Integrating primary sources into the elementary school classroom: A case study of teachers' perspectives

Archivaria

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 89-116

  Gilliland Swetland, Anne J ^a   Kafai, Yasmin B ^a,b   Landis, William E ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b American Association of University Women   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0007085087     PISSN: 03186954     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. The Digital Portfolio Archives (DPA) in Learning Project was funded by the National Science Foundation Collaborative Research in Learning Technologies, NSF CRLT #96-16396
2. For a detailed description of the entire research project see Anne J. Gilliland-Swetland, Yasmin Kafai, and Anthony Maddox, Digital Portfolio Archives in Learning: Modeling Primary Content Transformation for Elementary Science Education: Final Report to the National Science Foundation Collaborative Research on Learning Technologies Program (Los Angeles, 1998). Available at: http://skipper.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/swetland/HTML/DPA.html (10 September 1999). For discussion of the student outcomes of this project, see Anne J. Gilliland-Swetland, Yasmin Kafai, and William Landis, "Metadata Applications in the Creation and Description of Digital Primary Sources for Elementary School Classrooms" Journal of the American Society for Information Science 50, no. 4 (Fall 1999), pp. 89-116.
3. Hugh Taylor, "Clio in the Raw: Archival Materials and the Teaching of History, " American Archivist 35, nos. 3 and 4 (1972), pp. 317-30.
4. John Dewey, The School and Society (Chicago, 1956), and John Dewey, Experience and Education (New York, 1938).
5. See, for example, R. Vukelich, "Time Language for Interpreting History Collections to Children, " Museum Studies Journal 1, no. 4 (1984), pp. 43-50.
6. American Association of Museums, Excellence and Equity: Education and the Public Dimension of Museums (Washington, 1992), p. 6.
7. While both archives and museums are repositories of primary sources, there are distinct differences in societal function, institutional mission, and holdings that need to be acknowledged. The difference in societal function and, therefore, in institutional missions in many cases, is likely to mean that educational programming in archives will never be treated as a primary role as it is in so many museums today.
8. American Library Association Presidential Committee on Information Literacy, Final Report (Chicago, 1989).
9. Gilliland-Swetland, "An Exploration of K-12 User Needs for Digital Primary Source Materials, " American Archivist 61, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 1998), p. 137.
10. See, for example, California State Department of Education, History-Social Science Framework (Sacramento, 1988).
11. Statewide curriculum standards for teaching information skills exist for several states in the United States, including California and Colorado.
12. Ron Chepesiuk, "Archives and the Child: Educational Services in Great Britain and Ireland, " Provenance 1, no. 2 (Fall 1983), pp. 45-58.
13. Ian Wilson, "Towards a Vision of Archival Services, " Archivaria 31 (Winter 1990-91), pp. 91-100. One recent example of the development of such materials for teachers is Primary Sources at the Archives-A Guide for Teachers which is available through the Amazing British Columbia Archives' Time Machine: URL: http://www.barchives.gov.bc.ca/exhibits/timemach (10 September 1999).
14. Sharon Anne Cook, "Connecting the Archives and the Classroom, " Archivaria 44 (1997), pp. 102-117.
15. For example, the criteria for selection for inclusion in American Memory have included the following: items that tell the story of America in an interesting way.
16. Taylor, "Clio in the Raw, " pp. 329-30.
17. Veccia, Springer, et al., "American Memory User Evaluation 1991-1993. "
18. Luciana Duranti, "Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV), " Archivaria 31 (Winter 1990). p. 14.
19. To assess user needs in order to create interface prototypes and retrieval tools for different user groups, researchers conducted a survey of the nine reading rooms at the Library of Congress, with an emphasis on the content and use of Special Collections. They also conducted a limited survey of twenty-four teachers and twenty-seven school library media specialists who wished to incorporate primary sources into educational settings, and parents and workers in a day care center in Flint, Michigan. See G. Marchionini, C. Plaisant, and A. Komlodi, "User Needs Assessment for the Library of Congress National Digital Library Program, " (Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory, University of Maryland at College Park, February 1996). Available at: ftp://ftp.cs.umd.edu/pub/hcil/Reports-Abstracts-Bibliography/3640.html (10 September, 1999).
20. Bob Zich, "How to Provide Access to Your Information System: Managing Outreach, " Presentation at The Information Ecosystem: Managing the Life Cycle of Information for Preservation and Access (National Archives and Records Administration, 13 March 1998).
21. See, for example, G. Marchionini, C. Plaisant, and A. Komlodi, "User Needs Assessment for the Library of Congress National Digital Library Program. " See also Anne J. Gilliland-Swetland, "Popularizing the Finding Aid: Exploiting EAD to Enhance Online Browsing and Retrieval in Archival Information Systems by Diverse User Groups" (paper in review).
22. The Online Archive of California Evaluation Project (available at: http://skipper.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/swetland/HTML/oacep/oachome.htm) is being conducted by researchers at the Department of Library and Information Science at UCLA and is a multi-faceted formative and summative evaluation of the development, implementation, and use of the OAC. See Anne J. Gilliland-Swetland, "Evaluation Design for Large-Scale, Collaborative Online Archives: Interim Report of the Online Archive of California Evaluation Project, " Archives & Museum Informatics 112, nos. 3-4 (1998), pp. 177-203.
23. B.B. King, "Beginning Teachers: Knowledge of and Attitudes Toward History and Philosophy of Science, " Science Education 75, no. 1 (1991), pp. 135-41.
24. William Leon Dawson, The Birds of California: A Complete, Scientific and Popular account of the 580 Species and Subspecies of Birds Found in the State (San Diego, 1923).
25. Anne J. Gilliland-Swetland, "An Exploration of K-12 User Needs".
26. A detailed description of how finding aid and Dublin Core metadata were used in the DPA Project can be found in Gilliland-Swetland et al., "Metadata Applications. "
27. In fact the Dublin Core metadata became essential for student access since the complex narrative descriptions contained in the collection's finding aid proved to be too unwieldy for students at this developmental stage to use with any facility.
28. The film clips were taken from Trolley Through the Valley (Los Angeles, 1972) and Margaret Lesser Bach's Landscape with Angels (n.p., 1975). For a more detailed discussion of the classroom intervention and research analysis of the students' activities, see Gilliland-Swetland et al., "Metadata Applications. "
29. Gilliland-Swetland et al., "Metadata Applications. "
30. Although in some school settings in might be difficult, if not impossible because of logistical and financial reasons, for students to visit the actual archival repository, perhaps a photographic or video tour through the premises in which the primary sources are held might augment the students' learning experiences.