On the translation of directional motor cortical commands to activation of muscles via spinal interneuronal systems

Cognitive Brain Research

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 151-155

  Georgopoulos, Apostolos P ^a,b  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Direction in space; Force; Frog; Monkey; Motor cortex; Spinal cord

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; FROG; MONKEY; MOTOR CORTEX; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MUSCLE EXCITATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPINAL CORD;

EID: 0029982971     PISSN: 09266410     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0926-6410(95)00040-2     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Asanuma, C., Thach, W.T. and Jones, E.G., Distribution of cerebellar terminations and their relation to other afferent terminations in the ventral lateral thalamic region of the monkey, Brain Res. Rev., 5 (1983) 237-265.
2. Bizzi, E., Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A. and Giszter, S., Computations underlying the execution of movement: a biological perspective, Science, 253 (1991) 287-291.
3. Bosco, G. and Poppele, R.E., Broad directional tuning in spinal projections to the cerebellum, J. Neurophysiol., 70 (1993) 863-866.
4. Donoghue, J.P., Leibovic, S. and Sanes, J.N., Organization of the forelimb area in squirrel monkey motor cortex: representation of digit, wrist, and elbow muscles, Exp. Brain Res., 89 (1992) 1-19.
5. Georgopoulos, A.P., Neural integration of movement: role of motor cortex in reaching, FASEB. J., 2 (1988) 2849-2857.
6. Georgopoulos, A.P., Neurophysiology of reaching. In M. Jeannerod (Ed.), Attention and performance XIII, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, 1990, pp. 227-263.
7. Georgopoulos, A.P., Higher order motor control, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 14 (1991) 361-377.
8. Georgopoulos, A.P., Ashe, J., Smyrnis, N. and Taira, M., Motor cortex and the coding of force, Science, 256 (1992) 1692-1695.
9. Georgopoulos, A.P., Caminiti, R., Kalaska, J.F. and Massey, J.T., Spatial coding of movement: a hypothesis concerning the coding of movement direction by motor cortical populations, Exp. Brain Res., Suppl. 7 (1983) 327-336.
10. Georgopoulos, A.P., Kalaska, J.F., Caminiti, R. and Massey, J.T., On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex, J. Neurosci., 2 (1982) 1527-1537.
11. Georgopoulos, A.P., Kettner, R.E. and Schwartz, A.B., Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. II. Coding of the direction of movement by a neuronal population, J. Neurosci., 8 (1988) 2928-2937.
12. Georgopoulos, A.P., Schwartz, A.B. and Kettner, R.E., Neuronal population coding of movement direction, Science, 233 (1986) 1416-1419.
13. Georgopoulos, A.P., Taira, M. and Lukashin, A., Cognitive neurophysiology of the motor cortex, Science, 260 (1993) 47-52.
14. Giszter, S.F., Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A. and Bizzi, E., Convergent force fields organized in the frog's spinal cord, J. Neurosci., 13 (1993) 467-491.
15. Grillner, S. and Dubuc, R., Control of locomotion in vertebrates: spinal and supraspinal mechanisms, Adv. Neurol., 47 (1988) 425-453.
16. Illert, M., Lundberg, A., Padel, Y. and Tanaka, R., Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 5. Properties of and monosynaptic excitatory convergence on C3-C4 propriospinal neurons, Exp. Brain Res., 33 (1978) 101-130.
17. Kane, S.A., Goodkin, H.P., Keating, J.G. and Thach, W.T., Incoordination in attempted reaching and pinching after inactivation of cerebellar dentate nucleus, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15 (1989) 52 (Abstract)
18. Lundberg, A., Integration in a propriospinal motor centre controlling the forelimb in the cat. In H. Asanuma and V.J. Wilson (Eds.), Integration in the Nervous System, Igaku-Shoin, Tokyo, 1979, pp. 47-64.
19. Martin, J.H. and Ghez, C., Differential impairments in reaching and grasping produced by local inactivation within the forelimb representation of the motor cortex of the cat, Exp. Brain Res., 94 (1993) 429-443.
20. Muir, R.B. and Lemon, R.N., Antidromic excitation of motoneurons by intramuscular electrical stimulation, J. Neurosci. Methods, 8 (1983) 73-86.
21. Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A., Giszter, S.F. and Bizzi, E., Linear combinations of primitives in vertebrate motor control, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91 (1994) 7534-753.
22. Phillips, C.G. and Porter, R., Corticospinal Neurones, Academic Press, London, 1977.
23. Porter, R. and Lemon, R., Corticospinal Function and Voluntary Movement, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993.