Biological terrorism targeted at agriculture: The threat to US national security

Nonproliferation Review

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 92-105

  Casagrande, Rocco ^a,b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0006813811     PISSN: 10736700     EISSN: 17461766     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10736700008436827     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. John B. Adams, “The Role of National Animal Health Emergency Planning,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894 (1999), pp. 73-75.
2. Floyd P. Horn and Roger G. Breeze “Agriculture and Food Security,’^ Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894 (1999), pp. 9-17.
3. Terrance M. Wilson, Linda Logan-Henfrey, Richard Weller, and Barry Kellman, “A Review of Agroterrorism, Biological Crimes, and Biological Warfare Targeting Animal Agriculture,” in C. Brown and C.A. Bolin, eds., Emerging Animal Diseases (Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiologists, forthcoming), prepublication copy provided by the authors.'.
4. Richard A. Falkenrath, Robert D. Newman, and Bradley A. Thayer, America’s Achilles’ Heel (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), passim.
5. David E. Kaplan, “Aum Shinrikyo,” in Jonathan B. Tucker, ed., Toxic Terror (Cambridge, MA: MTT Press, 2000), pp. 207-226.
6. Kenneth Alibek, “The Soviet Union’s Anti-agricultural Biological Weapons,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894 (1999), pp. 18-19.
7. Raymond A. Zilinskas, “Iraq’s Biological Weapons,” Journal of the American Medical Association 278 (August 6, 1997), p. 419.
8. W. Wilson et al., “A Review of Agroterrorism,” p. 6.
9. W. Wilson et al., Anti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, April 24, 1996.
10. Veterinary Services, “The Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at Plum Island Animal Disease Center,” United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Fact-sheet (December 1992).
11. Paul Rogers, Simon Whitby, and Malcolm Dando, “Biological Warfare against Crops,” Scientific American 280 (June 1999), pp. 62-67.
12. Zilinskas, “Iraq’s Biological Weapons,” p. 419.
13. Alibek, “The Soviet Union’s Anti-agriculture Biological Weapons,” pp. 18-19.
14. Jeanne Guillemin, Anr/irax (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), pp. 4-5.
15. “Asian Longhomed Beetle,” United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Fact-sheet (September 1998).
16. Walter Laqueur, The New Terrorism (New York: Oxford University Press), p. 170.
17. Zilinskas, “Iraq’s Biological Weapons,” p. 421.
18. Zilinskas, “Iraq’s Biological Weapons,”.
19. Veterinary Services, “Foot-and-Mouth Disease,” United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Fact-sheet (July 1998).
20. Dr. Kenneth Alibek,” The Nonproliferation Review 6 (Spring-Summer 1999), p. 6.
21. Michael V. Dunn, “The Threat of Bioterrorism to US Agriculture” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894 (1999), pp. 184-188.
22. Michael V. Dunn,. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
23. W. Wilson et al., “A Review of Agroterrorism.”.
24. W. Wilson et al., “A Review of Agroterrorism.”.
25. Beth Lautner, “Industry Concerns and Partnerships to Address Emerging Issues,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894 (1999), pp. 7679.
26. Dunn, “The Threat of Bioterrorism,” pp. 184-188.
27. W. Wilson et al., “A Review of Agroterrorism.”.
28. R. Rogers et al., “Biological Warfare against Crops,” pp. 65-66.
29. Lautner, “Industry Concerns,” pp. 76-79;.
30. Veterinary Services, “APHIS’s Role in Animal Health and Trade,” United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Fact-sheet (August 1998).
31. Corrie Brown, “Economic Considerations of Agricultural Diseases,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894 (1999), pp. 92-94.
32. Corrie Brown,. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 92-94.
33. Lautner, “Industry Concerns,” pp. 76-79.
34. Anne Kohnen, “Responding to the Threat of Agroterroism,” Master’s Thesis, Harvard University, April 2000.
35. Deen, “Trends in American Agriculture,” p. 165.
36. Philip J. Hilts, “Don’t Eat Grapes, FDA Warns,” Washington Post, March 14, 1989, p. Al;.
37. Eugene Robinson, “Chile’s Grape Growers Rage Against U.S. Ban,” Washington Post, March 16, 1989, p. Al;.
38. “Chile Celebrates Lifting of Fruit Ban,” Washington Post, March 18,1989, p. A22;.
39. Reuters, “Bomb in Chile Said Linked to Embargo,” Washington Post, April 8,1989, p. A13.
40. Jessica Stem, The Ultimate Terrorists (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 34-39.
41. Dan Barry, “Police Break Up Suspected Bomb Plot in Brooklyn,” New York Times, August 1,1997, p. A4.
42. W. Wilson et al., “A Review of Agroterrorism.”.
43. W. Wilson et al., “A Review of Agroterrorism.”.
44. Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), p. 177.
45. Ian O. Lesser, Bruce Hoffman, John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, and Michele Zanini, Countering the New Terrorism (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999), pp. 71-72.
46. Paul Rogers, “Political Violence and Economic Targeting—Aspects of Provisional IRA Strategy 1992-1997,” unpublished manuscript given to the author.
47. Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, p. 178.
48. Information about cyberterrorist attacks and trends is from Lacqueur, The New Terrorism, pp. 74-78.
49. L. Lesser et al., Countering the New Terrorism, figure 2, p. 16. Religiously motivated attacks accounted for a low of two out of 64 events in 1980 to a high of 26 out of 56 in 1995.
50. Andrew McDonald, The Turner Diaries. This quote was cited by Lacqueur, The New Terrorism, p. 114.
51. US Senate, Armed Services Committee, Emerging Threats and Capabilities Subcommittee, October 27, 1999.
52. Robert P. Kadlec, “Biological Weapons for Waging Economic Warfare,” Airpower.
53. Laqueur, The New Terrorism, p. 215.
54. Jim Robbins, “Drug War Awaits Attack of Killer Fungus,” New York Times, July 18,2000, p. C1;.
55. Paul Rogers, Simon Whitby, and Malcom Dando, “Silver Bullet or Poison Chalice: The Biowar against Drugs,” Scientific American (June 1999), p. 75. Notably, the United States’ proposal does not violate the Biological Weapons Convention because these weapons would be used for peaceful purposes and not in armed conflict.
56. Brad Knickerbocker, “Concerns Rise as Ecoterrorists Expand Aim: Biotech Research and Fur Farms are the Latest Targets of Fringe Groups on the Far Left,” Christian Science Monitor, April 3, 2000, p. 3;.
57. Laqueur, The New Terrorism, pp. 199-204.
58. Horn and Breeze, “Agriculture and Food Security,” pp. 9-17.
59. Philip B. Heymann, Terrorism and America (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), p. 1.
60. W. Seth Carus, “R.I.S.E.,” in Jonathan B. Tucker, ed., Toxic Terror (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), pp. 55-70.
61. Stem, The Ultimate Terrorists, pp. 65-66.
62. More information can be obtained on the Breeders at the Canadian Intelligence Security Agency’s website or from Reuters, “Officials Advertise to Contact Mystery Group Claiming Medfly Release,” Los Angeles Times, February 10, 1990, p. A13.
63. Robert Kadlec, Allan ZelicofF, and Ann Vrtis, “Biological Weapons Control: Prospects and Implications for the Future,” Journal of the American Medical Association 275 (August 6, 1997), pp. 351-356.
64. Horn and Breeze, “Agriculture and Food Security,” pp. 9-17.
65. Alfonso Torres, “International Economic Considerations Concerning Agricultural Diseases and Human Health Costs of Zoonotic Diseases,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894 (1999), pp. 80-82.
66. W. Wilson et al., “A Review of Agroterrorism.”.
67. W. Wilson et al., “A Review of Agroterrorism.”., p. 15.
68. Ron Sequeira, “Safeguarding Production Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems against Biological Terrorism,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894 (1999), pp. 48-67.
69. Peter L. Nara, “The Status and Role of Vaccines in the US Food Animal Industry,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894 (1999), pp. 206-217.
70. “The Genome Sequence of the Plant Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa,” Science 406, July 13, 2000.
71. Nara, “The Status and Role of Vaccines in the US Food Animal Industry.”.
72. Adams, “National Animal Health Emergency Planning,” pp. 73-75.
73. Veterinary Services, “APHIS’ Role in Animal Health and Trade.”.
74. Ann H. Seitzinger, Kenneth W. Forsythe, Jr., and Mary L. Mandell, “Regionalization’s Potential in Mitigating Trade Losses Related to Livestock Disease Entry,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894 (1999), pp. 95-99.