloned Plasmodium falciparum share epitopes with proteins from sporozoites and asexual blood stages. Parasite Immunol., 10, 339–351.
246. Tanabe, K., Mackay, M., Goman, M. and Scaife, J.G. (1987). Allelic dimorphism in a surface antigen gene of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. J. Mol. Biol., 195, 273–287.
247. Taylor, D.W., Parra, M., Chapman, G.B., Stearns, M.E., Rener, J., Aikawa, M. et al. (1987). Localization of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 1 in the erythrocyte skeleton under knobs. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 25, 165–174.
248. Taylor, R.R, Smith, D.B., Robinson, V.J., McBride, J.S. and Riley, E.M. (1995). Human antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 2 is serogroup specific and predominantly of the immunoglobulin G3 subclass. Inject. Immun., 63, 4382–4388.
249. Theisen, M., Cox, G., Høgh, B., Jepsen, S. and Vuust, J. (1994). Immunogenicity of the Plasmodiumfalciparum glutamate-rich protein expressed by vaccinia virus. Inject. Immun., 62, 3270–3275.
250. Theisen, M., Soe, S., Oeuvray, C., Thomas, AW., Vuust, J., Danielsen, S. et al. (1998). The glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) of Plasmodium falciparum is a target for antibody-dependent monocyte-mediated inhibition of parasite growth in vitro. Inject. Immun., 66, 11–17.
251. Thomas, A.W., Deans, J.A., Mitchell, G.H., Alderson, T. and Cohen, S. (1984). The Fab fragments of monoclonal IgG to a merozoite surface antigen inhibit Plasmodium knowlesi invasion of erythrocytes. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 13, 187–199.
252. Thomas, AW., Waters, A.P. and Carr, D. (1990). Analysis of variation in PF83, an erythrocytic merozoite vaccine candidate antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 42, 285–288.
253. Tolle, R, Bujard, H. and Cooper, J.A. (1995). Plasmodium falciparum: variations within the C-terminal region of merozoite surface antigen-1. Exp. Parasitol., 81, 47–54.
254. Torii, M., Adams, J.H., Miller, L.H. and Aikawa, M. (1989). Release of merozoite dense granules during erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium knowlesi. Inject. Immun., 57, 3230–3233.
255. Trager, W., Rozario, C., Shio, H., Williams, J. and Perkins, M.E. (1992). Transfer of a dense granule protein of Plasmodium falciparum to the membrane of ring stages and isolation of dense granules. Inject. Immun., 60, 4656–4661.
256. Triglia, T., Stahl, H.D., Crewther, P.E., Scanlon, D., Brown, G.V., Anders, RF. et al. (1987). The complete sequence of the gene for the knob-associated histidine-rich protein from Plasmodium falciparum. EMBO J., 6, 1413–1419.
257. Udomsangpetch, R, Aikawa, M., Berzins, K., Wahlgren, M. and Perlmann, P. (1989a). Cytoadherence of knobless Plasmodiumfalciparum-infected erythrocytes and its inhibition by a human monoclonal antibody. Nature, 338, 763–765.
258. Udomsangpetch, R, Carlsson, J., Wåhlin, B., Holmquist, G., Ozaki, L.S., Scherf, A. et al. (1989b). Reactivity of the human monoclonal antibody 33G2 with repeated sequences of three distinct Plasmodium falciparum antigens. 1. Immunol., 142, 3620–3626.
259. Udomsangpetch, R, Lundgren, K., Berzins, K., Wiihlin, B., Perlmann, H., Troye-Blomberg, M. et al. (1986). Human monoclonal antibodies to Pfl55, a major antigen of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Science, 231, 57–59.
260. van Schravendijk, M.R, Rock, E.P., Marsh, K., Ito, Y., Aikawa, M., Neequaye, J. et al. (1991). Characterization and localization of Plasmodium falciparum surface antigens on infected erythrocytes from West African patients. Blood. 78, 226–236.
261. Vazeux, G., Le Scanf, C. and Fandeur, T (1993). The RESA-2 gene of Plasmodium falciparum is transcribed in several independent isoaltes. Infect. Immun., 61, 4469–4472.
262. Wahlgren, M., Bejarano, M.-T, Troye-Blomberg, M., Perlmann, P., Riley, E., Greenwood, B.M. et al. (1991). Epitopes of the Plasmodium falciparum clustered-asparagine-rich protein (CARP) recognized by human T-cells and antibodies. Parasite Immunol., 13, 681–694.
263. Wahlgren, M., Björkman, A, Perlmann, H., Berzins, K. and Perlmann, P. (1986a). Anti-Plasmodiumfalciparum antibodies acquired by residents in a holoendemic area of Liberia during development of clinical immunity. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 35, 22–29.
264. Wahlgren, M., Åslund, L., Franzén, L., Sundvall, M., Berzins, K., Wiihlin, B. et al. (1986b). Serological crossreactions between genetically distinct Plasmodiumfalciparum antigens. In Vaccines86, edited by F. Brown, R.M. Chanock and R. Lerner, pp. 169–173. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
265. Wahlgren, M., Åslund, L., Franzén, L., Sundvall, M., Wiihlin, B., Berzins, K. et al. (1986). A Plasmodium falciparum antigen containing clusters of asparagine residues. PNAS, 83, 2677–2681.
266. Weber, J.L., Lyon, J.A, Wolff, R.H., Hall, T, Lowell, G.H. and Chulay, J.D. (1988). Primary structure of a Plasmodium falciparum malaria antigen located at the merozoite surface and within the parasitophorous vacuole. J. Biol. Chem., 263, 11421–11425.
267. Wellems, T.E. and Howard, R.J. (1986). Homologous genes encode two distinct histidine-rich proteins in a cloned isolate of Plasmodium falciparum. PNAS, 83, 6065–6069.
268. Werner, E., Holder, A.A, Aszodi, A. and Taylor, W.R (1996). A novel Il-mer coiled-coil motif predicts a Hitidine Zipper. Prot. Pep. Lett., 3, 139–146.
269. Wiesner, J., Mattei, D., Scherf, A. and Lanzer, M. (1998). Biol. of giant proteins of Plasmodium: Resolution on polyacrylamide-agarose composite gels. Parasitol. Today, 14, 38–40.
270. Wilson, D.R and Finlay, B.B. (1997). The ‘Asx-Pro turn’ as a local structural motif stabilized by alternative patterns of hydrogen bonds and a consensus-derived model of the sequence Asn-Pro-Asn. Prot. Eng., 10, 519–529.
271. Wiihlin, B., Sjolander, A, Ahlborg, N., Udomsangpetch, R., Scherf, A., Mattei, D. et al. (1992). Involvement of Pf155IRESA and cross-reactive antigens in Plasmodium falciparum merozoite invasion in vitro. Infect. Immun., 60, 443–449.
272. Zavala, F., Cochrane, AH., Nardin, E.H., Nussenzweig, RS. and Nussenzweig, V. (1983). Circumsporozoite proteins of malaria parasites contain a single immunodominant region with two or more identical epitopes. J. Exp. Med., 157, 1947–1957.
273. Zavala, F., Tam, J.P. and Masuda, A. (1986). Synthetic peptides as antigens for the detection of humoral immunity to Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. J. Immunol. Meth., 93, 55–61.