Feminist historians and family history in Canada in the 1990s

Journal of Family History

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 362-383

  Bradbury, Bettina ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0007130158     PISSN: 03631990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/036319900002500306     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. I was asked by Rod Phillips to review five recent books in Canadian gender/women's history several years ago. They were difficult to relate to each other without taking a broader look at the field. Hence this review, which has taken longer and is longer than either of us anticipated.
2. Joy Parr, ed., Childhood and Family in Canadian History (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982); Patricia R. Rooke and R. L. Schnell, Studies in Childhood History: A Canadian Perspective (Calgary: Detselig Enterprises, 1982). See also the collection of documents in Alison Prentice and Susan E. Houston, eds., Family, School and Society in Nineteenth-Century Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1975).
3. Joy Parr, ed., Childhood and Family in Canadian History (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982); Patricia R. Rooke and R. L. Schnell, Studies in Childhood History: A Canadian Perspective (Calgary: Detselig Enterprises, 1982). See also the collection of documents in Alison Prentice and Susan E. Houston, eds., Family, School and Society in Nineteenth-Century Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1975).
4. Joy Parr, ed., Childhood and Family in Canadian History (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982); Patricia R. Rooke and R. L. Schnell, Studies in Childhood History: A Canadian Perspective (Calgary: Detselig Enterprises, 1982). See also the collection of documents in Alison Prentice and Susan E. Houston, eds., Family, School and Society in Nineteenth-Century Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1975).
5. The pioneering work in this area was Louise Dechêne, Habitants et marchands de Montréal au XVII siècle (Paris: Plon, 1974), available in translation as Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth Century Montreal (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992). In English Canada, one courageous work that used family reconstitution to trace the lives of some 775 Protestant families from North Tipperary is Bruce S. Elliott's important study, Irish Migrants in the Canadas: A New Approach (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1988).
6. The pioneering work in this area was Louise Dechêne, Habitants et marchands de Montréal au XVII siècle (Paris: Plon, 1974), available in translation as Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth Century Montreal (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992). In English Canada, one courageous work that used family reconstitution to trace the lives of some 775 Protestant families from North Tipperary is Bruce S. Elliott's important study, Irish Migrants in the Canadas: A New Approach (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1988).
7. The pioneering work in this area was Louise Dechêne, Habitants et marchands de Montréal au XVII siècle (Paris: Plon, 1974), available in translation as Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth Century Montreal (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992). In English Canada, one courageous work that used family reconstitution to trace the lives of some 775 Protestant families from North Tipperary is Bruce S. Elliott's important study, Irish Migrants in the Canadas: A New Approach (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1988).
8. Denise Lemiex, Les petits innocents: L'enfance en Nouvelle France (Quebec: IQRC, 1985); and, more recently, Serge Gagnon, Mariage et famille au temps de Papineau (Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Les Presses de l'Université Lavai, 1993). Some of the early feminist histories in Quebec approached women and family through a study of ideologies. See Monique Dumais, La mère dans la société québecoise: Étude ethique d'un modèle à partir de deux journaux féministes: La Bonne Parole (1913-1958) et Les Têtes de pioche (1966-1979) (Ottawa: Institut canadien de recherche pour l'avancement de la femme, 1983); Mona-Josée Gagnon, Les femmes vue par le Québec des hommes, 30 ans d'histoire des idéologies, 1940-1970 (Montreal: Éditions du Jour, 1974).
9. Denise Lemiex, Les petits innocents: L'enfance en Nouvelle France (Quebec: IQRC, 1985); and, more recently, Serge Gagnon, Mariage et famille au temps de Papineau (Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Les Presses de l'Université Lavai, 1993). Some of the early feminist histories in Quebec approached women and family through a study of ideologies. See Monique Dumais, La mère dans la société québecoise: Étude ethique d'un modèle à partir de deux journaux féministes: La Bonne Parole (1913-1958) et Les Têtes de pioche (1966-1979) (Ottawa: Institut canadien de recherche pour l'avancement de la femme, 1983); Mona-Josée Gagnon, Les femmes vue par le Québec des hommes, 30 ans d'histoire des idéologies, 1940-1970 (Montreal: Éditions du Jour, 1974).
10. Denise Lemiex, Les petits innocents: L'enfance en Nouvelle France (Quebec: IQRC, 1985); and, more recently, Serge Gagnon, Mariage et famille au temps de Papineau (Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Les Presses de l'Université Lavai, 1993). Some of the early feminist histories in Quebec approached women and family through a study of ideologies. See Monique Dumais, La mère dans la société québecoise: Étude ethique d'un modèle à partir de deux journaux féministes: La Bonne Parole (1913-1958) et Les Têtes de pioche (1966-1979) (Ottawa: Institut canadien de recherche pour l'avancement de la femme, 1983); Mona-Josée Gagnon, Les femmes vue par le Québec des hommes, 30 ans d'histoire des idéologies, 1940-1970 (Montreal: Éditions du Jour, 1974).
11. Denise Lemiex, Les petits innocents: L'enfance en Nouvelle France (Quebec: IQRC, 1985); and, more recently, Serge Gagnon, Mariage et famille au temps de Papineau (Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Les Presses de l'Université Lavai, 1993). Some of the early feminist histories in Quebec approached women and family through a study of ideologies. See Monique Dumais, La mère dans la société québecoise: Étude ethique d'un modèle à partir de deux journaux féministes: La Bonne Parole (1913-1958) et Les Têtes de pioche (1966-1979) (Ottawa: Institut canadien de recherche pour l'avancement de la femme, 1983); Mona-Josée Gagnon, Les femmes vue par le Québec des hommes, 30 ans d'histoire des idéologies, 1940-1970 (Montreal: Éditions du Jour, 1974).
12. Neil Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society: Framing the Twentieth Century Consensus (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976); Peter Ward, Courtship, Love and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century English Canada (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
13. Neil Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society: Framing the Twentieth Century Consensus (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976); Peter Ward, Courtship, Love and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century English Canada (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
14. Michael B. Katz, The People of Hamilton, Canada West: Family and Class in a Mid-Nineteenth-Century City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975); David Gagan, Hopeful Travellers: Families, Land, and Social Change in Mid-Victorian Peel County, Canada West (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981); Michael B. Katz, Michael J. Doucet, and Mark J. Stern, The Social Organization of Early Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).
15. Michael B. Katz, The People of Hamilton, Canada West: Family and Class in a Mid-Nineteenth-Century City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975); David Gagan, Hopeful Travellers: Families, Land, and Social Change in Mid-Victorian Peel County, Canada West (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981); Michael B. Katz, Michael J. Doucet, and Mark J. Stern, The Social Organization of Early Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).
16. Michael B. Katz, The People of Hamilton, Canada West: Family and Class in a Mid-Nineteenth-Century City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975); David Gagan, Hopeful Travellers: Families, Land, and Social Change in Mid-Victorian Peel County, Canada West (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981); Michael B. Katz, Michael J. Doucet, and Mark J. Stern, The Social Organization of Early Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).
17. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society; Joy Parr, Labouring Children: British Immigrant Apprentices to Canada: 1869-1924 (London: Croom Helm and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1980); Parr, Childhood and Family in Canadian History; Nicole Thivièrge, Écoles ménagères et instituts familiaux: un modèle féminin traditionel (Quebec: IQRC, 1982); Nadia-Fahmy Eid and Micheline Dumont, eds., Maîtresses de maison, maîtresses d'école: Femmes, famille et éducation dans l'histoire du Québec (Montreal: Boréal, 1983); Prentice and Houston, Family, School and Society in Nineteenth-Century Canada.
18. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society; Joy Parr, Labouring Children: British Immigrant Apprentices to Canada: 1869-1924 (London: Croom Helm and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1980); Parr, Childhood and Family in Canadian History; Nicole Thivièrge, Écoles ménagères et instituts familiaux: un modèle féminin traditionel (Quebec: IQRC, 1982); Nadia-Fahmy Eid and Micheline Dumont, eds., Maîtresses de maison, maîtresses d'école: Femmes, famille et éducation dans l'histoire du Québec (Montreal: Boréal, 1983); Prentice and Houston, Family, School and Society in Nineteenth-Century Canada.
19. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society; Joy Parr, Labouring Children: British Immigrant Apprentices to Canada: 1869-1924 (London: Croom Helm and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1980); Parr, Childhood and Family in Canadian History; Nicole Thivièrge, Écoles ménagères et instituts familiaux: un modèle féminin traditionel (Quebec: IQRC, 1982); Nadia-Fahmy Eid and Micheline Dumont, eds., Maîtresses de maison, maîtresses d'école: Femmes, famille et éducation dans l'histoire du Québec (Montreal: Boréal, 1983); Prentice and Houston, Family, School and Society in Nineteenth-Century Canada.
20. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society; Joy Parr, Labouring Children: British Immigrant Apprentices to Canada: 1869-1924 (London: Croom Helm and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1980); Parr, Childhood and Family in Canadian History; Nicole Thivièrge, Écoles ménagères et instituts familiaux: un modèle féminin traditionel (Quebec: IQRC, 1982); Nadia-Fahmy Eid and Micheline Dumont, eds., Maîtresses de maison, maîtresses d'école: Femmes, famille et éducation dans l'histoire du Québec (Montreal: Boréal, 1983); Prentice and Houston, Family, School and Society in Nineteenth-Century Canada.
21. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society; Joy Parr, Labouring Children: British Immigrant Apprentices to Canada: 1869-1924 (London: Croom Helm and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1980); Parr, Childhood and Family in Canadian History; Nicole Thivièrge, Écoles ménagères et instituts familiaux: un modèle féminin traditionel (Quebec: IQRC, 1982); Nadia-Fahmy Eid and Micheline Dumont, eds., Maîtresses de maison, maîtresses d'école: Femmes, famille et éducation dans l'histoire du Québec (Montreal: Boréal, 1983); Prentice and Houston, Family, School and Society in Nineteenth-Century Canada.
22. Jennifer Brown, Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Families in Indian Country (Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1980); Sylvia Van Kirk, "Many Tender Ties": Women in Fur-Trade Society, 1670-1870 (Winnipeg: Watson & Dwyer, 1980).
23. Jennifer Brown, Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Families in Indian Country (Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1980); Sylvia Van Kirk, "Many Tender Ties": Women in Fur-Trade Society, 1670-1870 (Winnipeg: Watson & Dwyer, 1980).
24. Parr, Labouring Children. For a masterful critique of her own use of sources, see the new introduction to the 1994 edition of this book, republished by University of Toronto Press. Majorie Cohen, Women's Work, Markets, and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Ontario (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988).
25. Parr, Labouring Children. For a masterful critique of her own use of sources, see the new introduction to the 1994 edition of this book, republished by University of Toronto Press. Majorie Cohen, Women's Work, Markets, and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Ontario (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988).
26. Meg Luxton, More Than a Labour of Love: Three Generations of Women's Work in the Home (Toronto: Women's Press, 1980).
27. Angus McLaren and Arlene Tigar McLaren, The Bedroom and the State: The Changing Practices and Politics of Contraception and Abortion in Canada, 1880-1980 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1986), revised and republished to cover the period 1880 to 1997 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997). The history of midwives was addressed in Hélène Laforce, Histoire de la sage-femme dans la région de Québec (Quebec: IQRC, 1985).
28. Angus McLaren and Arlene Tigar McLaren, The Bedroom and the State: The Changing Practices and Politics of Contraception and Abortion in Canada, 1880-1980 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1986), revised and republished to cover the period 1880 to 1997 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997). The history of midwives was addressed in Hélène Laforce, Histoire de la sage-femme dans la région de Québec (Quebec: IQRC, 1985).
29. Veronica Strong-Boag, The New Day Recalled: The Lives of Girls and Women in English Canada, 1919-1939 (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1988); Denise Lemieux and Lucie Mercier, Les Femmes au tournant du siècle, 1880-1940. Ages de la vie, maternité et quotidien (Ville Saint-Laurent: Institut québécois de recherche sur la culture, 1989).
30. Veronica Strong-Boag, The New Day Recalled: The Lives of Girls and Women in English Canada, 1919-1939 (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1988); Denise Lemieux and Lucie Mercier, Les Femmes au tournant du siècle, 1880-1940. Ages de la vie, maternité et quotidien (Ville Saint-Laurent: Institut québécois de recherche sur la culture, 1989).
31. Women's and family histories that have won the John A. Macdonald prize awarded annually for the best book in Canadian history include Strong-Boag, The New Day Recalled (1989); Joy Parr, The Gender of Breadwinners: Women, Men and Change in Two Industrial Towns, 1880-1950 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990); Julie Cruikshank, Life Lived Like a Story: Life Stories of Three Yukon Native Elders (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press and University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Bettina Bradbury, Working Families: Age, Gender and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1993); Gérard Bouchard, Quelques arpents d'Amérique: Population, économie, famille au Saguenay, 1838-1971 (Montreal: Boréal, 1996).
32. Women's and family histories that have won the John A. Macdonald prize awarded annually for the best book in Canadian history include Strong-Boag, The New Day Recalled (1989); Joy Parr, The Gender of Breadwinners: Women, Men and Change in Two Industrial Towns, 1880-1950 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990); Julie Cruikshank, Life Lived Like a Story: Life Stories of Three Yukon Native Elders (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press and University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Bettina Bradbury, Working Families: Age, Gender and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1993); Gérard Bouchard, Quelques arpents d'Amérique: Population, économie, famille au Saguenay, 1838-1971 (Montreal: Boréal, 1996).
33. Women's and family histories that have won the John A. Macdonald prize awarded annually for the best book in Canadian history include Strong-Boag, The New Day Recalled (1989); Joy Parr, The Gender of Breadwinners: Women, Men and Change in Two Industrial Towns, 1880-1950 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990); Julie Cruikshank, Life Lived Like a Story: Life Stories of Three Yukon Native Elders (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press and University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Bettina Bradbury, Working Families: Age, Gender and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1993); Gérard Bouchard, Quelques arpents d'Amérique: Population, économie, famille au Saguenay, 1838-1971 (Montreal: Boréal, 1996).
34. Women's and family histories that have won the John A. Macdonald prize awarded annually for the best book in Canadian history include Strong-Boag, The New Day Recalled (1989); Joy Parr, The Gender of Breadwinners: Women, Men and Change in Two Industrial Towns, 1880-1950 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990); Julie Cruikshank, Life Lived Like a Story: Life Stories of Three Yukon Native Elders (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press and University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Bettina Bradbury, Working Families: Age, Gender and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1993); Gérard Bouchard, Quelques arpents d'Amérique: Population, économie, famille au Saguenay, 1838-1971 (Montreal: Boréal, 1996).
35. Women's and family histories that have won the John A. Macdonald prize awarded annually for the best book in Canadian history include Strong-Boag, The New Day Recalled (1989); Joy Parr, The Gender of Breadwinners: Women, Men and Change in Two Industrial Towns, 1880-1950 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990); Julie Cruikshank, Life Lived Like a Story: Life Stories of Three Yukon Native Elders (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press and University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Bettina Bradbury, Working Families: Age, Gender and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1993); Gérard Bouchard, Quelques arpents d'Amérique: Population, économie, famille au Saguenay, 1838-1971 (Montreal: Boréal, 1996).
36. Cynthia Comacchio, The Intimate Bonds of Family: Domesticity in Canada, 1850-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Allan Greer, The People of New France (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Carolyn Strange and Tina Loo, Making Good: Law and Moral Regulation in Canada, 1867-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). Surveys of Canadian women's and social history also pay some attention to family. See especially Alison Prentice, Paula Bourne, Gail Cuthbert Brandt, Beth Light, Wendy Mitchinson, and Naomi Black, Canadian Women: A History, 2d ed. (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996); Le Collectif Clio, L'histoire des femmes au Québec depuis quatre siècles (Montreal: le Jour, éditeur, 1992): revision of 1982 version translated into English as Quebec Women: A History (Toronto: Women's Press, 1986); Margaret Conrad, Alvin Finkel, and Cornelius Jaenen, History of the Canadian Peoples: Beginnings to 1867 (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993); Alvin Finkel, Margaret Conrad, with Veronica Strong-Boag, History of the Canadian Peoples: 1867 to the Present (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993).
37. Cynthia Comacchio, The Intimate Bonds of Family: Domesticity in Canada, 1850-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Allan Greer, The People of New France (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Carolyn Strange and Tina Loo, Making Good: Law and Moral Regulation in Canada, 1867-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). Surveys of Canadian women's and social history also pay some attention to family. See especially Alison Prentice, Paula Bourne, Gail Cuthbert Brandt, Beth Light, Wendy Mitchinson, and Naomi Black, Canadian Women: A History, 2d ed. (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996); Le Collectif Clio, L'histoire des femmes au Québec depuis quatre siècles (Montreal: le Jour, éditeur, 1992): revision of 1982 version translated into English as Quebec Women: A History (Toronto: Women's Press, 1986); Margaret Conrad, Alvin Finkel, and Cornelius Jaenen, History of the Canadian Peoples: Beginnings to 1867 (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993); Alvin Finkel, Margaret Conrad, with Veronica Strong-Boag, History of the Canadian Peoples: 1867 to the Present (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993).
38. Cynthia Comacchio, The Intimate Bonds of Family: Domesticity in Canada, 1850-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Allan Greer, The People of New France (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Carolyn Strange and Tina Loo, Making Good: Law and Moral Regulation in Canada, 1867-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). Surveys of Canadian women's and social history also pay some attention to family. See especially Alison Prentice, Paula Bourne, Gail Cuthbert Brandt, Beth Light, Wendy Mitchinson, and Naomi Black, Canadian Women: A History, 2d ed. (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996); Le Collectif Clio, L'histoire des femmes au Québec depuis quatre siècles (Montreal: le Jour, éditeur, 1992): revision of 1982 version translated into English as Quebec Women: A History (Toronto: Women's Press, 1986); Margaret Conrad, Alvin Finkel, and Cornelius Jaenen, History of the Canadian Peoples: Beginnings to 1867 (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993); Alvin Finkel, Margaret Conrad, with Veronica Strong-Boag, History of the Canadian Peoples: 1867 to the Present (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993).
39. Cynthia Comacchio, The Intimate Bonds of Family: Domesticity in Canada, 1850-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Allan Greer, The People of New France (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Carolyn Strange and Tina Loo, Making Good: Law and Moral Regulation in Canada, 1867-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). Surveys of Canadian women's and social history also pay some attention to family. See especially Alison Prentice, Paula Bourne, Gail Cuthbert Brandt, Beth Light, Wendy Mitchinson, and Naomi Black, Canadian Women: A History, 2d ed. (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996); Le Collectif Clio, L'histoire des femmes au Québec depuis quatre siècles (Montreal: le Jour, éditeur, 1992): revision of 1982 version translated into English as Quebec Women: A History (Toronto: Women's Press, 1986); Margaret Conrad, Alvin Finkel, and Cornelius Jaenen, History of the Canadian Peoples: Beginnings to 1867 (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993); Alvin Finkel, Margaret Conrad, with Veronica Strong-Boag, History of the Canadian Peoples: 1867 to the Present (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993).
40. Cynthia Comacchio, The Intimate Bonds of Family: Domesticity in Canada, 1850-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Allan Greer, The People of New France (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Carolyn Strange and Tina Loo, Making Good: Law and Moral Regulation in Canada, 1867-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). Surveys of Canadian women's and social history also pay some attention to family. See especially Alison Prentice, Paula Bourne, Gail Cuthbert Brandt, Beth Light, Wendy Mitchinson, and Naomi Black, Canadian Women: A History, 2d ed. (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996); Le Collectif Clio, L'histoire des femmes au Québec depuis quatre siècles (Montreal: le Jour, éditeur, 1992): revision of 1982 version translated into English as Quebec Women: A History (Toronto: Women's Press, 1986); Margaret Conrad, Alvin Finkel, and Cornelius Jaenen, History of the Canadian Peoples: Beginnings to 1867 (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993); Alvin Finkel, Margaret Conrad, with Veronica Strong-Boag, History of the Canadian Peoples: 1867 to the Present (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993).
41. Cynthia Comacchio, The Intimate Bonds of Family: Domesticity in Canada, 1850-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Allan Greer, The People of New France (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Carolyn Strange and Tina Loo, Making Good: Law and Moral Regulation in Canada, 1867-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). Surveys of Canadian women's and social history also pay some attention to family. See especially Alison Prentice, Paula Bourne, Gail Cuthbert Brandt, Beth Light, Wendy Mitchinson, and Naomi Black, Canadian Women: A History, 2d ed. (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996); Le Collectif Clio, L'histoire des femmes au Québec depuis quatre siècles (Montreal: le Jour, éditeur, 1992): revision of 1982 version translated into English as Quebec Women: A History (Toronto: Women's Press, 1986); Margaret Conrad, Alvin Finkel, and Cornelius Jaenen, History of the Canadian Peoples: Beginnings to 1867 (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993); Alvin Finkel, Margaret Conrad, with Veronica Strong-Boag, History of the Canadian Peoples: 1867 to the Present (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993).
42. Cynthia Comacchio, The Intimate Bonds of Family: Domesticity in Canada, 1850-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Allan Greer, The People of New France (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Carolyn Strange and Tina Loo, Making Good: Law and Moral Regulation in Canada, 1867-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). Surveys of Canadian women's and social history also pay some attention to family. See especially Alison Prentice, Paula Bourne, Gail Cuthbert Brandt, Beth Light, Wendy Mitchinson, and Naomi Black, Canadian Women: A History, 2d ed. (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996); Le Collectif Clio, L'histoire des femmes au Québec depuis quatre siècles (Montreal: le Jour, éditeur, 1992): revision of 1982 version translated into English as Quebec Women: A History (Toronto: Women's Press, 1986); Margaret Conrad, Alvin Finkel, and Cornelius Jaenen, History of the Canadian Peoples: Beginnings to 1867 (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993); Alvin Finkel, Margaret Conrad, with Veronica Strong-Boag, History of the Canadian Peoples: 1867 to the Present (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993).
43. Cynthia Comacchio, The Intimate Bonds of Family: Domesticity in Canada, 1850-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Allan Greer, The People of New France (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); Carolyn Strange and Tina Loo, Making Good: Law and Moral Regulation in Canada, 1867-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). Surveys of Canadian women's and social history also pay some attention to family. See especially Alison Prentice, Paula Bourne, Gail Cuthbert Brandt, Beth Light, Wendy Mitchinson, and Naomi Black, Canadian Women: A History, 2d ed. (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996); Le Collectif Clio, L'histoire des femmes au Québec depuis quatre siècles (Montreal: le Jour, éditeur, 1992): revision of 1982 version translated into English as Quebec Women: A History (Toronto: Women's Press, 1986); Margaret Conrad, Alvin Finkel, and Cornelius Jaenen, History of the Canadian Peoples: Beginnings to 1867 (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993); Alvin Finkel, Margaret Conrad, with Veronica Strong-Boag, History of the Canadian Peoples: 1867 to the Present (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993).
44. To keep this review manageable, I have limited my discussion to material appearing in books. Unfortunately, this excludes important work that has appeared in refereed journals, in which frequently the most innovative work is published.
45. Neil Sutherland, Growing Up: Childhood in English Canada from the Great War to the Age of Television (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997).
46. See the excellent work by Dominique Marshall, Aux origines de l'État Providence: familles québecoises, obligation scolaire et allocations familiales, 1940-1955 (Montreal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1998); and Dorothy Chunn, From Punishment to Doing Good: Family Courts and Socialized Justice in Ontario, 1880-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992).
47. See the excellent work by Dominique Marshall, Aux origines de l'État Providence: familles québecoises, obligation scolaire et allocations familiales, 1940-1955 (Montreal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1998); and Dorothy Chunn, From Punishment to Doing Good: Family Courts and Socialized Justice in Ontario, 1880-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992).
48. James G. Snell, In the Shadow of the Law: Divorce in Canada, 1900-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991). See also Chris Burr, "Letters to Mike: Personal Narrative and Divorce Reform in Canada in the 1960's, "in Family Matters: Papers in Post-Confederation Canadian Family History, eds. Lori Chambers and Edgar-André Montigny (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 1998).
49. James G. Snell, In the Shadow of the Law: Divorce in Canada, 1900-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991). See also Chris Burr, "Letters to Mike: Personal Narrative and Divorce Reform in Canada in the 1960's, "in Family Matters: Papers in Post-Confederation Canadian Family History, eds. Lori Chambers and Edgar-André Montigny (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 1998).
50. James G. Snell, The Citizen's Wage: The State and the Elderly in Canada, 1900-1951 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); Edgar-André Montigny, Foisted upon the Government? State Responsibilities, Family Obligations, and the Care of the Dependent Aged in Late Nineteenth-Century Ontario (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997); and the excellent essays on the elderly and the family in the final section of Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters.
51. James G. Snell, The Citizen's Wage: The State and the Elderly in Canada, 1900-1951 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); Edgar-André Montigny, Foisted upon the Government? State Responsibilities, Family Obligations, and the Care of the Dependent Aged in Late Nineteenth-Century Ontario (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997); and the excellent essays on the elderly and the family in the final section of Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters.
52. James G. Snell, The Citizen's Wage: The State and the Elderly in Canada, 1900-1951 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); Edgar-André Montigny, Foisted upon the Government? State Responsibilities, Family Obligations, and the Care of the Dependent Aged in Late Nineteenth-Century Ontario (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997); and the excellent essays on the elderly and the family in the final section of Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters.
53. Danielle Gauvreau, Québec: Une Ville et sa population au temps de la Nouvelle France (Sillery, Quebec: Presses de l'université du Québec, 1991); Yves Landry, Les Filles du roi au XVIIe siècle: Orphelines en France, pionnières au Canada (Montreal: Leméac, 1992); Bouchard, Quelques arpents d'Amérique.
54. Danielle Gauvreau, Québec: Une Ville et sa population au temps de la Nouvelle France (Sillery, Quebec: Presses de l'université du Québec, 1991); Yves Landry, Les Filles du roi au XVIIe siècle: Orphelines en France, pionnières au Canada (Montreal: Leméac, 1992); Bouchard, Quelques arpents d'Amérique.
55. Danielle Gauvreau, Québec: Une Ville et sa population au temps de la Nouvelle France (Sillery, Quebec: Presses de l'université du Québec, 1991); Yves Landry, Les Filles du roi au XVIIe siècle: Orphelines en France, pionnières au Canada (Montreal: Leméac, 1992); Bouchard, Quelques arpents d'Amérique.
56. Michael Doucet and John Weaver, Housing the North American City (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991); Jill Wade, Houses for All: The Struggle for Social Housing in Vancouver, 1919-1950 (Vancouver: UBC, 1994); Richard Harris, Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996); Peter Ennals and Deryck W. Holdsworth, Homeplace: The Making of the Canadian Dwelling over Three Centuries (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); Peter Ward, A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home (Vancouver: UBC, 1999).
57. Michael Doucet and John Weaver, Housing the North American City (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991); Jill Wade, Houses for All: The Struggle for Social Housing in Vancouver, 1919-1950 (Vancouver: UBC, 1994); Richard Harris, Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996); Peter Ennals and Deryck W. Holdsworth, Homeplace: The Making of the Canadian Dwelling over Three Centuries (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); Peter Ward, A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home (Vancouver: UBC, 1999).
58. Michael Doucet and John Weaver, Housing the North American City (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991); Jill Wade, Houses for All: The Struggle for Social Housing in Vancouver, 1919-1950 (Vancouver: UBC, 1994); Richard Harris, Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996); Peter Ennals and Deryck W. Holdsworth, Homeplace: The Making of the Canadian Dwelling over Three Centuries (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); Peter Ward, A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home (Vancouver: UBC, 1999).
59. Michael Doucet and John Weaver, Housing the North American City (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991); Jill Wade, Houses for All: The Struggle for Social Housing in Vancouver, 1919-1950 (Vancouver: UBC, 1994); Richard Harris, Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996); Peter Ennals and Deryck W. Holdsworth, Homeplace: The Making of the Canadian Dwelling over Three Centuries (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); Peter Ward, A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home (Vancouver: UBC, 1999).
60. Michael Doucet and John Weaver, Housing the North American City (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991); Jill Wade, Houses for All: The Struggle for Social Housing in Vancouver, 1919-1950 (Vancouver: UBC, 1994); Richard Harris, Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1996); Peter Ennals and Deryck W. Holdsworth, Homeplace: The Making of the Canadian Dwelling over Three Centuries (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); Peter Ward, A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home (Vancouver: UBC, 1999).
61. Peter Baskerville and Eric W. Sager, Unwilling Idlers: The Urban Unemployed and Their Families in Late Victorian Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998).
62. Doug Owram, Born at the Right Time: A History of the Baby Boom Generation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996).
63. Louis Lavallée, La Prairie en Nouvelle-France, 1647-1760 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991); Peter Gossage, Families in Transition: Industry and Population in Nineteenth-Century Saint-Hyacinthe (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
64. Louis Lavallée, La Prairie en Nouvelle-France, 1647-1760 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991); Peter Gossage, Families in Transition: Industry and Population in Nineteenth-Century Saint-Hyacinthe (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
65. Gordon Darroch and Lee Soltow, Property and Inequality in Victorian Ontario: Structural Patterns and Cultural Communities in the 1871 Census (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994).
66. Joy Parr, "Gender History and Historical Practice, "Canadian Historical Review 76, no. 3 (1995); Joan Sangster, "Beyond Dichotomies: Re-Assessing Gender History and Women's History in Canada, "Left History 3, no. 1 (1995).
67. Joy Parr, "Gender History and Historical Practice, "Canadian Historical Review 76, no. 3 (1995); Joan Sangster, "Beyond Dichotomies: Re-Assessing Gender History and Women's History in Canada, "Left History 3, no. 1 (1995).
68. I have tried to consider all relevant monographs here. I was unable to consult a few that were published late in 1999.
69. Roberta Hamilton and Michèle Barret highlight the "flourishing socialist-feminist literature" of the 1980s; Canadian's unusual willingness to engage in debate across lines of "theory, analysis and politics" and gender in ways that are not so common in the United States or Britain in their introduction to The Politics of Diversity: Feminism, Marxism and Nationalism (Montreal: Book Center, 1986), 1-3.
70. Jane Errington, Wives and Mothers, School Mistresses and Scullery Maids: Working Women in Upper Canada, 1790-1840 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995); Katherine M. J. McKenna, A Life of Propriety: Anne Murray Powell and Her Family 1755-1849 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994).
71. Jane Errington, Wives and Mothers, School Mistresses and Scullery Maids: Working Women in Upper Canada, 1790-1840 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995); Katherine M. J. McKenna, A Life of Propriety: Anne Murray Powell and Her Family 1755-1849 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994).
72. Bradbury, Working Families; Denyse Baillargeon, Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression (Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1999), originally published as Ménagères au temps de la crise (Montreal: Remue-ménage, 1991); Parr, The Gender of Breadwinners; Suzanne Morton, Ideal Surroundings: Domestic Life in a Working-Class Suburb in the 1920's (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Joan Sangster, Earning Respect: The Lives of Wage-Earning Women in Small Town Ontario, 1920-60 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Franca Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People: Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992); and, most recently, Mary Kinnear, A Female Economy: Women's Work in a Prairie Province, 1870-1970 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
73. Bradbury, Working Families; Denyse Baillargeon, Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression (Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1999), originally published as Ménagères au temps de la crise (Montreal: Remue-ménage, 1991); Parr, The Gender of Breadwinners; Suzanne Morton, Ideal Surroundings: Domestic Life in a Working-Class Suburb in the 1920's (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Joan Sangster, Earning Respect: The Lives of Wage-Earning Women in Small Town Ontario, 1920-60 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Franca Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People: Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992); and, most recently, Mary Kinnear, A Female Economy: Women's Work in a Prairie Province, 1870-1970 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
74. Bradbury, Working Families; Denyse Baillargeon, Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression (Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1999), originally published as Ménagères au temps de la crise (Montreal: Remue-ménage, 1991); Parr, The Gender of Breadwinners; Suzanne Morton, Ideal Surroundings: Domestic Life in a Working-Class Suburb in the 1920's (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Joan Sangster, Earning Respect: The Lives of Wage-Earning Women in Small Town Ontario, 1920-60 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Franca Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People: Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992); and, most recently, Mary Kinnear, A Female Economy: Women's Work in a Prairie Province, 1870-1970 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
75. Bradbury, Working Families; Denyse Baillargeon, Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression (Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1999), originally published as Ménagères au temps de la crise (Montreal: Remue-ménage, 1991); Parr, The Gender of Breadwinners; Suzanne Morton, Ideal Surroundings: Domestic Life in a Working-Class Suburb in the 1920's (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Joan Sangster, Earning Respect: The Lives of Wage-Earning Women in Small Town Ontario, 1920-60 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Franca Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People: Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992); and, most recently, Mary Kinnear, A Female Economy: Women's Work in a Prairie Province, 1870-1970 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
76. Bradbury, Working Families; Denyse Baillargeon, Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression (Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1999), originally published as Ménagères au temps de la crise (Montreal: Remue-ménage, 1991); Parr, The Gender of Breadwinners; Suzanne Morton, Ideal Surroundings: Domestic Life in a Working-Class Suburb in the 1920's (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Joan Sangster, Earning Respect: The Lives of Wage-Earning Women in Small Town Ontario, 1920-60 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Franca Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People: Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992); and, most recently, Mary Kinnear, A Female Economy: Women's Work in a Prairie Province, 1870-1970 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
77. Bradbury, Working Families; Denyse Baillargeon, Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression (Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1999), originally published as Ménagères au temps de la crise (Montreal: Remue-ménage, 1991); Parr, The Gender of Breadwinners; Suzanne Morton, Ideal Surroundings: Domestic Life in a Working-Class Suburb in the 1920's (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Joan Sangster, Earning Respect: The Lives of Wage-Earning Women in Small Town Ontario, 1920-60 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Franca Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People: Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992); and, most recently, Mary Kinnear, A Female Economy: Women's Work in a Prairie Province, 1870-1970 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
78. Bradbury, Working Families; Denyse Baillargeon, Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression (Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1999), originally published as Ménagères au temps de la crise (Montreal: Remue-ménage, 1991); Parr, The Gender of Breadwinners; Suzanne Morton, Ideal Surroundings: Domestic Life in a Working-Class Suburb in the 1920's (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Joan Sangster, Earning Respect: The Lives of Wage-Earning Women in Small Town Ontario, 1920-60 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Franca Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People: Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992); and, most recently, Mary Kinnear, A Female Economy: Women's Work in a Prairie Province, 1870-1970 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
79. Bradbury, Working Families; Denyse Baillargeon, Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression (Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1999), originally published as Ménagères au temps de la crise (Montreal: Remue-ménage, 1991); Parr, The Gender of Breadwinners; Suzanne Morton, Ideal Surroundings: Domestic Life in a Working-Class Suburb in the 1920's (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Joan Sangster, Earning Respect: The Lives of Wage-Earning Women in Small Town Ontario, 1920-60 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Franca Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People: Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992); and, most recently, Mary Kinnear, A Female Economy: Women's Work in a Prairie Province, 1870-1970 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
80. Mark Rosenfeld, "'It was a Hard Life': Class and Gender in the Work and Family Rhythms of a Railway Town, 1920-1950, "in Canadian Family History: Selected Readings, ed. Bettina Bradbury (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1992); Stephen Penfold, "'Have You No Manhood in You?': Gender and Class in the Cape Breton Coal Towns, 1920-26, "in Gender and History in Canada, eds. Joy Parr and Mark Rosenfeld (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1996); Nancy M. Forestell, "The Miner's Wife: Working-Class Femininity in a Masculine Context, 1920-1950, "in Gendered Pasts: Historical Essays in Femininity and Masculinity in Canada, eds. Kathryn McPerson, Cecilia Morgan, and Nancy M. Forestell (Toronto, Oxford University Press, 1999); John Lutz, "Gender and Work in Lekwammen Families, 1843-1970, "in McPherson, Morgan, and Forestell, Gendered Pasts.
81. Mark Rosenfeld, "'It was a Hard Life': Class and Gender in the Work and Family Rhythms of a Railway Town, 1920-1950, "in Canadian Family History: Selected Readings, ed. Bettina Bradbury (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1992); Stephen Penfold, "'Have You No Manhood in You?': Gender and Class in the Cape Breton Coal Towns, 1920-26, "in Gender and History in Canada, eds. Joy Parr and Mark Rosenfeld (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1996); Nancy M. Forestell, "The Miner's Wife: Working-Class Femininity in a Masculine Context, 1920-1950, "in Gendered Pasts: Historical Essays in Femininity and Masculinity in Canada, eds. Kathryn McPerson, Cecilia Morgan, and Nancy M. Forestell (Toronto, Oxford University Press, 1999); John Lutz, "Gender and Work in Lekwammen Families, 1843-1970, "in McPherson, Morgan, and Forestell, Gendered Pasts.
82. Mark Rosenfeld, "'It was a Hard Life': Class and Gender in the Work and Family Rhythms of a Railway Town, 1920-1950, "in Canadian Family History: Selected Readings, ed. Bettina Bradbury (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1992); Stephen Penfold, "'Have You No Manhood in You?': Gender and Class in the Cape Breton Coal Towns, 1920-26, "in Gender and History in Canada, eds. Joy Parr and Mark Rosenfeld (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1996); Nancy M. Forestell, "The Miner's Wife: Working-Class Femininity in a Masculine Context, 1920-1950, "in Gendered Pasts: Historical Essays in Femininity and Masculinity in Canada, eds. Kathryn McPerson, Cecilia Morgan, and Nancy M. Forestell (Toronto, Oxford University Press, 1999); John Lutz, "Gender and Work in Lekwammen Families, 1843-1970, "in McPherson, Morgan, and Forestell, Gendered Pasts.
83. Mark Rosenfeld, "'It was a Hard Life': Class and Gender in the Work and Family Rhythms of a Railway Town, 1920-1950, "in Canadian Family History: Selected Readings, ed. Bettina Bradbury (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1992); Stephen Penfold, "'Have You No Manhood in You?': Gender and Class in the Cape Breton Coal Towns, 1920-26, "in Gender and History in Canada, eds. Joy Parr and Mark Rosenfeld (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1996); Nancy M. Forestell, "The Miner's Wife: Working-Class Femininity in a Masculine Context, 1920-1950, "in Gendered Pasts: Historical Essays in Femininity and Masculinity in Canada, eds. Kathryn McPerson, Cecilia Morgan, and Nancy M. Forestell (Toronto, Oxford University Press, 1999); John Lutz, "Gender and Work in Lekwammen Families, 1843-1970, "in McPherson, Morgan, and Forestell, Gendered Pasts.
84. Ruth Frager, Sweatshop Strife: Class, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Jewish Labour Movement of Toronto, 1900-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1992); Pamela Sugiman, Labour's Dilemma: The Gender Politics of Auto Workers in Canada, 1937-1979 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kathryn McPherson, Bedside Matters: The Transformation of Canadian Nursing, 1900-1990 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1996); Alicja Muszynski, Cheap Wage Labour: Race and Gender in the Fisheries of B.C. (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996).
85. Ruth Frager, Sweatshop Strife: Class, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Jewish Labour Movement of Toronto, 1900-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1992); Pamela Sugiman, Labour's Dilemma: The Gender Politics of Auto Workers in Canada, 1937-1979 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kathryn McPherson, Bedside Matters: The Transformation of Canadian Nursing, 1900-1990 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1996); Alicja Muszynski, Cheap Wage Labour: Race and Gender in the Fisheries of B.C. (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996).
86. Ruth Frager, Sweatshop Strife: Class, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Jewish Labour Movement of Toronto, 1900-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1992); Pamela Sugiman, Labour's Dilemma: The Gender Politics of Auto Workers in Canada, 1937-1979 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kathryn McPherson, Bedside Matters: The Transformation of Canadian Nursing, 1900-1990 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1996); Alicja Muszynski, Cheap Wage Labour: Race and Gender in the Fisheries of B.C. (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996).
87. Ruth Frager, Sweatshop Strife: Class, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Jewish Labour Movement of Toronto, 1900-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1992); Pamela Sugiman, Labour's Dilemma: The Gender Politics of Auto Workers in Canada, 1937-1979 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Kathryn McPherson, Bedside Matters: The Transformation of Canadian Nursing, 1900-1990 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1996); Alicja Muszynski, Cheap Wage Labour: Race and Gender in the Fisheries of B.C. (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996).
88. Bettina Bradbury, "The Home as Workplace, "in Labouring Lives: Work and Workers in Nineteenth-Century Ontario, ed. Paul Craven (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995).
89. J. K. Johnston, Becoming Prominent: Regional Leadership in Upper Canada, 1791-1841 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1989); and David G. Burley, A Particular Condition in Life: Self-Employment and Social Mobility in Mid-Victorian Brantford, Ontario (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994) deal in different ways with the making of Ontario's middle classes without paying much attention to the place of women or gender in that process.
90. J. K. Johnston, Becoming Prominent: Regional Leadership in Upper Canada, 1791-1841 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1989); and David G. Burley, A Particular Condition in Life: Self-Employment and Social Mobility in Mid-Victorian Brantford, Ontario (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994) deal in different ways with the making of Ontario's middle classes without paying much attention to the place of women or gender in that process.
91. Elizabeth Mancke, "At the Counter of the General Store: Women and the Economy in Eighteenth-Century Horton, Nova Scotia, "in Intimate Relations: Family and Community in Planter Nova Scotia, 1759-1800, ed. Margaret Conrad (Fredericton, New Brunswick: Acadiensis, 1995), 171.
92. Rusty Bitterman, "Women and the Escheat Movement: The Politics of Everyday Life on Prince Edward Island, "in Separate Spheres: Women's Worlds in the 19th-century Maritimes, eds. Janet Guildford and Suzanne Morton (Fredericton, New Brunswick: Acadiensis, 1994).
93. See especially, Peggy Bristow, "'Whatever You Raise in the Ground You Can Sell It in Chatham': Black Women in Buxton and Chatham, 1850-65, "in We're Rooted Here and They Can't Pull Us Up: Essays in African Canadian Women's History, eds. Peggy Bristow et al. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994).
94. Bradbury, Working Families.
95. McPherson, Morgan, and Forestell, Gendered Pasts, 145.
96. Joy Parr, Domestic Goods: The Material, the Moral and the Economic in the Postwar Years (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999).
97. Sangster, Earning Respect, 4.
98. Marlene Brant Castellano and Janice Hill, "First Nations Women: Reclaiming Our Responsibilities, "in A Diversity of Women: Ontario, 1945-1980, ed. Joy Parr (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995), 232-51.
99. See also Joan Sangster, "Doing Two Jobs: The Wage-Earning Mother, 1945-70, "in Parr, A Diversity of Women, 98-134, which covers similar material to the final chapter of Earning Respect.
100. E. A. (Nora) Cebotarev, "From Domesticity to the Public Sphere: Farm Women, 1945-86, "in Parr, A Diversity of Women, 200-31. Exceptions that also stand out for their careful consideration of women include R. Loewen's comparisons of Mennonite families on each side of the U.S./Canadian border, Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and New Worlds (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993); and Jeffrey Taylor, Fashioning Farmers: Ideology, Agricultural Knowledge and the Manitoba Farm Movement, 1890-1925 (Winnipeg: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1994). See also Catherine C. Cole and Ann Milovic, "Education, Community Service and Social Life: The Alberta Women's Institutes and Rural Families, 1909-1945, "in Standing on New Ground: Women in Alberta, eds. Catherine A. Cavanaugh and Randi R. Warne (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1993); and, most recently, Gail Cuthbert Brandt and Naomi Black, Feminist Politics on the Farm: Rural Catholic Women in Southern Quebec and Southwest France (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
101. E. A. (Nora) Cebotarev, "From Domesticity to the Public Sphere: Farm Women, 1945-86, "in Parr, A Diversity of Women, 200-31. Exceptions that also stand out for their careful consideration of women include R. Loewen's comparisons of Mennonite families on each side of the U.S./Canadian border, Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and New Worlds (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993); and Jeffrey Taylor, Fashioning Farmers: Ideology, Agricultural Knowledge and the Manitoba Farm Movement, 1890-1925 (Winnipeg: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1994). See also Catherine C. Cole and Ann Milovic, "Education, Community Service and Social Life: The Alberta Women's Institutes and Rural Families, 1909-1945, "in Standing on New Ground: Women in Alberta, eds. Catherine A. Cavanaugh and Randi R. Warne (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1993); and, most recently, Gail Cuthbert Brandt and Naomi Black, Feminist Politics on the Farm: Rural Catholic Women in Southern Quebec and Southwest France (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
102. E. A. (Nora) Cebotarev, "From Domesticity to the Public Sphere: Farm Women, 1945-86, "in Parr, A Diversity of Women, 200-31. Exceptions that also stand out for their careful consideration of women include R. Loewen's comparisons of Mennonite families on each side of the U.S./Canadian border, Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and New Worlds (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993); and Jeffrey Taylor, Fashioning Farmers: Ideology, Agricultural Knowledge and the Manitoba Farm Movement, 1890-1925 (Winnipeg: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1994). See also Catherine C. Cole and Ann Milovic, "Education, Community Service and Social Life: The Alberta Women's Institutes and Rural Families, 1909-1945, "in Standing on New Ground: Women in Alberta, eds. Catherine A. Cavanaugh and Randi R. Warne (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1993); and, most recently, Gail Cuthbert Brandt and Naomi Black, Feminist Politics on the Farm: Rural Catholic Women in Southern Quebec and Southwest France (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
103. E. A. (Nora) Cebotarev, "From Domesticity to the Public Sphere: Farm Women, 1945-86, "in Parr, A Diversity of Women, 200-31. Exceptions that also stand out for their careful consideration of women include R. Loewen's comparisons of Mennonite families on each side of the U.S./Canadian border, Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and New Worlds (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993); and Jeffrey Taylor, Fashioning Farmers: Ideology, Agricultural Knowledge and the Manitoba Farm Movement, 1890-1925 (Winnipeg: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1994). See also Catherine C. Cole and Ann Milovic, "Education, Community Service and Social Life: The Alberta Women's Institutes and Rural Families, 1909-1945, "in Standing on New Ground: Women in Alberta, eds. Catherine A. Cavanaugh and Randi R. Warne (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1993); and, most recently, Gail Cuthbert Brandt and Naomi Black, Feminist Politics on the Farm: Rural Catholic Women in Southern Quebec and Southwest France (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
104. E. A. (Nora) Cebotarev, "From Domesticity to the Public Sphere: Farm Women, 1945-86, "in Parr, A Diversity of Women, 200-31. Exceptions that also stand out for their careful consideration of women include R. Loewen's comparisons of Mennonite families on each side of the U.S./Canadian border, Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and New Worlds (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993); and Jeffrey Taylor, Fashioning Farmers: Ideology, Agricultural Knowledge and the Manitoba Farm Movement, 1890-1925 (Winnipeg: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1994). See also Catherine C. Cole and Ann Milovic, "Education, Community Service and Social Life: The Alberta Women's Institutes and Rural Families, 1909-1945, "in Standing on New Ground: Women in Alberta, eds. Catherine A. Cavanaugh and Randi R. Warne (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1993); and, most recently, Gail Cuthbert Brandt and Naomi Black, Feminist Politics on the Farm: Rural Catholic Women in Southern Quebec and Southwest France (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
105. Veronica Strong-Boag, "'Their Side of the Story': Women's Voices from Ontario Suburbs, 1945-60, "in Parr, A Diversity of Women, quote on page 68.
106. Franca Iacovetta with Paula Draper and Robert Ventresca, eds., A Nation of Immigrants: Women, Workers and Communities in Canadian History, 1840's-1960's (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998).
107. Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People.
108. Marlene Epp, "The 'Grab Bag' Mennonite Refugee Family in Post-War Canada, "in On the Case: Explorations in Social History, eds. Franca Iacovetta and Wendy Mitchinson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998).
109. Varpu Lindstrom, Defiant Sisters: A Social History of Finnish Immigrant Women in Canada (Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1988).
110. Joan Sangster, Dreams of Equality: Women on the Canadian Left, 1920-1950 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1989); Linda Kealey, Enlisting Women for the Cause: Women, Labour, and the Left in Canada, 1890-1920 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); Janice Newton, The Feminist Challenge to the Canadian Left, 1900-1918 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995). See also sections on women militants in Frager, Sweatshop Strife, and most recently, Andrée Lévesque, Scènes de la vie en rouge: L'époque de Jeanne Corbin, 1960-1944 (Montreal: Les Editions du remue-ménage, 1999).
111. Joan Sangster, Dreams of Equality: Women on the Canadian Left, 1920-1950 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1989); Linda Kealey, Enlisting Women for the Cause: Women, Labour, and the Left in Canada, 1890-1920 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); Janice Newton, The Feminist Challenge to the Canadian Left, 1900-1918 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995). See also sections on women militants in Frager, Sweatshop Strife, and most recently, Andrée Lévesque, Scènes de la vie en rouge: L'époque de Jeanne Corbin, 1960-1944 (Montreal: Les Editions du remue-ménage, 1999).
112. Joan Sangster, Dreams of Equality: Women on the Canadian Left, 1920-1950 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1989); Linda Kealey, Enlisting Women for the Cause: Women, Labour, and the Left in Canada, 1890-1920 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); Janice Newton, The Feminist Challenge to the Canadian Left, 1900-1918 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995). See also sections on women militants in Frager, Sweatshop Strife, and most recently, Andrée Lévesque, Scènes de la vie en rouge: L'époque de Jeanne Corbin, 1960-1944 (Montreal: Les Editions du remue-ménage, 1999).
113. Joan Sangster, Dreams of Equality: Women on the Canadian Left, 1920-1950 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1989); Linda Kealey, Enlisting Women for the Cause: Women, Labour, and the Left in Canada, 1890-1920 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); Janice Newton, The Feminist Challenge to the Canadian Left, 1900-1918 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995). See also sections on women militants in Frager, Sweatshop Strife, and most recently, Andrée Lévesque, Scènes de la vie en rouge: L'époque de Jeanne Corbin, 1960-1944 (Montreal: Les Editions du remue-ménage, 1999).
114. Joan Sangster, Dreams of Equality: Women on the Canadian Left, 1920-1950 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1989); Linda Kealey, Enlisting Women for the Cause: Women, Labour, and the Left in Canada, 1890-1920 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); Janice Newton, The Feminist Challenge to the Canadian Left, 1900-1918 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995). See also sections on women militants in Frager, Sweatshop Strife, and most recently, Andrée Lévesque, Scènes de la vie en rouge: L'époque de Jeanne Corbin, 1960-1944 (Montreal: Les Editions du remue-ménage, 1999).
115. The intersecting role of race, class, and gender in the politics of work and labor reform are explored in Chris Burr, Spreading the Light: Work and Labour Reform in Late Nineteenth-Century Toronto (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999).
116. See my "Women and the History of their Work in Canada: Some Recent Books, "Journal of Canadian Studies 28, no. 3 (1993), for a review of some books on this theme before 1993.
117. Frager, Sweatshop Strife, 42, 213.
118. Lynn Marks, Revivals and Roller Rinks: Religion, Leisure and Identity in Late-Nineteenth-Century Small-Town Ontario (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); Cecilia Morgan, Public Men and Virtuous Women: The Gendered Languages of Religion and Politics in Upper Canada, 1791-1850 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996).
119. Lynn Marks, Revivals and Roller Rinks: Religion, Leisure and Identity in Late-Nineteenth-Century Small-Town Ontario (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); Cecilia Morgan, Public Men and Virtuous Women: The Gendered Languages of Religion and Politics in Upper Canada, 1791-1850 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996).
120. Morgan, Public Men and Virtuous Women, 125-32.
121. Constance Backhouse, Petticoats and Prejudice: Women and the Law in 19th Century Canada (Toronto: The Osgoode Society, 1991). Other recent studies that are revealing on the links between family and church, the role of church discipline, and patterns of church membership include Hannah Lane, "'Wife, Mother, Sister, Friend, ' Methodist Women in St. Stephen, New Brunswick, "in Guildford and Morton, Separate Spheres; Lynn Marks, "No Double Standard? Leisure Sex, and Sin in Upper Canadian Church Discipline Records, 1800-1860, "in Kathryn McPherson et al., Gendered Pasts; Lynn Marks, "Christian Harmony: Family Neighbours, and Community in Upper Canadian Church Discipline Records, "in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case.
122. Constance Backhouse, Petticoats and Prejudice: Women and the Law in 19th Century Canada (Toronto: The Osgoode Society, 1991). Other recent studies that are revealing on the links between family and church, the role of church discipline, and patterns of church membership include Hannah Lane, "'Wife, Mother, Sister, Friend, ' Methodist Women in St. Stephen, New Brunswick, "in Guildford and Morton, Separate Spheres; Lynn Marks, "No Double Standard? Leisure Sex, and Sin in Upper Canadian Church Discipline Records, 1800-1860, "in Kathryn McPherson et al., Gendered Pasts; Lynn Marks, "Christian Harmony: Family Neighbours, and Community in Upper Canadian Church Discipline Records, "in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case.
123. Constance Backhouse, Petticoats and Prejudice: Women and the Law in 19th Century Canada (Toronto: The Osgoode Society, 1991). Other recent studies that are revealing on the links between family and church, the role of church discipline, and patterns of church membership include Hannah Lane, "'Wife, Mother, Sister, Friend, ' Methodist Women in St. Stephen, New Brunswick, "in Guildford and Morton, Separate Spheres; Lynn Marks, "No Double Standard? Leisure Sex, and Sin in Upper Canadian Church Discipline Records, 1800-1860, "in Kathryn McPherson et al., Gendered Pasts; Lynn Marks, "Christian Harmony: Family Neighbours, and Community in Upper Canadian Church Discipline Records, "in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case.
124. Constance Backhouse, Petticoats and Prejudice: Women and the Law in 19th Century Canada (Toronto: The Osgoode Society, 1991). Other recent studies that are revealing on the links between family and church, the role of church discipline, and patterns of church membership include Hannah Lane, "'Wife, Mother, Sister, Friend, ' Methodist Women in St. Stephen, New Brunswick, "in Guildford and Morton, Separate Spheres; Lynn Marks, "No Double Standard? Leisure Sex, and Sin in Upper Canadian Church Discipline Records, 1800-1860, "in Kathryn McPherson et al., Gendered Pasts; Lynn Marks, "Christian Harmony: Family Neighbours, and Community in Upper Canadian Church Discipline Records, "in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case.
125. Annalee Golz, "Uncovering and Reconstructing Family Violence: Ontario Criminal Case Files, "in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case; Judith Fingard, "The Prevention of Cruelty, Marriage Breakdown and the Rights of Wives in Nova Scotia, "in Guildford and Morton, Separate Spheres; Judith Norton, "The Dark Side of Planter Life: Reported Cases of Domestic Violence, "in Conrad, Intimate Relations.
126. Annalee Golz, "Uncovering and Reconstructing Family Violence: Ontario Criminal Case Files, "in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case; Judith Fingard, "The Prevention of Cruelty, Marriage Breakdown and the Rights of Wives in Nova Scotia, "in Guildford and Morton, Separate Spheres; Judith Norton, "The Dark Side of Planter Life: Reported Cases of Domestic Violence, "in Conrad, Intimate Relations.
127. Annalee Golz, "Uncovering and Reconstructing Family Violence: Ontario Criminal Case Files, "in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case; Judith Fingard, "The Prevention of Cruelty, Marriage Breakdown and the Rights of Wives in Nova Scotia, "in Guildford and Morton, Separate Spheres; Judith Norton, "The Dark Side of Planter Life: Reported Cases of Domestic Violence, "in Conrad, Intimate Relations.
128. Lori Chambers, Married Women and Property Law in Victorian Ontario (Toronto: Osgoode Society for Legal History, 1997). See also Constance Backhouse, "Married Women's Property Law in Nineteenth-Century Canada, "in Bradbury, Canadian Family History; Philip Girard and Rebecca Veinott, "Married Women's Property Law in Nova Scotia, 1850-1910, "in Guildford and Morton, Separate Spheres; and France Parent, Entre le juridique et le social: Le pouvoir des femmes à Québec au xviie siècle (Quebec: Cahiers de recherche du GREMF, Université Laval, 1991).
129. Lori Chambers, Married Women and Property Law in Victorian Ontario (Toronto: Osgoode Society for Legal History, 1997). See also Constance Backhouse, "Married Women's Property Law in Nineteenth-Century Canada, "in Bradbury, Canadian Family History; Philip Girard and Rebecca Veinott, "Married Women's Property Law in Nova Scotia, 1850-1910, "in Guildford and Morton, Separate Spheres; and France Parent, Entre le juridique et le social: Le pouvoir des femmes à Québec au xviie siècle (Quebec: Cahiers de recherche du GREMF, Université Laval, 1991).
130. Lori Chambers, Married Women and Property Law in Victorian Ontario (Toronto: Osgoode Society for Legal History, 1997). See also Constance Backhouse, "Married Women's Property Law in Nineteenth-Century Canada, "in Bradbury, Canadian Family History; Philip Girard and Rebecca Veinott, "Married Women's Property Law in Nova Scotia, 1850-1910, "in Guildford and Morton, Separate Spheres; and France Parent, Entre le juridique et le social: Le pouvoir des femmes à Québec au xviie siècle (Quebec: Cahiers de recherche du GREMF, Université Laval, 1991).
131. Lori Chambers, Married Women and Property Law in Victorian Ontario (Toronto: Osgoode Society for Legal History, 1997). See also Constance Backhouse, "Married Women's Property Law in Nineteenth-Century Canada, "in Bradbury, Canadian Family History; Philip Girard and Rebecca Veinott, "Married Women's Property Law in Nova Scotia, 1850-1910, "in Guildford and Morton, Separate Spheres; and France Parent, Entre le juridique et le social: Le pouvoir des femmes à Québec au xviie siècle (Quebec: Cahiers de recherche du GREMF, Université Laval, 1991).
132. Chambers, Married Women and Property, 6.
133. Lori Chambers, ́ 'You Have No Rights, Only Obligations': Putative Fathers and the Children of Unmarried Parents Act, ́ in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters. Other articles on aspects of fathering appearing in recent collections include Christabelle Sethna ́Wait Till Your Father Gets Home: Absent Fathers, Working Mothers and Delinquent Daughters in Ontario World War II, "in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters; Robert Rutherdale, "Fatherhood and the Social Construction of Memory: Breadwinning and Male Parenting on a Job Frontier, 1945-1966, "in Parr and Rosenfeld, Gender and History in Canada.
134. Lori Chambers, ́ 'You Have No Rights, Only Obligations': Putative Fathers and the Children of Unmarried Parents Act, ́ in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters. Other articles on aspects of fathering appearing in recent collections include Christabelle Sethna ́Wait Till Your Father Gets Home: Absent Fathers, Working Mothers and Delinquent Daughters in Ontario World War II, "in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters; Robert Rutherdale, "Fatherhood and the Social Construction of Memory: Breadwinning and Male Parenting on a Job Frontier, 1945-1966, "in Parr and Rosenfeld, Gender and History in Canada.
135. Lori Chambers, ́ 'You Have No Rights, Only Obligations': Putative Fathers and the Children of Unmarried Parents Act, ́ in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters. Other articles on aspects of fathering appearing in recent collections include Christabelle Sethna ́Wait Till Your Father Gets Home: Absent Fathers, Working Mothers and Delinquent Daughters in Ontario World War II, "in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters; Robert Rutherdale, "Fatherhood and the Social Construction of Memory: Breadwinning and Male Parenting on a Job Frontier, 1945-1966, "in Parr and Rosenfeld, Gender and History in Canada.
136. Cynthia Comacchio, Nations Are Built of Babies: Saving Ontario's Mothers and Children, 1900-1940 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993); Katherine Arnup, Education for Motherhood: Advice for Mothers in Twentieth-Century Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Andrée Lévesque, Making and Breaking the Rules: Women in Quebec, 1919-1939 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1994), originally published as La norme et les déviantes; des femmes au Québec pendant l'rentre-deux-guerres (Montreal: Éditions du remue-ménage, 1989); Kathryn Arnup, Andrée Lévesque, and Ruth Pierson, with Margaret Brennan, eds., Delivering Motherhood: Maternal Ideologies and Practices in the 19th and 20th Centuries (London: Routledge, 1990).
137. Cynthia Comacchio, Nations Are Built of Babies: Saving Ontario's Mothers and Children, 1900-1940 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993); Katherine Arnup, Education for Motherhood: Advice for Mothers in Twentieth-Century Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Andrée Lévesque, Making and Breaking the Rules: Women in Quebec, 1919-1939 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1994), originally published as La norme et les déviantes; des femmes au Québec pendant l'rentre-deux-guerres (Montreal: Éditions du remue-ménage, 1989); Kathryn Arnup, Andrée Lévesque, and Ruth Pierson, with Margaret Brennan, eds., Delivering Motherhood: Maternal Ideologies and Practices in the 19th and 20th Centuries (London: Routledge, 1990).
138. Cynthia Comacchio, Nations Are Built of Babies: Saving Ontario's Mothers and Children, 1900-1940 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993); Katherine Arnup, Education for Motherhood: Advice for Mothers in Twentieth-Century Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Andrée Lévesque, Making and Breaking the Rules: Women in Quebec, 1919-1939 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1994), originally published as La norme et les déviantes; des femmes au Québec pendant l'rentre-deux-guerres (Montreal: Éditions du remue-ménage, 1989); Kathryn Arnup, Andrée Lévesque, and Ruth Pierson, with Margaret Brennan, eds., Delivering Motherhood: Maternal Ideologies and Practices in the 19th and 20th Centuries (London: Routledge, 1990).
139. Cynthia Comacchio, Nations Are Built of Babies: Saving Ontario's Mothers and Children, 1900-1940 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993); Katherine Arnup, Education for Motherhood: Advice for Mothers in Twentieth-Century Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Andrée Lévesque, Making and Breaking the Rules: Women in Quebec, 1919-1939 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1994), originally published as La norme et les déviantes; des femmes au Québec pendant l'rentre-deux-guerres (Montreal: Éditions du remue-ménage, 1989); Kathryn Arnup, Andrée Lévesque, and Ruth Pierson, with Margaret Brennan, eds., Delivering Motherhood: Maternal Ideologies and Practices in the 19th and 20th Centuries (London: Routledge, 1990).
140. Cynthia Comacchio, Nations Are Built of Babies: Saving Ontario's Mothers and Children, 1900-1940 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993); Katherine Arnup, Education for Motherhood: Advice for Mothers in Twentieth-Century Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994); Andrée Lévesque, Making and Breaking the Rules: Women in Quebec, 1919-1939 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1994), originally published as La norme et les déviantes; des femmes au Québec pendant l'rentre-deux-guerres (Montreal: Éditions du remue-ménage, 1989); Kathryn Arnup, Andrée Lévesque, and Ruth Pierson, with Margaret Brennan, eds., Delivering Motherhood: Maternal Ideologies and Practices in the 19th and 20th Centuries (London: Routledge, 1990).
141. Arnup, Education for Motherhood, 152.
142. Legislation concerning families in Manitoba and Ontario is compared in Jane Ursel, Private Lives, Public Policy: 100 Years of State Intervention in the Family (Toronto: Women's Press, 1992). See also Cecilia Benoit, ́Mothering in a Newfoundland Community, 1900-1940, "in Canadian Women: A Reader, eds. Wendy Mitchinson et al. (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996).
143. Legislation concerning families in Manitoba and Ontario is compared in Jane Ursel, Private Lives, Public Policy: 100 Years of State Intervention in the Family (Toronto: Women's Press, 1992). See also Cecilia Benoit, ́Mothering in a Newfoundland Community, 1900-1940, "in Canadian Women: A Reader, eds. Wendy Mitchinson et al. (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996).
144. Bradbury's Working Families and Morton's Ideal Surroundings each have chapters looking at single parents, mostly widows; and Bettina Bradbury, "Widowhood and Canadian Family History", in Conrad, Intimate Relations, critiques how studies of family and household have ignored widows, widowers, and other single parents.
145. This was a provincially run program. Little examines the more generous provisions in British Columbia in "Claiming a Unique Place: The Introduction of Mothers' Pensions in B.C, "in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters.
146. Peter Rusk, "Same-Sex Spousal Benefits and Evolving Conception of Family, "in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters, 227-70.
147. Sarah Carter, Capturing Women: The Manipulation of Cultural Imagery in Canada's Prairie West (Montreal: McGill Queen's University Press, 1997).
148. Adele Perry, "'Oh I'm Just Sick of the Faces of Men': Gender Imbalance, Race, Sexuality, and Sociability in Nineteenth-Century British Columbia, "in a special issue on "Women's History and Gender Studies, "eds. Annalee Golz and Lynne Marks, B.C. Studies 105/106 (spring/summer 1995).
149. Carter, Capturing Women, 187-90.
150. Compare this with Marilyn Lake's research on Australia, which reveals how feminists' public condemnation of white men's liaisons with aboriginal women constituted part of their demands for protection for all women. "Frontier Feminism and the Marauding White Man: Australia, 1890's to 1940s, "in Nation, Empire, Colony. Historicizing Gender and Race, eds. Ruth Roach Pierson and Nupur Chaudhuri (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998).
151. Karen Dubinsky, Improper Advances: Rape and Heterosexual Conflict in Ontario, 1880-1929 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993); Carolyn Strange, Toronto's Girl Problem: The Perils and Pleasures of the City, 1880-1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Tamara Myers, "Qui t'a débauchée? Adolescent Sexuality and the Juvenile Delinquent's Court in Early Twentieth-Century Montreal, "in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters.
152. Karen Dubinsky, Improper Advances: Rape and Heterosexual Conflict in Ontario, 1880-1929 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993); Carolyn Strange, Toronto's Girl Problem: The Perils and Pleasures of the City, 1880-1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Tamara Myers, "Qui t'a débauchée? Adolescent Sexuality and the Juvenile Delinquent's Court in Early Twentieth-Century Montreal, "in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters.
153. Karen Dubinsky, Improper Advances: Rape and Heterosexual Conflict in Ontario, 1880-1929 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993); Carolyn Strange, Toronto's Girl Problem: The Perils and Pleasures of the City, 1880-1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Tamara Myers, "Qui t'a débauchée? Adolescent Sexuality and the Juvenile Delinquent's Court in Early Twentieth-Century Montreal, "in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters.
154. Kathryn McPherson, "'The Case of the Kissing Nurse': Femininity, Sexuality, and Canadian Nursing, 1900-1970, "in McPherson et al., Gendered Pasts; Franca Iacovetta, "Parents, Daughters, and Family Court Intrusions into Working-Class Life, "in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997).
155. Kathryn McPherson, "'The Case of the Kissing Nurse': Femininity, Sexuality, and Canadian Nursing, 1900-1970, "in McPherson et al., Gendered Pasts; Franca Iacovetta, "Parents, Daughters, and Family Court Intrusions into Working-Class Life, "in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997).
156. Kathryn McPherson, "'The Case of the Kissing Nurse': Femininity, Sexuality, and Canadian Nursing, 1900-1970, "in McPherson et al., Gendered Pasts; Franca Iacovetta, "Parents, Daughters, and Family Court Intrusions into Working-Class Life, "in Iacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case; Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997).
157. Dubinsky, Improper Advances, 167. Her most recent work, The Second Greatest Disappointment: Honeymooning and Tourism at Niagara Falls (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1999), takes the heterosexuality of Niagara's reputation as the honeymooning capital as her starting point to provide a highly readable, carefully argued history of tourism and of the honeymoon.
158. Dubinsky, Improper Advances, 167. Her most recent work, The Second Greatest Disappointment: Honeymooning and Tourism at Niagara Falls (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1999), takes the heterosexuality of Niagara's reputation as the honeymooning capital as her starting point to provide a highly readable, carefully argued history of tourism and of the honeymoon.
159. Ward, Courtship, Love and Marriage.
160. Teaching about sexuality in Quebec during this period is studied in Gaston Desjardins, L'amour en patience: la sexualité adolescente au Québec, 1940-1960 (Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université du Québec, 1995). Mona Gleason offers a sample of her research on the growing influence of psychology in "Growing up to be 'Normal': Psychology Constructs Proper Gender Roles in Post-World War II Canada, 1945-1960, "in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters.
161. Teaching about sexuality in Quebec during this period is studied in Gaston Desjardins, L'amour en patience: la sexualité adolescente au Québec, 1940-1960 (Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université du Québec, 1995). Mona Gleason offers a sample of her research on the growing influence of psychology in "Growing up to be 'Normal': Psychology Constructs Proper Gender Roles in Post-World War II Canada, 1945-1960, "in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters.
162. Adams, The Trouble with Normal, 4.
163. Line Chamberland, "Remembering Lesbian Bars: Montreal, 1955-1975, "in Mitchinson et al., Canadian Women: A Reader, Stephen Maynard, "Through a Hole in the Lavatory Wall: Homosexual Subcultures, Police Surveillance, and the Dialectics of Discovery, Toronto, 1890-1930, "in Parr and Rosenfeld, Gender and History in Canada; "On the Case of the Case: The Emergence of the Homosexual as a Case History in Early-Twentieth-Century Ontario, "in lacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case.
164. Line Chamberland, "Remembering Lesbian Bars: Montreal, 1955-1975, "in Mitchinson et al., Canadian Women: A Reader, Stephen Maynard, "Through a Hole in the Lavatory Wall: Homosexual Subcultures, Police Surveillance, and the Dialectics of Discovery, Toronto, 1890-1930, "in Parr and Rosenfeld, Gender and History in Canada; "On the Case of the Case: The Emergence of the Homosexual as a Case History in Early-Twentieth-Century Ontario, "in lacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case.
165. Line Chamberland, "Remembering Lesbian Bars: Montreal, 1955-1975, "in Mitchinson et al., Canadian Women: A Reader, Stephen Maynard, "Through a Hole in the Lavatory Wall: Homosexual Subcultures, Police Surveillance, and the Dialectics of Discovery, Toronto, 1890-1930, "in Parr and Rosenfeld, Gender and History in Canada; "On the Case of the Case: The Emergence of the Homosexual as a Case History in Early-Twentieth-Century Ontario, "in lacovetta and Mitchinson, On the Case.
166. Becki Ross, The House that Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995).
167. A growing number of collections of essays in women's history now deal with other provinces or regions. Among the most recent, see Catherine Cavanaugh and Randi Warne, eds., Standing on New Ground: Women in Alberta (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1993); David De Brou and Aileen Moffat, eds., "Other Voices": Historical Essays on Saskatchewan Women (Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1995); Linda Kealey, ed., Pursuing Equality: Historical Perspectives on Women in Newfoundland and Labrador (St. Johns: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Institute of Social an Economic Research, 1993); "Women's History and Gender Studies, "special issue of B.C. Studies 105/106 (spring/summer 1995); Gillian Creese and Veronica Strong-Boag, eds., British Columbia Reconsidered: Essays on Women (Vancouver: Press Gang, 1992).
168. A growing number of collections of essays in women's history now deal with other provinces or regions. Among the most recent, see Catherine Cavanaugh and Randi Warne, eds., Standing on New Ground: Women in Alberta (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1993); David De Brou and Aileen Moffat, eds., "Other Voices": Historical Essays on Saskatchewan Women (Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1995); Linda Kealey, ed., Pursuing Equality: Historical Perspectives on Women in Newfoundland and Labrador (St. Johns: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Institute of Social an Economic Research, 1993); "Women's History and Gender Studies, "special issue of B.C. Studies 105/106 (spring/summer 1995); Gillian Creese and Veronica Strong-Boag, eds., British Columbia Reconsidered: Essays on Women (Vancouver: Press Gang, 1992).
169. A growing number of collections of essays in women's history now deal with other provinces or regions. Among the most recent, see Catherine Cavanaugh and Randi Warne, eds., Standing on New Ground: Women in Alberta (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1993); David De Brou and Aileen Moffat, eds., "Other Voices": Historical Essays on Saskatchewan Women (Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1995); Linda Kealey, ed., Pursuing Equality: Historical Perspectives on Women in Newfoundland and Labrador (St. Johns: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Institute of Social an Economic Research, 1993); "Women's History and Gender Studies, "special issue of B.C. Studies 105/106 (spring/summer 1995); Gillian Creese and Veronica Strong-Boag, eds., British Columbia Reconsidered: Essays on Women (Vancouver: Press Gang, 1992).
170. A growing number of collections of essays in women's history now deal with other provinces or regions. Among the most recent, see Catherine Cavanaugh and Randi Warne, eds., Standing on New Ground: Women in Alberta (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1993); David De Brou and Aileen Moffat, eds., "Other Voices": Historical Essays on Saskatchewan Women (Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1995); Linda Kealey, ed., Pursuing Equality: Historical Perspectives on Women in Newfoundland and Labrador (St. Johns: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Institute of Social an Economic Research, 1993); "Women's History and Gender Studies, "special issue of B.C. Studies 105/106 (spring/summer 1995); Gillian Creese and Veronica Strong-Boag, eds., British Columbia Reconsidered: Essays on Women (Vancouver: Press Gang, 1992).
171. A growing number of collections of essays in women's history now deal with other provinces or regions. Among the most recent, see Catherine Cavanaugh and Randi Warne, eds., Standing on New Ground: Women in Alberta (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1993); David De Brou and Aileen Moffat, eds., "Other Voices": Historical Essays on Saskatchewan Women (Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1995); Linda Kealey, ed., Pursuing Equality: Historical Perspectives on Women in Newfoundland and Labrador (St. Johns: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Institute of Social an Economic Research, 1993); "Women's History and Gender Studies, "special issue of B.C. Studies 105/106 (spring/summer 1995); Gillian Creese and Veronica Strong-Boag, eds., British Columbia Reconsidered: Essays on Women (Vancouver: Press Gang, 1992).
172. Among the strengths of the synthesis presented by Carolyn Strange and Tina Loo in Making Good: Law and Moral Regulation in Canada, 1867-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997) is their careful attention to provincial and city-based differences. Several works in women's history comparing Canada and France include Mariette Sineau and Evelyne Tardy, Droits des femmes en France et au Québec, 1940-1990 (Montreal: éditions du remue-ménage, 1993); Brandt and Black, Feminist Politics on the Farm.
173. Among the strengths of the synthesis presented by Carolyn Strange and Tina Loo in Making Good: Law and Moral Regulation in Canada, 1867-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997) is their careful attention to provincial and city-based differences. Several works in women's history comparing Canada and France include Mariette Sineau and Evelyne Tardy, Droits des femmes en France et au Québec, 1940-1990 (Montreal: éditions du remue-ménage, 1993); Brandt and Black, Feminist Politics on the Farm.
174. Among the strengths of the synthesis presented by Carolyn Strange and Tina Loo in Making Good: Law and Moral Regulation in Canada, 1867-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997) is their careful attention to provincial and city-based differences. Several works in women's history comparing Canada and France include Mariette Sineau and Evelyne Tardy, Droits des femmes en France et au Québec, 1940-1990 (Montreal: éditions du remue-ménage, 1993); Brandt and Black, Feminist Politics on the Farm.
175. Alan Greer's two major books make important contributions here: Peasant, Lord, and Merchant: Rural Society in Three Quebec Parishes, 1740-1840 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985); and The Patriots and the People: The Rebellion of 1837 in Rural Lower Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993).
176. Alan Greer's two major books make important contributions here: Peasant, Lord, and Merchant: Rural Society in Three Quebec Parishes, 1740-1840 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985); and The Patriots and the People: The Rebellion of 1837 in Rural Lower Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993).
177. Janice Potter, While the Women Only Wept: Loyalist Refugee Women (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992); Morgan, Public Men and Virtuous Women.
178. Janice Potter, While the Women Only Wept: Loyalist Refugee Women (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992); Morgan, Public Men and Virtuous Women.
179. Kinnear, A Female Economy.
180. Important work that already begins to do this includes James Snell, In the Shadow, in which avoiding American divorce was forefront in the concerns of moralists and legislators, and the introduction to Dorothy Chunn, From Punishment, for example, pages 12-13. See also the explicitly comparative work of Lisa Dillon, "Parent-Child Co-Residence among the Elderly in 1871 Canada and 1880 United States: A Comparison, "in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters.
181. Important work that already begins to do this includes James Snell, In the Shadow, in which avoiding American divorce was forefront in the concerns of moralists and legislators, and the introduction to Dorothy Chunn, From Punishment, for example, pages 12-13. See also the explicitly comparative work of Lisa Dillon, "Parent-Child Co-Residence among the Elderly in 1871 Canada and 1880 United States: A Comparison, "in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters.
182. Important work that already begins to do this includes James Snell, In the Shadow, in which avoiding American divorce was forefront in the concerns of moralists and legislators, and the introduction to Dorothy Chunn, From Punishment, for example, pages 12-13. See also the explicitly comparative work of Lisa Dillon, "Parent-Child Co-Residence among the Elderly in 1871 Canada and 1880 United States: A Comparison, "in Chambers and Montigny, Family Matters.
183. Megan Doolittle's argument in "Bringing Together Gender and Family in English History, "Gender and History 11, no. 3 (1999) that in England these two fields remain far apart -with the obvious exceptions being the key works by feminist historians studying families, including Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (London 1987); Ellen Ross, Love & Toil: Motherhood in Outcast London, 1870-1918 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); and Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (London: Rivers Oram, 1995) - holds somewhat true in Canada, although the boundaries of these separate branches of history seem to me a bit harder to draw.
184. Megan Doolittle's argument in "Bringing Together Gender and Family in English History, "Gender and History 11, no. 3 (1999) that in England these two fields remain far apart - with the obvious exceptions being the key works by feminist historians studying families, including Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (London 1987); Ellen Ross, Love & Toil: Motherhood in Outcast London, 1870-1918 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); and Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (London: Rivers Oram, 1995) - holds somewhat true in Canada, although the boundaries of these separate branches of history seem to me a bit harder to draw.
185. Megan Doolittle's argument in "Bringing Together Gender and Family in English History, "Gender and History 11, no. 3 (1999) that in England these two fields remain far apart - with the obvious exceptions being the key works by feminist historians studying families, including Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (London 1987); Ellen Ross, Love & Toil: Motherhood in Outcast London, 1870-1918 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); and Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (London: Rivers Oram, 1995) - holds somewhat true in Canada, although the boundaries of these separate branches of history seem to me a bit harder to draw.
186. Megan Doolittle's argument in "Bringing Together Gender and Family in English History, "Gender and History 11, no. 3 (1999) that in England these two fields remain far apart - with the obvious exceptions being the key works by feminist historians studying families, including Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (London 1987); Ellen Ross, Love & Toil: Motherhood in Outcast London, 1870-1918 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); and Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (London: Rivers Oram, 1995) - holds somewhat true in Canada, although the boundaries of these separate branches of history seem to me a bit harder to draw.