Neural networks and motor control

Neuroscientist

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 52-60

  Georgopoulos, Apostolos P ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cortex; Motor control; Networks

Indexed keywords

EID: 0006508412     PISSN: 10738584     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107385849700300115     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Fritsch G, Hitzig E. Ueber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns. Arch Anat Physiol Wissen 1870;100.
2. Ferrier D. Experiments in the brain of monkeys. Proc R Soc Lond Biol Sci 1875;23:409-430.
3. Foerster O. The cerebral cortex in man. Lancet 1931;221:309-312.
4. Penfield W, Rasmussen T. The cerebral cortex of man. New York: MacMillan 1950.
5. Jackson JH. On the comparative study of diseases of the nervous system. Br Med J 1889;2:355-362.
6. Georgopoulos AP, Kalaska JF, Crutcher MD, Caminiti R, Massey JT. The representation of movement direction in the motor cortex: single cell and population studies. In: Edelman GM, Gall WE, Cowan WM, editors. Dynamic aspects of neocortical function. New York: Wiley 1984;501-524.
7. Porter R, Lemon R. Corticospinal function and voluntary movement. Oxford: Clarendon 1993.
8. McKieman BJ, Marcario JK, Karrer JH, Cheney PD. Corticomotoneuronal (CM) post-spike effects on shoulder, elbow, wrist, digit and intrinsic hand muscles during a reaching task in the monkey. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1994;20:983.
9. Thach WT. Correlation of neural discharge with pattern and force of muscular activity, joint position, and direction of intended next movement in motor cortex and cerebellum. J Neurophysiol 1978; 41:654-676.
10. Alexander GE, Crutcher MD. Preparation for movement: neural representations of intended direction in three motor areas of the monkey. J Neurophysiol 1990;64:133-149.
11. Crutcher MD, Alexander GE. Movement-related neuronal activity selectively coding either direction or muscle pattern in three motor areas of the monkey. J Neurophysiol 1990;64:151-163.
12. Crutcher MD, DeLong MR. Single cell studies of the primate putamen. II. Relations to direction of movement and pattern of muscular activity. Exp Brain Res 1984; 53:244-258.
13. Mitchell SJ, Richardson RT, Baker FH, DeLong MR. The primate globus pallidus: Neuronal activity related to direction of movement. Exp Brain Res 1987:68:491-505.
14. Georgopoulos AP. Neurophysiology of reaching. In: Jeannerod M, editor. Attention and performance XIII. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum 1990;227-263.
15. Georgopoulos AP, Kalaska JF, Caminiti R, Massey JT. On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex. J Neurosci 1982;2:1527-1537.
16. Fu Q-G, Suarez JL, Ebner TJ. Neuronal specification of direction and distance during reaching movements in the superior precentral premotor area and primary motor cortex of monkeys. J Neurophysiol 1993;70:2097-2116.
17. Rockel AJ, Hiorns, RW, Powell TPS. The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex. Brain 1980; 103:221-244.
18. Sloper JJ, Hiorns RW, Powell TPS. A qualitative and quantitative electron microscopic study of the neurons in the primate motor and somatic sensory cortices. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1979;285:141-171
19. Shinoda Y, Futami T, Kakei S. Inputs from the cerebellar nuclei to the forlimb area of the motor cortex. Exp Brain Res Suppl 1992; 22:65-84.
20. DeFelipe J, Conley M, Jones EG. Long-range focal collateralization of axons arising from corticocortical cells in monkey sensory-motor cortex. J Neurosci 1986;6:3749-3766.
21. Ghosh S, Fyffe REW, Porter R. Morphology of neurons in area 4 of the cat's cortex studied with intracellular injection of HRP. J Comp Neurol 1988;269:290-312.
22. Johnson PB, Ferraina S, Bianchi L, Caminiti R. Cortical networks for visual reaching. Physiological and anatomical organization of frontal and parietal lobe arm regions. Cereb Cortex 1996;6:102-109.
23. Kalaska JF, Caminiti R, Georgopoulos AP. Cortical mechanisms related to the direction of two-dimensional arm movements: relations in parietal area 5 and comparison with motor cortex. Exp Brain Res 1983;51:247-260.
24. Darian-Smith C, Darian-Smith I, Cheema SS. Thalamic projections to sensorimotor cortex in the macaque monkey: Use of multiple retrograde fluorescent tracers. J Comp Neurol 1990;299:17-46.
25. Shindo K, Shima K, Tanji J. Spatial distribution of thalamic projections to the supplementary motor area and the primary motor cortex: a retrograde multiple labeling study in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 1995;357:98-116.
26. Inase M, Tanji J. Projections from the globus pallidus to the thalamic areas projecting to the dorsal area 6 of the macaque monkey: a multiple tracer study. Neurosci Lett 1994;180:135-137.
27. Inase M, Tanji J. Thalamic distribution of projection neurons to the primary motor cortex relative to afferent terminal fields from the globus pallidus in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 1995; 353:415-126.
28. Georgopoulos AP, Ashe J, Smyrnis N, Taira M. Motor cortex and the coding of force. Science 1992;256:1692-1695.
29. Schwartz AB, Kettner RE, Georgopoulos AP. Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. I. Relations between single cell discharge and direction of movement. J Neurosci 1988;8:2913-2927.
30. Caminiti R, Johnson PB, Urbano A. Making arm movements within different parts of space: Dynamic aspects in the primate motor cortex. J Neurosci 1990;10:2039-2058.
31. Georgopoulos AP, Taira M, Lukashin AV. Cognitive neurophysiology of the motor cortex. Science 1992;260:47-52.
32. Fu Q-G, Flament D, Coltz JD, Ebner TJ. Temporal coding of movement kinematics in the discharge of primary motor and premotor neurons. J Neurophysiol 1995;73:836-54.
33. Martin KAC. From single cells to simple circuits in the cerebral cortex. Q J Exp Physiol 1988;73:637-702.
34. Smyrnis N, Taira M, Ashe J, Georgopoulos AP. Motor cortical activity in a memorized delay task. Exp Brain Res 1992;92:139-151.
35. Ashe J, Taira M, Smyrnis N, et al. Motor cortical activity preceding a memorized movement trajectory with an orthogonal bend. Exp Brain Res 1993;95:118-130.
36. Muir RB, Lemon RN. Corticospinal neurons with a special role in precision grip. Brain Res 1983;261:312-316.
37. Georgopoulos AP, Caminiti R, Kalaska JF, Massey JT. Spatial coding of movement: A hypothesis concerning the coding of movement direction by motor cortical populations. Exp Brain Res Suppl 1983;7:327-336.
38. Georgopoulos AP, Schwartz AB, Kettner RE. Neuronal population coding of movement direction. Science 1986;233:1416-1419.
39. Georgopoulos AP, Kettner RE, Schwarte AB. Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. II. Coding of the direction of movement by a neuronal population. J Neurosci 1988;8:2928-2937.
40. Saunas E, Abbott LF. Vector reconstruction from firing rates. J Comput Neurosci 1994;1:89-107.
41. Kettner RE, Schwarte AB, Georgopoulos AP. Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. III. Positional gradients and population coding of movement direction from various movement origins. J Neurosci 1988;8:2938-2947.
42. Caminiti R, Johnson PB, Galli C, Ferraina S, Burnod Y, Urbano A. Making arm movements within different parts of space: the premotor and motor cortical representation of a coordinate system for reaching at visual targets. J Neurosci 1991;11:182-197.
43. Kalaska JF, Cohen DAD, Hyde ML, Prud'homme M. A comparison of movement direction-related versus load direction-related activity in primate motor cortex, using a two-dimensional reaching task. J Neurosci 1989;9:2080-2102.
44. Fortier PA, Kalaska JF, Smith AM. Cerebellar neuronal activity related to whole-arm reaching movements in the monkey. J Neurophysiol 1989;62:198-211
45. Steinmetz MA, Motter BC, Duffy CJ, Mountcastle VB. Functional properties of parietal visual neurons: radial organization of directionalities within the visual field. J Neurosci 1987;7:177-191.
46. Georgopoulos AP, Lurito JT, Petrides M, Schwartz AB, Massey JT. Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector. Science 1989; 243:234-236.
47. Pellizzer G, Sargent P, Georgopoulos AP. Motor cortical activity in a context-recall task. Science 1995;269:702-705.
48. Wise SP, Di Pellegrino G, Boussaoud D. The premotor cortex and nonstandard sensorimotor mapping. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1996;in press.
49. Georgopoulos AP, Pellizzer G. The mental and the neural: psychological and neural studies of mental rotation and memory scanning. Neuropsychologia 1995;33:1531-1547.
50. Lundberg A. Integration in a propriospinal motor centre controlling the forelimb in the cat. In: Asanuma H, Wilson VJ, editors. Integration in the nervous system. Tokyo: Igaku-Shoin 1979;47-64.
51. Bizzi E, Mussa-Ivaldi FA, Giszter S. Computations underlying the execution of movement: a biological perspective. Science 1991; 253:287-291.
52. Giszter SF, Mussa-Ivaldi FA, Bizzi E. Convergent force fields organized in the frog's spinal cord. J Neurosci 1993;13:467-491.
53. Mussa-Ivaldi FA, Giszter SF, Bizzi E. Linear combinations of primitives in vertebrate motor control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:7534-7538.
54. Georgopoulos AP. Neural integration of movement: role of motor cortex in reaching. FASEB J 1988;2:2849-2857.
55. Georgopoulos AP. On the translation of directional motor cortical commands to activation of muscles via spinal interneuronal systems. Cogn Brain Res 1996;3:151-155.
56. Lukashin AV, Amirikian BR, Georgopoulos AP. Neural computations underlying the exertion of force: a model. Biol Cybern 1996;in press.
57. Lukashin AV, Georgopoulos AP. A neural network for coding of trajectories by time series of neuronal population vectors. Neural Computation 1994;6:19-28.
58. Lukashin AV, Georgopoulos AP. Directional operations in the motor cortex modeled by a neural network of spiking neurons. Biol Cybern 1994;71:79-85.
59. Lukashin AV, Wilcox GL, Georgopoulos AP. Overlapping neural networks for multiple motor engrams. Proc Natl Acad U S A 1994;91:8651-8654.