Unpacking Goethe's collections: The public and the private in natural-historical collecting

British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 275-300

  Hamm, E P ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

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EID: 0005788280     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0007087401004423     Document Type: Article

References (193)

1. Erich Trunz, 'Goethe als Sammler', in Weimarer Goethe-Studien (Schriften der Goethe-Gesellschaft, Volume 61), Weimar, 1980, 7-48, 7.
2. Goethe made this remark late in his life, on 13 February 1829, in conversation with Johann Peter Eckermann. See Johann Peter Eckermann, Gespräche mit Goethe in den letzten Jahren seines Lebens, 1823-1832, 3rd edn., Berlin, 1962, 452. According to one estimate, half a million was enough to establish Goethe as a comfortable landed gentleman twice over. See Ernst Beutler, 'Das Goethesche Familienvermögen von 1687 bis 1885', in Essays um Goethe, 7th edn., Zurich, 1980, 393-403, 402.
3. Goethe made this remark late in his life, on 13 February 1829, in conversation with Johann Peter Eckermann. See Johann Peter Eckermann, Gespräche mit Goethe in den letzten Jahren seines Lebens, 1823-1832, 3rd edn., Berlin, 1962, 452. According to one estimate, half a million was enough to establish Goethe as a comfortable landed gentleman twice over. See Ernst Beutler, 'Das Goethesche Familienvermögen von 1687 bis 1885', in Essays um Goethe, 7th edn., Zurich, 1980, 393-403, 402.
4. Erich Trunz, 'Das Haus am Frauenplan in Goethes Alter' in Weimarer Goethe-Studien (Schriften der Goethe-Gesellschaft, Volume 61), Weimar, 1980, 48-76.
5. At present the series Goethes Sammlungen zur Kunst, Literatur und Naturwissenschaft includes the following catalogues: Hans Ruppert, Goethes Bibliothek, Katalog, Weimar, 1958; Corpus der Goethezeichnungen (ed. Gerhard Femmel), 7 vols. in 10, Leipzig, 1958-73; Hans Joachim Schreckenbach, Goethes Autographen-Sammlung, Katalog, Weimar, 1961; Gerhard Femmel and Gerald Heres, Die Gemmen aus Goethes Sammlung, Leipzig, 1977; Hans Prescher, Goethes Sammlungen zur Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Katalog, Berlin, 1978; Gerhard Femmel, Die Franzosen, Katalog und Zeugnisse (Goethes Grafiksammlung), München, 1980. See also Christian Schuchardt, Goethes Kunstsammlungen, 3 vols., Jena, 1848-9.
6. At present the series Goethes Sammlungen zur Kunst, Literatur und Naturwissenschaft includes the following catalogues: Hans Ruppert, Goethes Bibliothek, Katalog, Weimar, 1958; Corpus der Goethezeichnungen (ed. Gerhard Femmel), 7 vols. in 10, Leipzig, 1958-73; Hans Joachim Schreckenbach, Goethes Autographen-Sammlung, Katalog, Weimar, 1961; Gerhard Femmel and Gerald Heres, Die Gemmen aus Goethes Sammlung, Leipzig, 1977; Hans Prescher, Goethes Sammlungen zur Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Katalog, Berlin, 1978; Gerhard Femmel, Die Franzosen, Katalog und Zeugnisse (Goethes Grafiksammlung), München, 1980. See also Christian Schuchardt, Goethes Kunstsammlungen, 3 vols., Jena, 1848-9.
7. At present the series Goethes Sammlungen zur Kunst, Literatur und Naturwissenschaft includes the following catalogues: Hans Ruppert, Goethes Bibliothek, Katalog, Weimar, 1958; Corpus der Goethezeichnungen (ed. Gerhard Femmel), 7 vols. in 10, Leipzig, 1958-73; Hans Joachim Schreckenbach, Goethes Autographen-Sammlung, Katalog, Weimar, 1961; Gerhard Femmel and Gerald Heres, Die Gemmen aus Goethes Sammlung, Leipzig, 1977; Hans Prescher, Goethes Sammlungen zur Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Katalog, Berlin, 1978; Gerhard Femmel, Die Franzosen, Katalog und Zeugnisse (Goethes Grafiksammlung), München, 1980. See also Christian Schuchardt, Goethes Kunstsammlungen, 3 vols., Jena, 1848-9.
8. At present the series Goethes Sammlungen zur Kunst, Literatur und Naturwissenschaft includes the following catalogues: Hans Ruppert, Goethes Bibliothek, Katalog, Weimar, 1958; Corpus der Goethezeichnungen (ed. Gerhard Femmel), 7 vols. in 10, Leipzig, 1958-73; Hans Joachim Schreckenbach, Goethes Autographen-Sammlung, Katalog, Weimar, 1961; Gerhard Femmel and Gerald Heres, Die Gemmen aus Goethes Sammlung, Leipzig, 1977; Hans Prescher, Goethes Sammlungen zur Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Katalog, Berlin, 1978; Gerhard Femmel, Die Franzosen, Katalog und Zeugnisse (Goethes Grafiksammlung), München, 1980. See also Christian Schuchardt, Goethes Kunstsammlungen, 3 vols., Jena, 1848-9.
9. At present the series Goethes Sammlungen zur Kunst, Literatur und Naturwissenschaft includes the following catalogues: Hans Ruppert, Goethes Bibliothek, Katalog, Weimar, 1958; Corpus der Goethezeichnungen (ed. Gerhard Femmel), 7 vols. in 10, Leipzig, 1958-73; Hans Joachim Schreckenbach, Goethes Autographen-Sammlung, Katalog, Weimar, 1961; Gerhard Femmel and Gerald Heres, Die Gemmen aus Goethes Sammlung, Leipzig, 1977; Hans Prescher, Goethes Sammlungen zur Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Katalog, Berlin, 1978; Gerhard Femmel, Die Franzosen, Katalog und Zeugnisse (Goethes Grafiksammlung), München, 1980. See also Christian Schuchardt, Goethes Kunstsammlungen, 3 vols., Jena, 1848-9.
10. At present the series Goethes Sammlungen zur Kunst, Literatur und Naturwissenschaft includes the following catalogues: Hans Ruppert, Goethes Bibliothek, Katalog, Weimar, 1958; Corpus der Goethezeichnungen (ed. Gerhard Femmel), 7 vols. in 10, Leipzig, 1958-73; Hans Joachim Schreckenbach, Goethes Autographen-Sammlung, Katalog, Weimar, 1961; Gerhard Femmel and Gerald Heres, Die Gemmen aus Goethes Sammlung, Leipzig, 1977; Hans Prescher, Goethes Sammlungen zur Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Katalog, Berlin, 1978; Gerhard Femmel, Die Franzosen, Katalog und Zeugnisse (Goethes Grafiksammlung), München, 1980. See also Christian Schuchardt, Goethes Kunstsammlungen, 3 vols., Jena, 1848-9.
11. At present the series Goethes Sammlungen zur Kunst, Literatur und Naturwissenschaft includes the following catalogues: Hans Ruppert, Goethes Bibliothek, Katalog, Weimar, 1958; Corpus der Goethezeichnungen (ed. Gerhard Femmel), 7 vols. in 10, Leipzig, 1958-73; Hans Joachim Schreckenbach, Goethes Autographen-Sammlung, Katalog, Weimar, 1961; Gerhard Femmel and Gerald Heres, Die Gemmen aus Goethes Sammlung, Leipzig, 1977; Hans Prescher, Goethes Sammlungen zur Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Katalog, Berlin, 1978; Gerhard Femmel, Die Franzosen, Katalog und Zeugnisse (Goethes Grafiksammlung), München, 1980. See also Christian Schuchardt, Goethes Kunstsammlungen, 3 vols., Jena, 1848-9.
12. At present the series Goethes Sammlungen zur Kunst, Literatur und Naturwissenschaft includes the following catalogues: Hans Ruppert, Goethes Bibliothek, Katalog, Weimar, 1958; Corpus der Goethezeichnungen (ed. Gerhard Femmel), 7 vols. in 10, Leipzig, 1958-73; Hans Joachim Schreckenbach, Goethes Autographen-Sammlung, Katalog, Weimar, 1961; Gerhard Femmel and Gerald Heres, Die Gemmen aus Goethes Sammlung, Leipzig, 1977; Hans Prescher, Goethes Sammlungen zur Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Katalog, Berlin, 1978; Gerhard Femmel, Die Franzosen, Katalog und Zeugnisse (Goethes Grafiksammlung), München, 1980. See also Christian Schuchardt, Goethes Kunstsammlungen, 3 vols., Jena, 1848-9.
13. Goethe told Eckermann he oversaw the expenditure of 'more than one and one-half millions' for various ducal projects with which he was closely involved, Eckermann op. cit. (2), 452. Among these projects were the mines at Ilmenau, the libraries at Jena and Weimar, the Jena museums and the Weimar theatre.
14. Sometimes what might be considered two or more separate cabinets are placed beside each other and covered with a single glass display case. Should these count as two distinct cabinets or one? Following the convention of Max Semper, who in his manuscript catalogue of 1912 must have counted them as a single cabinet, there are a total of eighteen cabinets. On Semper's catalogue, and those of his predecessors, see Prescher, op. cit. (4), 13-19.
15. Prescher, op. cit. (4), 14, 16.
16. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethes Werke, commonly known as the Weimarer Ausgabe, 136 vols. in 146, in 4 parts (Part I: Schriften, Part II: naturwissenschaftliche Schriften, part III: Tagebücher, part IV: Briefe), Munich, 1987-90 [reprint of original 1887-1919 edition plus three supplemental volumes: part IV, Volumes 51-3], Part IV, Volume 4, 278, in a letter dated 1 September 1780. All subsequent references to this edition will be abbreviated as WA followed by part (in capitalized Roman numerals), volume and page number. The date and recipient of letters and the date of diary entries, when not given in the text, will be given in the notes to facilitate reference to the many other editions of Goethe's works.
17. Letter to Herder, 6 September 1784, WA IV, vi, 353-5, 354; letter to von Stein, 7 November 1785, WA IV, vii, 116-18, 117; quotation and remark concerning the Italian journey are from diary, 5 September 1786, WA III, i, 152, and diary, 13 September 1786, WA III, i, 190.
18. Letter to Herder, 6 September 1784, WA IV, vi, 353-5, 354; letter to von Stein, 7 November 1785, WA IV, vii, 116-18, 117; quotation and remark concerning the Italian journey are from diary, 5 September 1786, WA III, i, 152, and diary, 13 September 1786, WA III, i, 190.
19. Letter to Herder, 6 September 1784, WA IV, vi, 353-5, 354; letter to von Stein, 7 November 1785, WA IV, vii, 116-18, 117; quotation and remark concerning the Italian journey are from diary, 5 September 1786, WA III, i, 152, and diary, 13 September 1786, WA III, i, 190.
20. Letter to Herder, 6 September 1784, WA IV, vi, 353-5, 354; letter to von Stein, 7 November 1785, WA IV, vii, 116-18, 117; quotation and remark concerning the Italian journey are from diary, 5 September 1786, WA III, i, 152, and diary, 13 September 1786, WA III, i, 190.
21. Herder's remarks of 6 November 1796 were recorded by Karl August Böttiger, Literarische Zustände und Zeitgenossen: In Schilderungen aus Karl Aug. Böttiger's Handschriftlichem Nachlasse (ed. K. W. Böttiger), 2 vols. in 1, Leipzig, 1838, i, 22, and are reprinted in Goethes Gespräche (ed. Wolfgang Herwig), 5 vols. in 6, Stuttgart, 1967-87, i, 224.
22. Herder's remarks of 6 November 1796 were recorded by Karl August Böttiger, Literarische Zustände und Zeitgenossen: In Schilderungen aus Karl Aug. Böttiger's Handschriftlichem Nachlasse (ed. K. W. Böttiger), 2 vols. in 1, Leipzig, 1838, i, 22, and are reprinted in Goethes Gespräche (ed. Wolfgang Herwig), 5 vols. in 6, Stuttgart, 1967-87, i, 224.
23. Von Stein made these remarks in conversation with Goethe's friend Karl Ludwig von Knebeion 1 May 1784 and 24 January 1785, see Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Die Schriften zur Naturwissenschaften, commonly known as the Leopoldina Ausgabe, Part I: Schriften, Part II: Ergänzungen und Erläuterungen, Weimar 1947-, Part II, Volume vii, 327, 338. All subsequent references to this edition will be abbreviated as LA followed by the part (in capitalized Roman numerals), volume and page number.
24. As reported by Böttiger, 6 Nov. 1796, in Goethes Gespräche, op. cit. (10), i, 224.
25. In a conversation with Christian Gottfried Körner, 12 May 1787, in Goethes Gespräche, op. cit. (10), i, 397.
26. Ludwig Börne, 'Aus meinem Tagebuch', 4 May 1830, in idem, Gesammelte Schriften, 8 vols., Hamburg, 1832, viii, 31-7, reprinted in Goethe im Urteil seiner Kritiker, 5 vols., (ed. Karl Robert Mandelkow) München, 1975-84, i, 505.
27. Ludwig Börne, 'Aus meinem Tagebuch', 4 May 1830, in idem, Gesammelte Schriften, 8 vols., Hamburg, 1832, viii, 31-7, reprinted in Goethe im Urteil seiner Kritiker, 5 vols., (ed. Karl Robert Mandelkow) München, 1975-84, i, 505.
28. Ludwig Börne, 'Aus meinem Tagebuch', 4 May 1830, in idem, Gesammelte Schriften, 8 vols., Hamburg, 1832, viii, 31-7, reprinted in Goethe im Urteil seiner Kritiker, 5 vols., (ed. Karl Robert Mandelkow) München, 1975-84, i, 505.
29. 'Wiegenlied dem jungen Mineralogen Walter von Goethe', WA, I, iv, 46-7, 47. A very approximate translation is: 'Stone by stone the world's dissected with scraps of paper, / Initiates have put it back together'.
30. For a defense of biography see Michael Shortland and Richard Yeo, 'Introduction', in Telling Lives in Science: Essays On Scientific Biography (ed. Michael Shortland and Richard Yeo), Cambridge, 1996, 1-44.
31. For a 'history of wonder as a passion', see Lorraine Daston and Katherine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998, quotation on 15; Lorraine Daston, 'The moral economy of science', Osiris (1995), 10, 2-24; idem, 'The factual sensibility', Isis (1988), 79, 452-67. See also Thomas Söderqvist, 'Existential projects and existential choice in science: science biography as an edifying genre', in Telling Lives in Science: Essays on Scientific Biography (ed. Michael Shortland and Richard Yeo), Cambridge, 1996, 45-84, 64 ff. For collecting passions more generally see Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Baltimore, 1984. Collecting has also been subject to ahistorical psychoanalytically inspired treatments, for example Jean Baudrillard, 'The system of collecting' in The Cultures of Collecting (ed. John Elsner and Roger Cardinal), London, 1994, 7-24, and Werner Muensterberger, Collecting, an Unruly Passion: Psychological Perspectives, Princeton, 1994. For an early discussion of the passion of collecting art see Goethe's epistolary work of 1799, Der Sammler und die Seinigen, in WA I, xlvii, 119-207, esp. 138-15. Recently it has been argued that this work of Goethe's, which does not readily fit categories such as novella or essay, introduced the collector as a literary figure in world literature. See Carrie Asman, '"Kunstkammer als Kommunikationsspiel": Goethe inszeniert eine Sammlung', in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Der Sammler und die Seinigen (ed. Carrie Asman), Dresden, 1997, 119-77, 143-4.
32. For a 'history of wonder as a passion', see Lorraine Daston and Katherine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998, quotation on 15; Lorraine Daston, 'The moral economy of science', Osiris (1995), 10, 2-24; idem, 'The factual sensibility', Isis (1988), 79, 452-67. See also Thomas Söderqvist, 'Existential projects and existential choice in science: science biography as an edifying genre', in Telling Lives in Science: Essays on Scientific Biography (ed. Michael Shortland and Richard Yeo), Cambridge, 1996, 45-84, 64 ff. For collecting passions more generally see Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Baltimore, 1984. Collecting has also been subject to ahistorical psychoanalytically inspired treatments, for example Jean Baudrillard, 'The system of collecting' in The Cultures of Collecting (ed. John Elsner and Roger Cardinal), London, 1994, 7-24, and Werner Muensterberger, Collecting, an Unruly Passion: Psychological Perspectives, Princeton, 1994. For an early discussion of the passion of collecting art see Goethe's epistolary work of 1799, Der Sammler und die Seinigen, in WA I, xlvii, 119-207, esp. 138-15. Recently it has been argued that this work of Goethe's, which does not readily fit categories such as novella or essay, introduced the collector as a literary figure in world literature. See Carrie Asman, '"Kunstkammer als Kommunikationsspiel": Goethe inszeniert eine Sammlung', in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Der Sammler und die Seinigen (ed. Carrie Asman), Dresden, 1997, 119-77, 143-4.
33. For a 'history of wonder as a passion', see Lorraine Daston and Katherine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998, quotation on 15; Lorraine Daston, 'The moral economy of science', Osiris (1995), 10, 2-24; idem, 'The factual sensibility', Isis (1988), 79, 452-67. See also Thomas Söderqvist, 'Existential projects and existential choice in science: science biography as an edifying genre', in Telling Lives in Science: Essays on Scientific Biography (ed. Michael Shortland and Richard Yeo), Cambridge, 1996, 45-84, 64 ff. For collecting passions more generally see Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Baltimore, 1984. Collecting has also been subject to ahistorical psychoanalytically inspired treatments, for example Jean Baudrillard, 'The system of collecting' in The Cultures of Collecting (ed. John Elsner and Roger Cardinal), London, 1994, 7-24, and Werner Muensterberger, Collecting, an Unruly Passion: Psychological Perspectives, Princeton, 1994. For an early discussion of the passion of collecting art see Goethe's epistolary work of 1799, Der Sammler und die Seinigen, in WA I, xlvii, 119-207, esp. 138-15. Recently it has been argued that this work of Goethe's, which does not readily fit categories such as novella or essay, introduced the collector as a literary figure in world literature. See Carrie Asman, '"Kunstkammer als Kommunikationsspiel": Goethe inszeniert eine Sammlung', in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Der Sammler und die Seinigen (ed. Carrie Asman), Dresden, 1997, 119-77, 143-4.
34. For a 'history of wonder as a passion', see Lorraine Daston and Katherine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998, quotation on 15; Lorraine Daston, 'The moral economy of science', Osiris (1995), 10, 2-24; idem, 'The factual sensibility', Isis (1988), 79, 452-67. See also Thomas Söderqvist, 'Existential projects and existential choice in science: science biography as an edifying genre', in Telling Lives in Science: Essays on Scientific Biography (ed. Michael Shortland and Richard Yeo), Cambridge, 1996, 45-84, 64 ff. For collecting passions more generally see Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Baltimore, 1984. Collecting has also been subject to ahistorical psychoanalytically inspired treatments, for example Jean Baudrillard, 'The system of collecting' in The Cultures of Collecting (ed. John Elsner and Roger Cardinal), London, 1994, 7-24, and Werner Muensterberger, Collecting, an Unruly Passion: Psychological Perspectives, Princeton, 1994. For an early discussion of the passion of collecting art see Goethe's epistolary work of 1799, Der Sammler und die Seinigen, in WA I, xlvii, 119-207, esp. 138-15. Recently it has been argued that this work of Goethe's, which does not readily fit categories such as novella or essay, introduced the collector as a literary figure in world literature. See Carrie Asman, '"Kunstkammer als Kommunikationsspiel": Goethe inszeniert eine Sammlung', in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Der Sammler und die Seinigen (ed. Carrie Asman), Dresden, 1997, 119-77, 143-4.
35. For a 'history of wonder as a passion', see Lorraine Daston and Katherine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998, quotation on 15; Lorraine Daston, 'The moral economy of science', Osiris (1995), 10, 2-24; idem, 'The factual sensibility', Isis (1988), 79, 452-67. See also Thomas Söderqvist, 'Existential projects and existential choice in science: science biography as an edifying genre', in Telling Lives in Science: Essays on Scientific Biography (ed. Michael Shortland and Richard Yeo), Cambridge, 1996, 45-84, 64 ff. For collecting passions more generally see Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Baltimore, 1984. Collecting has also been subject to ahistorical psychoanalytically inspired treatments, for example Jean Baudrillard, 'The system of collecting' in The Cultures of Collecting (ed. John Elsner and Roger Cardinal), London, 1994, 7-24, and Werner Muensterberger, Collecting, an Unruly Passion: Psychological Perspectives, Princeton, 1994. For an early discussion of the passion of collecting art see Goethe's epistolary work of 1799, Der Sammler und die Seinigen, in WA I, xlvii, 119-207, esp. 138-15. Recently it has been argued that this work of Goethe's, which does not readily fit categories such as novella or essay, introduced the collector as a literary figure in world literature. See Carrie Asman, '"Kunstkammer als Kommunikationsspiel": Goethe inszeniert eine Sammlung', in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Der Sammler und die Seinigen (ed. Carrie Asman), Dresden, 1997, 119-77, 143-4.
36. For a 'history of wonder as a passion', see Lorraine Daston and Katherine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998, quotation on 15; Lorraine Daston, 'The moral economy of science', Osiris (1995), 10, 2-24; idem, 'The factual sensibility', Isis (1988), 79, 452-67. See also Thomas Söderqvist, 'Existential projects and existential choice in science: science biography as an edifying genre', in Telling Lives in Science: Essays on Scientific Biography (ed. Michael Shortland and Richard Yeo), Cambridge, 1996, 45-84, 64 ff. For collecting passions more generally see Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Baltimore, 1984. Collecting has also been subject to ahistorical psychoanalytically inspired treatments, for example Jean Baudrillard, 'The system of collecting' in The Cultures of Collecting (ed. John Elsner and Roger Cardinal), London, 1994, 7-24, and Werner Muensterberger, Collecting, an Unruly Passion: Psychological Perspectives, Princeton, 1994. For an early discussion of the passion of collecting art see Goethe's epistolary work of 1799, Der Sammler und die Seinigen, in WA I, xlvii, 119-207, esp. 138-15. Recently it has been argued that this work of Goethe's, which does not readily fit categories such as novella or essay, introduced the collector as a literary figure in world literature. See Carrie Asman, '"Kunstkammer als Kommunikationsspiel": Goethe inszeniert eine Sammlung', in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Der Sammler und die Seinigen (ed. Carrie Asman), Dresden, 1997, 119-77, 143-4.
37. For a 'history of wonder as a passion', see Lorraine Daston and Katherine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998, quotation on 15; Lorraine Daston, 'The moral economy of science', Osiris (1995), 10, 2-24; idem, 'The factual sensibility', Isis (1988), 79, 452-67. See also Thomas Söderqvist, 'Existential projects and existential choice in science: science biography as an edifying genre', in Telling Lives in Science: Essays on Scientific Biography (ed. Michael Shortland and Richard Yeo), Cambridge, 1996, 45-84, 64 ff. For collecting passions more generally see Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Baltimore, 1984. Collecting has also been subject to ahistorical psychoanalytically inspired treatments, for example Jean Baudrillard, 'The system of collecting' in The Cultures of Collecting (ed. John Elsner and Roger Cardinal), London, 1994, 7-24, and Werner Muensterberger, Collecting, an Unruly Passion: Psychological Perspectives, Princeton, 1994. For an early discussion of the passion of collecting art see Goethe's epistolary work of 1799, Der Sammler und die Seinigen, in WA I, xlvii, 119-207, esp. 138-15. Recently it has been argued that this work of Goethe's, which does not readily fit categories such as novella or essay, introduced the collector as a literary figure in world literature. See Carrie Asman, '"Kunstkammer als Kommunikationsspiel": Goethe inszeniert eine Sammlung', in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Der Sammler und die Seinigen (ed. Carrie Asman), Dresden, 1997, 119-77, 143-4.
38. For a 'history of wonder as a passion', see Lorraine Daston and Katherine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998, quotation on 15; Lorraine Daston, 'The moral economy of science', Osiris (1995), 10, 2-24; idem, 'The factual sensibility', Isis (1988), 79, 452-67. See also Thomas Söderqvist, 'Existential projects and existential choice in science: science biography as an edifying genre', in Telling Lives in Science: Essays on Scientific Biography (ed. Michael Shortland and Richard Yeo), Cambridge, 1996, 45-84, 64 ff. For collecting passions more generally see Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Baltimore, 1984. Collecting has also been subject to ahistorical psychoanalytically inspired treatments, for example Jean Baudrillard, 'The system of collecting' in The Cultures of Collecting (ed. John Elsner and Roger Cardinal), London, 1994, 7-24, and Werner Muensterberger, Collecting, an Unruly Passion: Psychological Perspectives, Princeton, 1994. For an early discussion of the passion of collecting art see Goethe's epistolary work of 1799, Der Sammler und die Seinigen, in WA I, xlvii, 119-207, esp. 138-15. Recently it has been argued that this work of Goethe's, which does not readily fit categories such as novella or essay, introduced the collector as a literary figure in world literature. See Carrie Asman, '"Kunstkammer als Kommunikationsspiel": Goethe inszeniert eine Sammlung', in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Der Sammler und die Seinigen (ed. Carrie Asman), Dresden, 1997, 119-77, 143-4.
39. For a 'history of wonder as a passion', see Lorraine Daston and Katherine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998, quotation on 15; Lorraine Daston, 'The moral economy of science', Osiris (1995), 10, 2-24; idem, 'The factual sensibility', Isis (1988), 79, 452-67. See also Thomas Söderqvist, 'Existential projects and existential choice in science: science biography as an edifying genre', in Telling Lives in Science: Essays on Scientific Biography (ed. Michael Shortland and Richard Yeo), Cambridge, 1996, 45-84, 64 ff. For collecting passions more generally see Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Baltimore, 1984. Collecting has also been subject to ahistorical psychoanalytically inspired treatments, for example Jean Baudrillard, 'The system of collecting' in The Cultures of Collecting (ed. John Elsner and Roger Cardinal), London, 1994, 7-24, and Werner Muensterberger, Collecting, an Unruly Passion: Psychological Perspectives, Princeton, 1994. For an early discussion of the passion of collecting art see Goethe's epistolary work of 1799, Der Sammler und die Seinigen, in WA I, xlvii, 119-207, esp. 138-15. Recently it has been argued that this work of Goethe's, which does not readily fit categories such as novella or essay, introduced the collector as a literary figure in world literature. See Carrie Asman, '"Kunstkammer als Kommunikationsspiel": Goethe inszeniert eine Sammlung', in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Der Sammler und die Seinigen (ed. Carrie Asman), Dresden, 1997, 119-77, 143-4.
40. Walter Benjamin, 'Unpacking my library: a talk about book collecting' [1931], in Illuminations (ed. Hannah Arendt, tr. Harry Zohn), New York, 1969, 59-67, 60-1.
41. See the discussion in Giuseppe Olmi, 'From the marvellous to the commonplace, notes on natural history museums (16th-18th centuries)' in Non-Verbal Communication in Science Prior to 1900 (ed. Renato G. Mazzolini), Firenze, 1993, 235-78, 263. See also Rhoda Rappaport, When Geologists were Historians, 1665-1750, Ithaca, 1997, 251. A prominent mineralogical collection was that in Jena of Johann Ernst Immanuel Walch, a philologist who edited (which involved writing several volumes) one of the most outstanding eighteenth century-works on petrifactions, Georg Wolfgang Knorr, Sammlung von Merkwürdigkeiten der Natur und Alterthümern des Erdbodens, welche petrificierte Körper enthält, 4 vols. in 5, Nürnberg, 1755-73, also translated into French (Nürnberg, 1768-75) and Dutch (Amsterdam, 1773). Goethe viewed Walch's cabinet in the autumn of 1778.
42. See the discussion in Giuseppe Olmi, 'From the marvellous to the commonplace, notes on natural history museums (16th-18th centuries)' in Non-Verbal Communication in Science Prior to 1900 (ed. Renato G. Mazzolini), Firenze, 1993, 235-78, 263. See also Rhoda Rappaport, When Geologists were Historians, 1665-1750, Ithaca, 1997, 251. A prominent mineralogical collection was that in Jena of Johann Ernst Immanuel Walch, a philologist who edited (which involved writing several volumes) one of the most outstanding eighteenth century-works on petrifactions, Georg Wolfgang Knorr, Sammlung von Merkwürdigkeiten der Natur und Alterthümern des Erdbodens, welche petrificierte Körper enthält, 4 vols. in 5, Nürnberg, 1755-73, also translated into French (Nürnberg, 1768-75) and Dutch (Amsterdam, 1773). Goethe viewed Walch's cabinet in the autumn of 1778.
43. See the discussion in Giuseppe Olmi, 'From the marvellous to the commonplace, notes on natural history museums (16th-18th centuries)' in Non-Verbal Communication in Science Prior to 1900 (ed. Renato G. Mazzolini), Firenze, 1993, 235-78, 263. See also Rhoda Rappaport, When Geologists were Historians, 1665-1750, Ithaca, 1997, 251. A prominent mineralogical collection was that in Jena of Johann Ernst Immanuel Walch, a philologist who edited (which involved writing several volumes) one of the most outstanding eighteenth century-works on petrifactions, Georg Wolfgang Knorr, Sammlung von Merkwürdigkeiten der Natur und Alterthümern des Erdbodens, welche petrificierte Körper enthält, 4 vols. in 5, Nürnberg, 1755-73, also translated into French (Nürnberg, 1768-75) and Dutch (Amsterdam, 1773). Goethe viewed Walch's cabinet in the autumn of 1778.
44. See Krzysztof Pomian, Collectors and Curiosities: Paris and Venice, 1500-1800 (tr. Elizabeth Wiles-Porter), Cambridge, 1990, 218. Dorothea Schlözer, perhaps the first woman to receive her doctorate in Germany, took mineralogy as one of her examination fields, see Bärbel Kern and Horst Kern, Madame Doctorin Schlözer: Ein Frauenleben in den Widersprüchen der Aufklärung, München, 1988, 118. For a very prominent nineteenth-century example of a woman fossil collector see Hugh Torrens, 'Mary Anning (1799-1847) of Lyme: "The greatest fossilist the world ever knew'", BJHS (1995), 28, 257-84.
45. See Krzysztof Pomian, Collectors and Curiosities: Paris and Venice, 1500-1800 (tr. Elizabeth Wiles-Porter), Cambridge, 1990, 218. Dorothea Schlözer, perhaps the first woman to receive her doctorate in Germany, took mineralogy as one of her examination fields, see Bärbel Kern and Horst Kern, Madame Doctorin Schlözer: Ein Frauenleben in den Widersprüchen der Aufklärung, München, 1988, 118. For a very prominent nineteenth-century example of a woman fossil collector see Hugh Torrens, 'Mary Anning (1799-1847) of Lyme: "The greatest fossilist the world ever knew'", BJHS (1995), 28, 257-84.
46. See Krzysztof Pomian, Collectors and Curiosities: Paris and Venice, 1500-1800 (tr. Elizabeth Wiles-Porter), Cambridge, 1990, 218. Dorothea Schlözer, perhaps the first woman to receive her doctorate in Germany, took mineralogy as one of her examination fields, see Bärbel Kern and Horst Kern, Madame Doctorin Schlözer: Ein Frauenleben in den Widersprüchen der Aufklärung, München, 1988, 118. For a very prominent nineteenth-century example of a woman fossil collector see Hugh Torrens, 'Mary Anning (1799-1847) of Lyme: "The greatest fossilist the world ever knew'", BJHS (1995), 28, 257-84.
47. See Martin Guntau, 'The natural history of the Earth' in The Cultures of Natural History (ed. N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. Spary), Cambridge, 1996, 211-29; Martin Rudwick, 'Minerals, strata and fossils', in ibid., 266-86; Lisbet Koerner, 'Daedalus Hyperboreus: Baltic natural history and mineralogy in the Enlightenment', in The Sciences in Enlightened Europe (ed. William Clark, Jan Golinski and Simon Schaffer), Chicago, 1999, 389-422.
48. See Martin Guntau, 'The natural history of the Earth' in The Cultures of Natural History (ed. N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. Spary), Cambridge, 1996, 211-29; Martin Rudwick, 'Minerals, strata and fossils', in ibid., 266-86; Lisbet Koerner, 'Daedalus Hyperboreus: Baltic natural history and mineralogy in the Enlightenment', in The Sciences in Enlightened Europe (ed. William Clark, Jan Golinski and Simon Schaffer), Chicago, 1999, 389-422.
49. See Martin Guntau, 'The natural history of the Earth' in The Cultures of Natural History (ed. N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. Spary), Cambridge, 1996, 211-29; Martin Rudwick, 'Minerals, strata and fossils', in ibid., 266-86; Lisbet Koerner, 'Daedalus Hyperboreus: Baltic natural history and mineralogy in the Enlightenment', in The Sciences in Enlightened Europe (ed. William Clark, Jan Golinski and Simon Schaffer), Chicago, 1999, 389-422.
50. Ezzio Vaccari and Nicoletta Morello, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth' in Sciences of the Earth (ed. Gregory A. Good), 2 vols., New York, 1998, ii, 589-93; E. P. Hamm, 'Knowledge from underground: Leibniz mines the Enlightenment', Earth Sciences History (1997), 16, 77-99; Claudine Cohen, 'Leibniz's Protogaea: patronage, mining, and evidence for a history of the earth', in Proof and Persuasion: Essays on Authority, Objectivity, and Evidence (ed. Suzanne Marchand and Elizabeth Lunbeck), Turnout, 1996, 124-43; Ezio Vaccari, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth in eighteenth-century Italy', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 163-80; Donata Brianta, 'Education and training in the mining industry, 1750-1860: European models and the Italian case', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 267-300; Theodore M. Porter, 'The promotion of mining and the advancement of science: the chemical revolution of mineralogy', Annals of Science (1981), 38, 543-70. The most detailed discussion of Goethe's administrative and technical work at the Ilmenau mines is Kurt Steenbuck, Silber und Kupfer aus Ilmenau: Ein Bergwerk unter Goethes Leitung; Hintergründe, Erwartungen, Enttäuschungen (Schriften der Goethe-Gesellschaft, Volume 65), Weimar, 1995 . For the cameral culture of mining in Enlightenment Central Europe see R. Andre Wakefield, 'The apostles of good police: science, cameralism, and the culture of mining in Central Europe', 1656-1800, 2 vols., Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999, especially ii, 233-322. See also Myles W. Jackson, 'Natural and artificial budgets: accounting for Goethe's economy of nature', Science in Context (1994), 7, 409-31.
51. Ezzio Vaccari and Nicoletta Morello, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth' in Sciences of the Earth (ed. Gregory A. Good), 2 vols., New York, 1998, ii, 589-93; E. P. Hamm, 'Knowledge from underground: Leibniz mines the Enlightenment', Earth Sciences History (1997), 16, 77-99; Claudine Cohen, 'Leibniz's Protogaea: patronage, mining, and evidence for a history of the earth', in Proof and Persuasion: Essays on Authority, Objectivity, and Evidence (ed. Suzanne Marchand and Elizabeth Lunbeck), Turnout, 1996, 124-43; Ezio Vaccari, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth in eighteenth-century Italy', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 163-80; Donata Brianta, 'Education and training in the mining industry, 1750-1860: European models and the Italian case', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 267-300; Theodore M. Porter, 'The promotion of mining and the advancement of science: the chemical revolution of mineralogy', Annals of Science (1981), 38, 543-70. The most detailed discussion of Goethe's administrative and technical work at the Ilmenau mines is Kurt Steenbuck, Silber und Kupfer aus Ilmenau: Ein Bergwerk unter Goethes Leitung; Hintergründe, Erwartungen, Enttäuschungen (Schriften der Goethe-Gesellschaft, Volume 65), Weimar, 1995 . For the cameral culture of mining in Enlightenment Central Europe see R. Andre Wakefield, 'The apostles of good police: science, cameralism, and the culture of mining in Central Europe', 1656-1800, 2 vols., Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999, especially ii, 233-322. See also Myles W. Jackson, 'Natural and artificial budgets: accounting for Goethe's economy of nature', Science in Context (1994), 7, 409-31.
52. Ezzio Vaccari and Nicoletta Morello, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth' in Sciences of the Earth (ed. Gregory A. Good), 2 vols., New York, 1998, ii, 589-93; E. P. Hamm, 'Knowledge from underground: Leibniz mines the Enlightenment', Earth Sciences History (1997), 16, 77-99; Claudine Cohen, 'Leibniz's Protogaea: patronage, mining, and evidence for a history of the earth', in Proof and Persuasion: Essays on Authority, Objectivity, and Evidence (ed. Suzanne Marchand and Elizabeth Lunbeck), Turnout, 1996, 124-43; Ezio Vaccari, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth in eighteenth-century Italy', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 163-80; Donata Brianta, 'Education and training in the mining industry, 1750-1860: European models and the Italian case', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 267-300; Theodore M. Porter, 'The promotion of mining and the advancement of science: the chemical revolution of mineralogy', Annals of Science (1981), 38, 543-70. The most detailed discussion of Goethe's administrative and technical work at the Ilmenau mines is Kurt Steenbuck, Silber und Kupfer aus Ilmenau: Ein Bergwerk unter Goethes Leitung; Hintergründe, Erwartungen, Enttäuschungen (Schriften der Goethe-Gesellschaft, Volume 65), Weimar, 1995 . For the cameral culture of mining in Enlightenment Central Europe see R. Andre Wakefield, 'The apostles of good police: science, cameralism, and the culture of mining in Central Europe', 1656-1800, 2 vols., Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999, especially ii, 233-322. See also Myles W. Jackson, 'Natural and artificial budgets: accounting for Goethe's economy of nature', Science in Context (1994), 7, 409-31.
53. Ezzio Vaccari and Nicoletta Morello, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth' in Sciences of the Earth (ed. Gregory A. Good), 2 vols., New York, 1998, ii, 589-93; E. P. Hamm, 'Knowledge from underground: Leibniz mines the Enlightenment', Earth Sciences History (1997), 16, 77-99; Claudine Cohen, 'Leibniz's Protogaea: patronage, mining, and evidence for a history of the earth', in Proof and Persuasion: Essays on Authority, Objectivity, and Evidence (ed. Suzanne Marchand and Elizabeth Lunbeck), Turnout, 1996, 124-43; Ezio Vaccari, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth in eighteenth-century Italy', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 163-80; Donata Brianta, 'Education and training in the mining industry, 1750-1860: European models and the Italian case', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 267-300; Theodore M. Porter, 'The promotion of mining and the advancement of science: the chemical revolution of mineralogy', Annals of Science (1981), 38, 543-70. The most detailed discussion of Goethe's administrative and technical work at the Ilmenau mines is Kurt Steenbuck, Silber und Kupfer aus Ilmenau: Ein Bergwerk unter Goethes Leitung; Hintergründe, Erwartungen, Enttäuschungen (Schriften der Goethe-Gesellschaft, Volume 65), Weimar, 1995 . For the cameral culture of mining in Enlightenment Central Europe see R. Andre Wakefield, 'The apostles of good police: science, cameralism, and the culture of mining in Central Europe', 1656-1800, 2 vols., Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999, especially ii, 233-322. See also Myles W. Jackson, 'Natural and artificial budgets: accounting for Goethe's economy of nature', Science in Context (1994), 7, 409-31.
54. Ezzio Vaccari and Nicoletta Morello, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth' in Sciences of the Earth (ed. Gregory A. Good), 2 vols., New York, 1998, ii, 589-93; E. P. Hamm, 'Knowledge from underground: Leibniz mines the Enlightenment', Earth Sciences History (1997), 16, 77-99; Claudine Cohen, 'Leibniz's Protogaea: patronage, mining, and evidence for a history of the earth', in Proof and Persuasion: Essays on Authority, Objectivity, and Evidence (ed. Suzanne Marchand and Elizabeth Lunbeck), Turnout, 1996, 124-43; Ezio Vaccari, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth in eighteenth-century Italy', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 163-80; Donata Brianta, 'Education and training in the mining industry, 1750-1860: European models and the Italian case', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 267-300; Theodore M. Porter, 'The promotion of mining and the advancement of science: the chemical revolution of mineralogy', Annals of Science (1981), 38, 543-70. The most detailed discussion of Goethe's administrative and technical work at the Ilmenau mines is Kurt Steenbuck, Silber und Kupfer aus Ilmenau: Ein Bergwerk unter Goethes Leitung; Hintergründe, Erwartungen, Enttäuschungen (Schriften der Goethe-Gesellschaft, Volume 65), Weimar, 1995 . For the cameral culture of mining in Enlightenment Central Europe see R. Andre Wakefield, 'The apostles of good police: science, cameralism, and the culture of mining in Central Europe', 1656-1800, 2 vols., Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999, especially ii, 233-322. See also Myles W. Jackson, 'Natural and artificial budgets: accounting for Goethe's economy of nature', Science in Context (1994), 7, 409-31.
55. Ezzio Vaccari and Nicoletta Morello, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth' in Sciences of the Earth (ed. Gregory A. Good), 2 vols., New York, 1998, ii, 589-93; E. P. Hamm, 'Knowledge from underground: Leibniz mines the Enlightenment', Earth Sciences History (1997), 16, 77-99; Claudine Cohen, 'Leibniz's Protogaea: patronage, mining, and evidence for a history of the earth', in Proof and Persuasion: Essays on Authority, Objectivity, and Evidence (ed. Suzanne Marchand and Elizabeth Lunbeck), Turnout, 1996, 124-43; Ezio Vaccari, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth in eighteenth-century Italy', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 163-80; Donata Brianta, 'Education and training in the mining industry, 1750-1860: European models and the Italian case', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 267-300; Theodore M. Porter, 'The promotion of mining and the advancement of science: the chemical revolution of mineralogy', Annals of Science (1981), 38, 543-70. The most detailed discussion of Goethe's administrative and technical work at the Ilmenau mines is Kurt Steenbuck, Silber und Kupfer aus Ilmenau: Ein Bergwerk unter Goethes Leitung; Hintergründe, Erwartungen, Enttäuschungen (Schriften der Goethe-Gesellschaft, Volume 65), Weimar, 1995 . For the cameral culture of mining in Enlightenment Central Europe see R. Andre Wakefield, 'The apostles of good police: science, cameralism, and the culture of mining in Central Europe', 1656-1800, 2 vols., Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999, especially ii, 233-322. See also Myles W. Jackson, 'Natural and artificial budgets: accounting for Goethe's economy of nature', Science in Context (1994), 7, 409-31.
56. Ezzio Vaccari and Nicoletta Morello, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth' in Sciences of the Earth (ed. Gregory A. Good), 2 vols., New York, 1998, ii, 589-93; E. P. Hamm, 'Knowledge from underground: Leibniz mines the Enlightenment', Earth Sciences History (1997), 16, 77-99; Claudine Cohen, 'Leibniz's Protogaea: patronage, mining, and evidence for a history of the earth', in Proof and Persuasion: Essays on Authority, Objectivity, and Evidence (ed. Suzanne Marchand and Elizabeth Lunbeck), Turnout, 1996, 124-43; Ezio Vaccari, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth in eighteenth-century Italy', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 163-80; Donata Brianta, 'Education and training in the mining industry, 1750-1860: European models and the Italian case', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 267-300; Theodore M. Porter, 'The promotion of mining and the advancement of science: the chemical revolution of mineralogy', Annals of Science (1981), 38, 543-70. The most detailed discussion of Goethe's administrative and technical work at the Ilmenau mines is Kurt Steenbuck, Silber und Kupfer aus Ilmenau: Ein Bergwerk unter Goethes Leitung; Hintergründe, Erwartungen, Enttäuschungen (Schriften der Goethe-Gesellschaft, Volume 65), Weimar, 1995 . For the cameral culture of mining in Enlightenment Central Europe see R. Andre Wakefield, 'The apostles of good police: science, cameralism, and the culture of mining in Central Europe', 1656-1800, 2 vols., Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999, especially ii, 233-322. See also Myles W. Jackson, 'Natural and artificial budgets: accounting for Goethe's economy of nature', Science in Context (1994), 7, 409-31.
57. Ezzio Vaccari and Nicoletta Morello, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth' in Sciences of the Earth (ed. Gregory A. Good), 2 vols., New York, 1998, ii, 589-93; E. P. Hamm, 'Knowledge from underground: Leibniz mines the Enlightenment', Earth Sciences History (1997), 16, 77-99; Claudine Cohen, 'Leibniz's Protogaea: patronage, mining, and evidence for a history of the earth', in Proof and Persuasion: Essays on Authority, Objectivity, and Evidence (ed. Suzanne Marchand and Elizabeth Lunbeck), Turnout, 1996, 124-43; Ezio Vaccari, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth in eighteenth-century Italy', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 163-80; Donata Brianta, 'Education and training in the mining industry, 1750-1860: European models and the Italian case', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 267-300; Theodore M. Porter, 'The promotion of mining and the advancement of science: the chemical revolution of mineralogy', Annals of Science (1981), 38, 543-70. The most detailed discussion of Goethe's administrative and technical work at the Ilmenau mines is Kurt Steenbuck, Silber und Kupfer aus Ilmenau: Ein Bergwerk unter Goethes Leitung; Hintergründe, Erwartungen, Enttäuschungen (Schriften der Goethe-Gesellschaft, Volume 65), Weimar, 1995 . For the cameral culture of mining in Enlightenment Central Europe see R. Andre Wakefield, 'The apostles of good police: science, cameralism, and the culture of mining in Central Europe', 1656-1800, 2 vols., Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999, especially ii, 233-322. See also Myles W. Jackson, 'Natural and artificial budgets: accounting for Goethe's economy of nature', Science in Context (1994), 7, 409-31.
58. Ezzio Vaccari and Nicoletta Morello, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth' in Sciences of the Earth (ed. Gregory A. Good), 2 vols., New York, 1998, ii, 589-93; E. P. Hamm, 'Knowledge from underground: Leibniz mines the Enlightenment', Earth Sciences History (1997), 16, 77-99; Claudine Cohen, 'Leibniz's Protogaea: patronage, mining, and evidence for a history of the earth', in Proof and Persuasion: Essays on Authority, Objectivity, and Evidence (ed. Suzanne Marchand and Elizabeth Lunbeck), Turnout, 1996, 124-43; Ezio Vaccari, 'Mining and knowledge of the Earth in eighteenth-century Italy', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 163-80; Donata Brianta, 'Education and training in the mining industry, 1750-1860: European models and the Italian case', Annals of Science (2000), 57, 267-300; Theodore M. Porter, 'The promotion of mining and the advancement of science: the chemical revolution of mineralogy', Annals of Science (1981), 38, 543-70. The most detailed discussion of Goethe's administrative and technical work at the Ilmenau mines is Kurt Steenbuck, Silber und Kupfer aus Ilmenau: Ein Bergwerk unter Goethes Leitung; Hintergründe, Erwartungen, Enttäuschungen (Schriften der Goethe-Gesellschaft, Volume 65), Weimar, 1995 . For the cameral culture of mining in Enlightenment Central Europe see R. Andre Wakefield, 'The apostles of good police: science, cameralism, and the culture of mining in Central Europe', 1656-1800, 2 vols., Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999, especially ii, 233-322. See also Myles W. Jackson, 'Natural and artificial budgets: accounting for Goethe's economy of nature', Science in Context (1994), 7, 409-31.
59. 2 December 1784, WA, I, vi, 400-2, quotation on 401-2.
60. Letter to Carl Bernhard Cotta, 15 March 1832, WA, IV, xlix, 275-7, 276.
61. Letter to August von Goethe, 27 June 1813, WA, IV, xxiii, 389-92, 391.
62. The same holds true for Goethe's library. A small room filled with bookshelves, it is intended for storing books, not for displaying or reading them. The place to read books (and mineralogical specimens) was the study. The exceptional cabinet is made of varnished wood and contains collections of polished rocks. For a discussion of the importance of the cabinet in the history of science see Anke te Heesen, 'Boxes in nature', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science (1999), 31, 381-403; idem, Der Weltkasten: Die Geschichte einer Bildenzyklopädie aus dent 18. Jahrhundert, Göttingen, 1997, 141-91. There is a substantial and diverse literature on the spaces, places and architecture of science, for example: The Architecture of Science (ed. Peter Galison and Emily Thompson), Cambridge, MA, 1999; Making Space for Science (ed. Crosbie Smith and Jon Agar), London, 1998; Sophie Forgan, 'The architecture of display: museums, universities and objects in nineteenth-century Britain', History of Science (1994), 32, 139-62; Adi Ophir and Steven Shapin, 'The place of knowledge: a methodological survey,' Science in Context (1991), 4, 3-21.
63. The same holds true for Goethe's library. A small room filled with bookshelves, it is intended for storing books, not for displaying or reading them. The place to read books (and mineralogical specimens) was the study. The exceptional cabinet is made of varnished wood and contains collections of polished rocks. For a discussion of the importance of the cabinet in the history of science see Anke te Heesen, 'Boxes in nature', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science (1999), 31, 381-403; idem, Der Weltkasten: Die Geschichte einer Bildenzyklopädie aus dent 18. Jahrhundert, Göttingen, 1997, 141-91. There is a substantial and diverse literature on the spaces, places and architecture of science, for example: The Architecture of Science (ed. Peter Galison and Emily Thompson), Cambridge, MA, 1999; Making Space for Science (ed. Crosbie Smith and Jon Agar), London, 1998; Sophie Forgan, 'The architecture of display: museums, universities and objects in nineteenth-century Britain', History of Science (1994), 32, 139-62; Adi Ophir and Steven Shapin, 'The place of knowledge: a methodological survey,' Science in Context (1991), 4, 3-21.
64. The same holds true for Goethe's library. A small room filled with bookshelves, it is intended for storing books, not for displaying or reading them. The place to read books (and mineralogical specimens) was the study. The exceptional cabinet is made of varnished wood and contains collections of polished rocks. For a discussion of the importance of the cabinet in the history of science see Anke te Heesen, 'Boxes in nature', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science (1999), 31, 381-403; idem, Der Weltkasten: Die Geschichte einer Bildenzyklopädie aus dent 18. Jahrhundert, Göttingen, 1997, 141-91. There is a substantial and diverse literature on the spaces, places and architecture of science, for example: The Architecture of Science (ed. Peter Galison and Emily Thompson), Cambridge, MA, 1999; Making Space for Science (ed. Crosbie Smith and Jon Agar), London, 1998; Sophie Forgan, 'The architecture of display: museums, universities and objects in nineteenth-century Britain', History of Science (1994), 32, 139-62; Adi Ophir and Steven Shapin, 'The place of knowledge: a methodological survey,' Science in Context (1991), 4, 3-21.
65. The same holds true for Goethe's library. A small room filled with bookshelves, it is intended for storing books, not for displaying or reading them. The place to read books (and mineralogical specimens) was the study. The exceptional cabinet is made of varnished wood and contains collections of polished rocks. For a discussion of the importance of the cabinet in the history of science see Anke te Heesen, 'Boxes in nature', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science (1999), 31, 381-403; idem, Der Weltkasten: Die Geschichte einer Bildenzyklopädie aus dent 18. Jahrhundert, Göttingen, 1997, 141-91. There is a substantial and diverse literature on the spaces, places and architecture of science, for example: The Architecture of Science (ed. Peter Galison and Emily Thompson), Cambridge, MA, 1999; Making Space for Science (ed. Crosbie Smith and Jon Agar), London, 1998; Sophie Forgan, 'The architecture of display: museums, universities and objects in nineteenth-century Britain', History of Science (1994), 32, 139-62; Adi Ophir and Steven Shapin, 'The place of knowledge: a methodological survey,' Science in Context (1991), 4, 3-21.
66. The same holds true for Goethe's library. A small room filled with bookshelves, it is intended for storing books, not for displaying or reading them. The place to read books (and mineralogical specimens) was the study. The exceptional cabinet is made of varnished wood and contains collections of polished rocks. For a discussion of the importance of the cabinet in the history of science see Anke te Heesen, 'Boxes in nature', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science (1999), 31, 381-403; idem, Der Weltkasten: Die Geschichte einer Bildenzyklopädie aus dent 18. Jahrhundert, Göttingen, 1997, 141-91. There is a substantial and diverse literature on the spaces, places and architecture of science, for example: The Architecture of Science (ed. Peter Galison and Emily Thompson), Cambridge, MA, 1999; Making Space for Science (ed. Crosbie Smith and Jon Agar), London, 1998; Sophie Forgan, 'The architecture of display: museums, universities and objects in nineteenth-century Britain', History of Science (1994), 32, 139-62; Adi Ophir and Steven Shapin, 'The place of knowledge: a methodological survey,' Science in Context (1991), 4, 3-21.
67. The same holds true for Goethe's library. A small room filled with bookshelves, it is intended for storing books, not for displaying or reading them. The place to read books (and mineralogical specimens) was the study. The exceptional cabinet is made of varnished wood and contains collections of polished rocks. For a discussion of the importance of the cabinet in the history of science see Anke te Heesen, 'Boxes in nature', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science (1999), 31, 381-403; idem, Der Weltkasten: Die Geschichte einer Bildenzyklopädie aus dent 18. Jahrhundert, Göttingen, 1997, 141-91. There is a substantial and diverse literature on the spaces, places and architecture of science, for example: The Architecture of Science (ed. Peter Galison and Emily Thompson), Cambridge, MA, 1999; Making Space for Science (ed. Crosbie Smith and Jon Agar), London, 1998; Sophie Forgan, 'The architecture of display: museums, universities and objects in nineteenth-century Britain', History of Science (1994), 32, 139-62; Adi Ophir and Steven Shapin, 'The place of knowledge: a methodological survey,' Science in Context (1991), 4, 3-21.
68. Goethe himself compiled part of this catalogue, which is known as Katalog A. Katalog B was compiled by Johann Carl Wilhelm Voigt in 1785, by which time the collection had grown to six cabinets. The fossils were first catalogued in 1813 by Goethe's son August, in Katalog C (an exact copy of B with additions) the bulk of which was compiled by Goethe's secretary Johann August Friedrich John. Part of A and all of B and C are in the Goethe-und Schiller-Archiv in Weimar, see Prescher, op. cit. (4), 14-20.
69. Goethe himself compiled part of this catalogue, which is known as Katalog A. Katalog B was compiled by Johann Carl Wilhelm Voigt in 1785, by which time the collection had grown to six cabinets. The fossils were first catalogued in 1813 by Goethe's son August, in Katalog C (an exact copy of B with additions) the bulk of which was compiled by Goethe's secretary Johann August Friedrich John. Part of A and all of B and C are in the Goethe-und Schiller-Archiv in Weimar, see Prescher, op. cit. (4), 14-20.
70. Goethe himself compiled part of this catalogue, which is known as Katalog A. Katalog B was compiled by Johann Carl Wilhelm Voigt in 1785, by which time the collection had grown to six cabinets. The fossils were first catalogued in 1813 by Goethe's son August, in Katalog C (an exact copy of B with additions) the bulk of which was compiled by Goethe's secretary Johann August Friedrich
71. For an overview of eighteenth-century mineralogical classification schemes see Rachel Laudan, From Mineralogy to Geology: The Foundations of A Science, Chicago, 1987, 20-46. The unauthorized version of Werner is C. F. W. Roth, Das Mineralreich nach dem Wernerischen System, Weimar, 1783 (for Goethe's ownership see LA II, vii, 86); the first authorized version is C. A. S. Hoffmann, 'Mineralsystem der Herrn Inspektor Werners mit dessen Erlaubnis herausgegeben', Bergmännisches Journal (1789), 1, 369-98; finally, there is Abraham Gottlob Werners letztes Mineral-System: Aus dessen Nachlasse auf oberbergamtliche Anordnung herausgegeben und mit Erläuterungen versehen, Freyberg, 1817.
72. For an overview of eighteenth-century mineralogical classification schemes see Rachel Laudan, From Mineralogy to Geology: The Foundations of A Science, Chicago, 1987, 20-46. The unauthorized version of Werner is C. F. W. Roth, Das Mineralreich nach dem Wernerischen System, Weimar, 1783 (for Goethe's ownership see LA II, vii, 86); the first authorized version is C. A. S. Hoffmann, 'Mineralsystem der Herrn Inspektor Werners mit dessen Erlaubnis herausgegeben', Bergmännisches Journal (1789), 1, 369-98; finally, there is Abraham Gottlob Werners letztes Mineral-System: Aus dessen Nachlasse auf oberbergamtliche Anordnung herausgegeben und mit Erläuterungen versehen, Freyberg, 1817.
73. For an overview of eighteenth-century mineralogical classification schemes see Rachel Laudan, From Mineralogy to Geology: The Foundations of A Science, Chicago, 1987, 20-46. The unauthorized version of Werner is C. F. W. Roth, Das Mineralreich nach dem Wernerischen System, Weimar, 1783 (for Goethe's ownership see LA II, vii, 86); the first authorized version is C. A. S. Hoffmann, 'Mineralsystem der Herrn Inspektor Werners mit dessen Erlaubnis herausgegeben', Bergmännisches Journal (1789), 1, 369-98; finally, there is Abraham Gottlob Werners letztes Mineral-System: Aus dessen Nachlasse auf oberbergamtliche Anordnung herausgegeben und mit Erläuterungen versehen, Freyberg, 1817.
74. For an overview of eighteenth-century mineralogical classification schemes see Rachel Laudan, From Mineralogy to Geology: The Foundations of A Science, Chicago, 1987, 20-46. The unauthorized version of Werner is C. F. W. Roth, Das Mineralreich nach dem Wernerischen System, Weimar, 1783 (for Goethe's ownership see LA II, vii, 86); the first authorized version is C. A. S. Hoffmann, 'Mineralsystem der Herrn Inspektor Werners mit dessen Erlaubnis herausgegeben', Bergmännisches Journal (1789), 1, 369-98; finally, there is Abraham Gottlob Werners letztes Mineral-System: Aus dessen Nachlasse auf oberbergamtliche Anordnung herausgegeben und mit Erläuterungen versehen, Freyberg, 1817.
75. For an overview of eighteenth-century mineralogical classification schemes see Rachel Laudan, From Mineralogy to Geology: The Foundations of A Science, Chicago, 1987, 20-46. The unauthorized version of Werner is C. F. W. Roth, Das Mineralreich nach dem Wernerischen System, Weimar, 1783 (for Goethe's ownership see LA II, vii, 86); the first authorized version is C. A. S. Hoffmann, 'Mineralsystem der Herrn Inspektor Werners mit dessen Erlaubnis herausgegeben', Bergmännisches Journal (1789), 1, 369-98; finally, there is Abraham Gottlob Werners letztes Mineral-System: Aus dessen Nachlasse auf oberbergamtliche Anordnung herausgegeben und mit Erläuterungen versehen, Freyberg, 1817.
76. The 1813 copy of the earliest catalogue of the mineral collection is reprinted, in outline, in Prescher, op. cit. (4), 25-7 and it may be compared with Roth, op. cit. (28), which is reprinted in LA II, vii, 67-86. For a detailed catalogue of the current state of Goethe's mineral collection, and a commentary, see Prescher, op. cit. (4), 25-92.
77. The 1813 copy of the earliest catalogue of the mineral collection is reprinted, in outline, in Prescher, op. cit. (4), 25-7 and it may be compared with Roth, op. cit. (28), which is reprinted in LA II, vii, 67-86. For a detailed catalogue of the current state of Goethe's mineral collection, and a commentary, see Prescher, op. cit. (4), 25-92.
78. The 1813 copy of the earliest catalogue of the mineral collection is reprinted, in outline, in Prescher, op. cit. (4), 25-7 and it may be compared with Roth, op. cit. (28), which is reprinted in LA II, vii, 67-86. For a detailed catalogue of the current state of Goethe's mineral collection, and a commentary, see Prescher, op. cit. (4), 25-92.
79. The 1813 copy of the earliest catalogue of the mineral collection is reprinted, in outline, in Prescher, op. cit. (4), 25-7 and it may be compared with Roth, op. cit. (28), which is reprinted in LA II, vii, 67-86. For a detailed catalogue of the current state of Goethe's mineral collection, and a commentary, see Prescher, op. cit. (4), 25-92.
80. Abraham Gottlob Werner, 'Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gebirgsarten', in idem, Abhandlungen der Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 1786, 272-97, reprinted and translated in idem, Short Classification and Description of the Various Rocks (ed. and tr. Alexander M. Ospovat), New York, 1971. In 1778 Werner proposed five different kinds of mineralogical collections needed for a complete cabinet: 1, of the external characters of minerals; 2, of the minerals according to their classes and species; 3, of Gebirgsarten according to a doctrine of Gebirge; 4, a geographical or 'suite collection' of Gebirgsarten and; 5, an 'ökonomische' collection that arranged minerals according to their uses in the home, industry and the arts. Werner claimed that he was the only person to have a collection of type 1, that he knew of no collections of types 4 and 5 and that he was assembling a collection of type 3. Abraham Gottlob Werner, 'Von den verschiedenerley Mineraliensammlungen aus denen ein vollständiges Mineralienkabinet bestehen soll', in idem, Sammlungen zur Physik und Naturgeschichte (1778), 1, 387-420. Only a few years later Goethe was collecting types 2, 3 and 4.
81. Abraham Gottlob Werner, 'Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gebirgsarten', in idem, Abhandlungen der Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 1786, 272-97, reprinted and translated in idem, Short Classification and Description of the Various Rocks (ed. and tr. Alexander M. Ospovat), New York, 1971. In 1778 Werner proposed five different kinds of mineralogical collections needed for a complete cabinet: 1, of the external characters of minerals; 2, of the minerals according to their classes and species; 3, of Gebirgsarten according to a doctrine of Gebirge; 4, a geographical or 'suite collection' of Gebirgsarten and; 5, an 'ökonomische' collection that arranged minerals according to their uses in the home, industry and the arts. Werner claimed that he was the only person to have a collection of type 1, that he knew of no collections of types 4 and 5 and that he was assembling a collection of type 3. Abraham Gottlob Werner, 'Von den verschiedenerley Mineraliensammlungen aus denen ein vollständiges Mineralienkabinet bestehen soll', in idem, Sammlungen zur Physik und Naturgeschichte (1778), 1, 387-420. Only a few years later Goethe was collecting types 2, 3 and 4.
82. Abraham Gottlob Werner, 'Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gebirgsarten', in idem, Abhandlungen der Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 1786, 272-97, reprinted and translated in idem, Short Classification and Description of the Various Rocks (ed. and tr. Alexander M. Ospovat), New York, 1971. In 1778 Werner proposed five different kinds of mineralogical collections needed for a complete cabinet: 1, of the external characters of minerals; 2, of the minerals according to their classes and species; 3, of Gebirgsarten according to a doctrine of Gebirge; 4, a geographical or 'suite collection' of Gebirgsarten and; 5, an 'ökonomische' collection that arranged minerals according to their uses in the home, industry and the arts. Werner claimed that he was the only person to have a collection of type 1, that he knew of no collections of types 4 and 5 and that he was assembling a collection of type 3. Abraham Gottlob Werner, 'Von den verschiedenerley Mineraliensammlungen aus denen ein vollständiges Mineralienkabinet bestehen soll', in idem, Sammlungen zur Physik und Naturgeschichte (1778), 1, 387-420. Only a few years later Goethe was collecting types 2, 3 and 4.
83. See Goethe's diary entry for 5 July 1780, WA, III, i, 121-2.
84. For an appreciation of this tradition see Ospovat's introduction, appendices and extensive notes in Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30); Guntau, op. cit. (21); Rudwick, op. cit. (21); Vaccari and Morello, op. cit. (22); Hamm, op. cit. (22); Laudan, op. cit. (28); Mott Greene, Geology in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, 1982; Martin Guntau, Abraham Gottlob Werner, Leipzig, 1984; idem, Die Genesis der Geologie als Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1984; Gabriel Gohau, Les Sciences de la terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, 1990; Bruno von Freyberg, Die geologische Erforschungen Thüringens in älterer Zeit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie bis zum Jahre 1843, Berlin, 1932; Walther Fischer, Mineralogie in Sachsen von Agricola bis Werner: Die ältere Geschichte des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie in Dresden, Dresden, 1939.
85. For an appreciation of this tradition see Ospovat's introduction, appendices and extensive notes in Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30); Guntau, op. cit. (21); Rudwick, op. cit. (21); Vaccari and Morello, op. cit. (22); Hamm, op. cit. (22); Laudan, op. cit. (28); Mott Greene, Geology in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, 1982; Martin Guntau, Abraham Gottlob Werner, Leipzig, 1984; idem, Die Genesis der Geologie als Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1984; Gabriel Gohau, Les Sciences de la terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, 1990; Bruno von Freyberg, Die geologische Erforschungen Thüringens in älterer Zeit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie bis zum Jahre 1843, Berlin, 1932; Walther Fischer, Mineralogie in Sachsen von Agricola bis Werner: Die ältere Geschichte des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie in Dresden, Dresden, 1939.
86. For an appreciation of this tradition see Ospovat's introduction, appendices and extensive notes in Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30); Guntau, op. cit. (21); Rudwick, op. cit. (21); Vaccari and Morello, op. cit. (22); Hamm, op. cit. (22); Laudan, op. cit. (28); Mott Greene, Geology in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, 1982; Martin Guntau, Abraham Gottlob Werner, Leipzig, 1984; idem, Die Genesis der Geologie als Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1984; Gabriel Gohau, Les Sciences de la terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, 1990; Bruno von Freyberg, Die geologische Erforschungen Thüringens in älterer Zeit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie bis zum Jahre 1843, Berlin, 1932; Walther Fischer, Mineralogie in Sachsen von Agricola bis Werner: Die ältere Geschichte des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie in Dresden, Dresden, 1939.
87. For an appreciation of this tradition see Ospovat's introduction, appendices and extensive notes in Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30); Guntau, op. cit. (21); Rudwick, op. cit. (21); Vaccari and Morello, op. cit. (22); Hamm, op. cit. (22); Laudan, op. cit. (28); Mott Greene, Geology in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, 1982; Martin Guntau, Abraham Gottlob Werner, Leipzig, 1984; idem, Die Genesis der Geologie als Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1984; Gabriel Gohau, Les Sciences de la terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, 1990; Bruno von Freyberg, Die geologische Erforschungen Thüringens in älterer Zeit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie bis zum Jahre 1843, Berlin, 1932; Walther Fischer, Mineralogie in Sachsen von Agricola bis Werner: Die ältere Geschichte des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie in Dresden, Dresden, 1939.
88. For an appreciation of this tradition see Ospovat's introduction, appendices and extensive notes in Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30); Guntau, op. cit. (21); Rudwick, op. cit. (21); Vaccari and Morello, op. cit. (22); Hamm, op. cit. (22); Laudan, op. cit. (28); Mott Greene, Geology in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, 1982; Martin Guntau, Abraham Gottlob Werner, Leipzig, 1984; idem, Die Genesis der Geologie als Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1984; Gabriel Gohau, Les Sciences de la terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, 1990; Bruno von Freyberg, Die geologische Erforschungen Thüringens in älterer Zeit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie bis zum Jahre 1843, Berlin, 1932; Walther Fischer, Mineralogie in Sachsen von Agricola bis Werner: Die ältere Geschichte des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie in Dresden, Dresden, 1939.
89. For an appreciation of this tradition see Ospovat's introduction, appendices and extensive notes in Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30); Guntau, op. cit. (21); Rudwick, op. cit. (21); Vaccari and Morello, op. cit. (22); Hamm, op. cit. (22); Laudan, op. cit. (28); Mott Greene, Geology in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, 1982; Martin Guntau, Abraham Gottlob Werner, Leipzig, 1984; idem, Die Genesis der Geologie als Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1984; Gabriel Gohau, Les Sciences de la terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, 1990; Bruno von Freyberg, Die geologische Erforschungen Thüringens in älterer Zeit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie bis zum Jahre 1843, Berlin, 1932; Walther Fischer, Mineralogie in Sachsen von Agricola bis Werner: Die ältere Geschichte des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie in Dresden, Dresden, 1939.
90. For an appreciation of this tradition see Ospovat's introduction, appendices and extensive notes in Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30); Guntau, op. cit. (21); Rudwick, op. cit. (21); Vaccari and Morello, op. cit. (22); Hamm, op. cit. (22); Laudan, op. cit. (28); Mott Greene, Geology in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, 1982; Martin Guntau, Abraham Gottlob Werner, Leipzig, 1984; idem, Die Genesis der Geologie als Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1984; Gabriel Gohau, Les Sciences de la terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, 1990; Bruno von Freyberg, Die geologische Erforschungen Thüringens in älterer Zeit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie bis zum Jahre 1843, Berlin, 1932; Walther Fischer, Mineralogie in Sachsen von Agricola bis Werner: Die ältere Geschichte des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie in Dresden, Dresden, 1939.
91. For an appreciation of this tradition see Ospovat's introduction, appendices and extensive notes in Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30); Guntau, op. cit. (21); Rudwick, op. cit. (21); Vaccari and Morello, op. cit. (22); Hamm, op. cit. (22); Laudan, op. cit. (28); Mott Greene, Geology in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, 1982; Martin Guntau, Abraham Gottlob Werner, Leipzig, 1984; idem, Die Genesis der Geologie als Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1984; Gabriel Gohau, Les Sciences de la terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, 1990; Bruno von Freyberg, Die geologische Erforschungen Thüringens in älterer Zeit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie bis zum Jahre 1843, Berlin, 1932; Walther Fischer, Mineralogie in Sachsen von Agricola bis Werner: Die ältere Geschichte des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie in Dresden, Dresden, 1939.
92. For an appreciation of this tradition see Ospovat's introduction, appendices and extensive notes in Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30); Guntau, op. cit. (21); Rudwick, op. cit. (21); Vaccari and Morello, op. cit. (22); Hamm, op. cit. (22); Laudan, op. cit. (28); Mott Greene, Geology in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, 1982; Martin Guntau, Abraham Gottlob Werner, Leipzig, 1984; idem, Die Genesis der Geologie als Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1984; Gabriel Gohau, Les Sciences de la terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, 1990; Bruno von Freyberg, Die geologische Erforschungen Thüringens in älterer Zeit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie bis zum Jahre 1843, Berlin, 1932; Walther Fischer, Mineralogie in Sachsen von Agricola bis Werner: Die ältere Geschichte des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie in Dresden, Dresden, 1939.
93. For an appreciation of this tradition see Ospovat's introduction, appendices and extensive notes in Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30); Guntau, op. cit. (21); Rudwick, op. cit. (21); Vaccari and Morello, op. cit. (22); Hamm, op. cit. (22); Laudan, op. cit. (28); Mott Greene, Geology in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, 1982; Martin Guntau, Abraham Gottlob Werner, Leipzig, 1984; idem, Die Genesis der Geologie als Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1984; Gabriel Gohau, Les Sciences de la terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, 1990; Bruno von Freyberg, Die geologische Erforschungen Thüringens in älterer Zeit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie bis zum Jahre 1843, Berlin, 1932; Walther Fischer, Mineralogie in Sachsen von Agricola bis Werner: Die ältere Geschichte des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie in Dresden, Dresden, 1939.
94. For an appreciation of this tradition see Ospovat's introduction, appendices and extensive notes in Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30); Guntau, op. cit. (21); Rudwick, op. cit. (21); Vaccari and Morello, op. cit. (22); Hamm, op. cit. (22); Laudan, op. cit. (28); Mott Greene, Geology in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, 1982; Martin Guntau, Abraham Gottlob Werner, Leipzig, 1984; idem, Die Genesis der Geologie als Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1984; Gabriel Gohau, Les Sciences de la terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, 1990; Bruno von Freyberg, Die geologische Erforschungen Thüringens in älterer Zeit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie bis zum Jahre 1843, Berlin, 1932; Walther Fischer, Mineralogie in Sachsen von Agricola bis Werner: Die ältere Geschichte des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie in Dresden, Dresden, 1939.
95. For an appreciation of this tradition see Ospovat's introduction, appendices and extensive notes in Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30); Guntau, op. cit. (21); Rudwick, op. cit. (21); Vaccari and Morello, op. cit. (22); Hamm, op. cit. (22); Laudan, op. cit. (28); Mott Greene, Geology in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, 1982; Martin Guntau, Abraham Gottlob Werner, Leipzig, 1984; idem, Die Genesis der Geologie als Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1984; Gabriel Gohau, Les Sciences de la terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, 1990; Bruno von Freyberg, Die geologische Erforschungen Thüringens in älterer Zeit: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie bis zum Jahre 1843, Berlin, 1932; Walther Fischer, Mineralogie in Sachsen von Agricola bis Werner: Die ältere Geschichte des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie in Dresden, Dresden, 1939.
96. Ospovat in Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30), 97.
97. Georg Christian Füchsel, 'Historia terrae et maris ex historia Thuringae, per montium descriptionem eruta', Acta Academiae Electoralis Moguntiae scientarium utilium, Erfurt (1761), 2, 45-208, § 4.1 am grateful to Bert Hansen for making his draft translation of this work available to me.
98. See Prescher, op. cit. (4), 94-117 and 158-207.
99. Goethe, 'Vergleichs Vorschläge die Vulkanier und Neptunier über die Entstehung des Basalts zu vereinigen' [1789], LA I, xi, 37-8.
100. Gustav von Engestrom, 'Description of a mineralogical pocket-laboratory; and especially the use of the blow-pipe in mineralogy', in Axel Frederic von Cronstedt, An Essay Towards a System of Mineralogy, 2nd edn. (ed. John Hyacinth de Magellan, tr. Gustav von Engcstrom), 2 vols., London, 1788, ii, 924-1015.
101. Nicolas Desmarest, 'Mémoire sur l'origine & la nature du basalte à grandes colonnes polygones, déterminées par l'histoire naturelle de cette pierre, observée en Auvergne', Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences pour l'année 1771 (1774), 705-77; Deodat de Dolomieu, 'Sur la question de l'origine du basalte', Observations sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle et sur les arts (1790), 37, 193-202, 194; Kenneth L. Taylor, 'Deodat de Dolomieu', DSB, iv, 149-53, 152.
102. Nicolas Desmarest, 'Mémoire sur l'origine & la nature du basalte à grandes colonnes polygones, déterminées par l'histoire naturelle de cette pierre, observée en Auvergne', Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences pour l'année 1771 (1774), 705-77; Deodat de Dolomieu, 'Sur la question de l'origine du basalte', Observations sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle et sur les arts (1790), 37, 193-202, 194; Kenneth L. Taylor, 'Deodat de Dolomieu', DSB, iv, 149-53, 152.
103. Nicolas Desmarest, 'Mémoire sur l'origine & la nature du basalte à grandes colonnes polygones, déterminées par l'histoire naturelle de cette pierre, observée en Auvergne', Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences pour l'année 1771 (1774), 705-77; Deodat de Dolomieu, 'Sur la question de l'origine du basalte', Observations sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle et sur les arts (1790), 37, 193-202, 194; Kenneth L. Taylor, 'Deodat de Dolomieu', DSB, iv, 149-53, 152.
104. See Heinrich Veith, Deutsches Bergwörterbuch, Wiesbaden, 1968 [reprint of 1871 edition], and also the editors' discussion of the term Bergmann in Georgius Agricola, De Re Metallica [1556] (ed. and tr. Herbert C. Hoover and Lou H. Hoover), New York, 1950, 77-8, n. 1.
105. See Heinrich Veith, Deutsches Bergwörterbuch, Wiesbaden, 1968 [reprint of 1871 edition], and also the editors' discussion of the term Bergmann in Georgius Agricola, De Re Metallica [1556] (ed. and tr. Herbert C. Hoover and Lou H. Hoover), New York, 1950, 77-8, n. 1.
106. Hamm, op. cit. (22).
107. Karl A. von Zittel, Geschichte der Geologie und Paläontologie bis Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts (Geschichte der Wissenschaften in Deutschland: Neuere Zeit, Volume 23), München, 1899, 76.
108. Letter to Merck, 11 October 1780, WA, IV, iv, 306-12, quotation on 311.
109. By 1785 he had seventeen such suite collections, sec Prescher, op. cit. (4), 15.
110. Letter to Foucher, May 1687, in Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Protogaea [1749] (ed. J. M. Barande), Toulouse, 1993, 179-83, quotation on 182.
111. Hamm, op. cit. (22).
112. Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Sudelbücher, J 1498, in idem, Schriften und Briefe (ed. W. Promies), 4 vols., München, 1966-72, ii, 277, italics in original.
113. Benjamin, op. cit. (18), 63.
114. Abraham Gottlob Werner, Von den äußerlichen Kennzeichen der Fossilien, Leipzig, 1774. Werner's system of identifying minerals should not be confused, as it sometimes was and still is, with his system of classifying minerals.
115. Goethe to Duke Ernst II, 27 December 1780, WA, IV, v, 20-8, quotation on 25; see also Goethe to Johann Heinrich Merck, 11 October 1780, WA, IV, iv, 306-13, 310.
116. Goethe to Duke Ernst II, 27 December 1780, WA, IV, v, 20-8, quotation on 25; see also Goethe to Johann Heinrich Merck, 11 October 1780, WA, IV, iv, 306-13, 310.
117. LA I, xi, 10-14, quotation on 14 . This untitled essay is often called 'Über den Granit', following the name Rudolf Steiner gave it in its first published version in WA, II, ix, 171-7. Wolf von Engelhardt, the editor of LA II, vii, refers to it as 'Granit II'. Although Steiner claimed Goethe dictated 'Granit II' on 18 January 1784 , (see WA, II, ix, 312), it was probably written in 1785. For a detailed discussion of Goethe's work on granite and its place in his geology, see Ernst Peter Hamm, 'Goethe on granite', Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, 1991, 61-147.
118. LA I, xi, 10-14, quotation on 14 . This untitled essay is often called 'Über den Granit', following the name Rudolf Steiner gave it in its first published version in WA, II, ix, 171-7. Wolf von Engelhardt, the editor of LA II, vii, refers to it as 'Granit II'. Although Steiner claimed Goethe dictated 'Granit II' on 18 January 1784 , (see WA, II, ix, 312), it was probably written in 1785. For a detailed discussion of Goethe's work on granite and its place in his geology, see Ernst Peter Hamm, 'Goethe on granite', Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, 1991, 61-147.
119. LA I, xi, 10-14, quotation on 14 . This untitled essay is often called 'Über den Granit', following the name Rudolf Steiner gave it in its first published version in WA, II, ix, 171-7. Wolf von Engelhardt, the editor of LA II, vii, refers to it as 'Granit II'. Although Steiner claimed Goethe dictated 'Granit II' on 18 January 1784 , (see WA, II, ix, 312), it was probably written in 1785. For a detailed discussion of Goethe's work on granite and its place in his geology, see Ernst Peter Hamm, 'Goethe on granite', Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, 1991, 61-147.
120. LA I, xi, 10-14, quotation on 14 . This untitled essay is often called 'Über den Granit', following the name Rudolf Steiner gave it in its first published version in WA, II, ix, 171-7. Wolf von Engelhardt, the editor of LA II, vii, refers to it as 'Granit II'. Although Steiner claimed Goethe dictated 'Granit II' on 18 January 1784 , (see WA, II, ix, 312), it was probably written in 1785. For a detailed discussion of Goethe's work on granite and its place in his geology, see Ernst Peter Hamm, 'Goethe on granite', Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, 1991, 61-147.
121. LA I, xi, 10-14, quotation on 14 . This untitled essay is often called 'Über den Granit', following the name Rudolf Steiner gave it in its first published version in WA, II, ix, 171-7. Wolf von Engelhardt, the editor of LA II, vii, refers to it as 'Granit II'. Although Steiner claimed Goethe dictated 'Granit II' on 18 January 1784 , (see WA, II, ix, 312), it was probably written in 1785. For a detailed discussion of Goethe's work on granite and its place in his geology, see Ernst Peter Hamm, 'Goethe on granite', Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, 1991, 61-147.
122. 6 September 1784, WA, IV, vi, 353-5, quotation on 354. Finding rocks was one of the best ways to collect them. 'Of all the ways of acquiring books, writing them oneself is regarded as the most praiseworthy method.' Benjamin, op. cit. (18), 61.
123. 6 September 1784, WA, IV, vi, 353-5, quotation on 354. Finding rocks was one of the best ways to collect them. 'Of all the ways of acquiring books, writing them oneself is regarded as the most praiseworthy method.' Benjamin, op. cit. (18), 61.
124. Letter to Christian Gottlob Voigt, 9 November 1812, WA, IV, li, 331-2, 332.
125. See Trebra's recollections in LA, II, vii, 321. Compare the observations recorded in a 1783 manuscript that was probably written by Trebra, in LA, II, vii, 66. On his 1785 journey to the Harz Goethe collected several samples, from the Rehberger Graben, of granite bordering on a greywacke-like rock. See Table 1, nos. 13a-17.
126. See Trebra's recollections in LA, II, vii, 321. Compare the observations recorded in a 1783 manuscript that was probably written by Trebra, in LA, II, vii, 66. On his 1785 journey to the Harz Goethe collected several samples, from the Rehberger Graben, of granite bordering on a greywacke-like rock. See Table 1, nos. 13a-17.
127. Werner, Short Classification, op. cit. (30), 44. Although this was written several years after Goethe was looking for these transitional rocks it is probable that Werner expressed these ideas in lectures that were heard by Voigt, who passed on them to Goethe.
128. See also George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, From Natural History to the History of Nature: Readings from Buffon and his Critics (ed. and tr. John Lyon and Phillip R. Sloan) Notre Dame, 1981; Wolf Lepenies, Das Ende der Naturgeschichte: Wandel kultureller Selbstverständlichkeiten in den Wissenschaften des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts, Munich, 1976.
129. See also George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, From Natural History to the History of Nature: Readings from Buffon and his Critics (ed. and tr. John Lyon and Phillip R. Sloan) Notre Dame, 1981; Wolf Lepenies, Das Ende der Naturgeschichte: Wandel kultureller Selbstverständlichkeiten in den Wissenschaften des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts, Munich, 1976.
130. A recent two-volume historical encyclopedia of the earth sciences does not even have an entry for collections, see Good, op. cit. (22).
131. Benjamin, op. cit. (18), 67.
132. Gordon R. McOuat, 'Species, rules and meanings: the politics of language and the end of definitions in nineteenth-century natural history', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science (1996), 27, 473-519.
133. Trunz, op. cit. (3), 60 and 69.
134. Johann Carl Wilhelm Voigt, Mineralogische Reisen durch das Herzogthum Weimar und Eisenach, 2 vols., Dessau, 1782-5, i, 151.
135. Johann Samuel Schröter, Lithologisches Real- und Verballexikon, 8 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1772-85, i, p. x.
136. Franz Ambrosius Reuss, Neues mineralogisches Wörterbuch, oder Lexicon Mineralogicum, Hof, 1798.
137. Trebra's proposal is published in LA II, vii, 127-30, quotation on 130, italics in original.
138. Trebra, op. cit. (63); Bruno Latour, Science in Action, Cambridge, MA, 1987, especially 215-57.
139. Trebra, op. cit. (63); Bruno Latour, Science in Action, Cambridge, MA, 1987, especially 215-57.
140. Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich von Trebra, Erfahrungen vom innern der Gebirge, nach Beobachtungen gesammlet, Dessau, 1785, p. x. Perhaps Goethe first described such a plan to Trebra during their journey to the Harz in 1783.
141. Report to Duke Carl August, March 1815, in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Sämtliche Werke, 40 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1985-99, xxvii, Amtliche Schriften II, 959-68, 960; the editors of this volume, Irmtraut and Gerhard Schmid, give an overview of Goethe's administrative work in their 'Kommentar' on 1025-77. See also Hans Tümmler, Goethe in Staat und Politik, Köln, 1964; idem, Goethe der Kollege: Sein Leben und Wirken mit Christian Gottlob Voigt, Köln, 1970; idem, Das klassische Weimar und das grosse Zeitgeschehen, Köln, 1975.
142. Report to Duke Carl August, March 1815, in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Sämtliche Werke, 40 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1985-99, xxvii, Amtliche Schriften II, 959-68, 960; the editors of this volume, Irmtraut and Gerhard Schmid, give an overview of Goethe's administrative work in their 'Kommentar' on 1025-77. See also Hans Tümmler, Goethe in Staat und Politik, Köln, 1964; idem, Goethe der Kollege: Sein Leben und Wirken mit Christian Gottlob Voigt, Köln, 1970; idem, Das klassische Weimar und das grosse Zeitgeschehen, Köln, 1975.
143. Report to Duke Carl August, March 1815, in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Sämtliche Werke, 40 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1985-99, xxvii, Amtliche Schriften II, 959-68, 960; the editors of this volume, Irmtraut and Gerhard Schmid, give an overview of Goethe's administrative work in their 'Kommentar' on 1025-77. See also Hans Tümmler, Goethe in Staat und Politik, Köln, 1964; idem, Goethe der Kollege: Sein Leben und Wirken mit Christian Gottlob Voigt, Köln, 1970; idem, Das klassische Weimar und das grosse Zeitgeschehen, Köln, 1975.
144. Report to Duke Carl August, March 1815, in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Sämtliche Werke, 40 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1985-99, xxvii, Amtliche Schriften II, 959-68, 960; the editors of this volume, Irmtraut and Gerhard Schmid, give an overview of Goethe's administrative work in their 'Kommentar' on 1025-77. See also Hans Tümmler, Goethe in Staat und Politik, Köln, 1964; idem, Goethe der Kollege: Sein Leben und Wirken mit Christian Gottlob Voigt, Köln, 1970; idem, Das klassische Weimar und das grosse Zeitgeschehen, Köln, 1975.
145. Report to Duke Carl August, March 1815, in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Sämtliche Werke, 40 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1985-99, xxvii, Amtliche Schriften II, 959-68, 960; the editors of this volume, Irmtraut and Gerhard Schmid, give an overview of Goethe's administrative work in their 'Kommentar' on 1025-77. See also Hans Tümmler, Goethe in Staat und Politik, Köln, 1964; idem, Goethe der Kollege: Sein Leben und Wirken mit Christian Gottlob Voigt, Köln, 1970; idem, Das klassische Weimar und das grosse Zeitgeschehen, Köln, 1975.
146. Johanna Salomon, Die Sozietät für die gesammte Mineralogie zu Jena unter Goethe und Johann Georg Lenz, Köln, 1990. The society was founded on 8 December 1797; Goethe mistakenly claimed the year was 1798 in 'Mineralogische Gesellschaft' [1805], in LA, I, xi, 53-4.
147. Johanna Salomon, Die Sozietät für die gesammte Mineralogie zu Jena unter Goethe und Johann Georg Lenz, Köln, 1990. The society was founded on 8 December 1797; Goethe mistakenly claimed the year was 1798 in 'Mineralogische Gesellschaft' [1805], in LA, I, xi, 53-4.
148. Goethe to Gaëtano Cattaneo, 20 December 1817, WA, IV, xxviii, 341-8, esp. 347-8. Cattaneo was to be the intermediary, passing on the diploma to Brocchi and requesting the minerals on Goethe's behalf. The book in question was Brocchi's Mineralogische Abhandlung über das Thal von Fassa in Tirol, Dresden, 1817, originally published in Italian in 1811.
149. Goethe to Gaëtano Cattaneo, 20 December 1817, WA, IV, xxviii, 341-8, esp. 347-8. Cattaneo was to be the intermediary, passing on the diploma to Brocchi and requesting the minerals on Goethe's behalf. The book in question was Brocchi's Mineralogische Abhandlung über das Thal von Fassa in Tirol, Dresden, 1817, originally published in Italian in 1811.
150. Benjamin, op. cit. (18), 66.
151. Schmid and Schmid in Goethe, op. cit. (66), 1062-9.
152. Goethe, 'Museen zu Jena: Übersicht des Bisherigen und Gegenwärtigen, nebst Vorschlägen für die nächste Zeit, Michael 1817', in WA, I, liii, 291-304.
153. When Jena's physicians claimed they could not find the key to a room needed for the expansion of the Jena library, Goethe had a bricklayer smash a hole through the wall that separated the library from the room in the medical faculty. In conversation, 15 March 1830, in Eckermann, op. cit. (2), 543-4.
154. Goethe, 'Kunst und Altherthum am Rhein und Main' [1816], WA I, xxxiv/1, 69-200, 123-41.
155. Carmen Stongc, 'Making private collections public, Gustav Friedrich Waagner and the Royal Museum in Berlin', Journal of the History of Collections (1998), 10, 61-74 , 62. However, it should be noted that Goethe was strongly opposed to Hirt's views on aesthetics: Der Sammler und die Seinigen (op. cit. (17)) was prompted as a rebuttal to Hirt. See Asman, op. cit. (17), 157.
156. Carmen Stongc, 'Making private collections public, Gustav Friedrich Waagner and the Royal Museum in Berlin', Journal of the History of Collections (1998), 10, 61-74 , 62. However, it should be noted that Goethe was strongly opposed to Hirt's views on aesthetics: Der Sammler und die Seinigen (op. cit. (17)) was prompted as a rebuttal to Hirt. See Asman, op. cit. (17), 157.
157. Carmen Stongc, 'Making private collections public, Gustav Friedrich Waagner and the Royal Museum in Berlin', Journal of the History of Collections (1998), 10, 61-74 , 62. However, it should be noted that Goethe was strongly opposed to Hirt's views on aesthetics: Der Sammler und die Seinigen (op. cit. (17)) was prompted as a rebuttal to Hirt. See Asman, op. cit. (17), 157.
158. Goethe to Christian Gottlob Voigt, 13 July 1816, WA, IV, xxvii, 87-92, quotations on 88, 90, 91. As a point of comparison, eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century users of Göttingen's university library praised it as much for its holdings as for its catalogue, which arranged books by subjects, not alphabetically by author. It was a catalogue designed for finding things. For a discussion of the Göttingen catalogue and library see William Clark, 'On the bureaucratic plots of the research library', in Books and the Sciences in History (ed. Marina Frasca-Spada and Nick Jardine), Cambridge, 2000, 190-206, 196-200.
159. Goethe to Christian Gottlob Voigt, 13 July 1816, WA, IV, xxvii, 87-92, quotations on 88, 90, 91. As a point of comparison, eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century users of Göttingen's university library praised it as much for its holdings as for its catalogue, which arranged books by subjects, not alphabetically by author. It was a catalogue designed for finding things. For a discussion of the Göttingen catalogue and library see William Clark, 'On the bureaucratic plots of the research library', in Books and the Sciences in History (ed. Marina Frasca-Spada and Nick Jardine), Cambridge, 2000, 190-206, 196-200.
160. 'Der Versuch als Vermittler von Objekt und Subjekt' [1792], LA I, 8, 305-15 . To some extent all of Goethe's scientific activities were concerned with problems of morphology, the relation of one form to another. Strictly speaking, though, it would be a little misleading to say that botany, anatomy, zoology, colour theory and geology could all count as morphology. Although Goethe did for a time in the 1790s have the view that all three kingdoms of nature might eventually be made a part of morphology, he eventually drew a Kantian distinction between the sciences of living things, which have an inherent purposiveness, and sciences of inanimate things. This is evident in the two series of scientific Hefte that he began publishing in 1817. The organic sciences were published in the series entitled Zur Morphologie (reprinted in LA I, 9); the inorganic sciences were a part of a separate scries, Zur Naturwissenschaft Überhaupt (reprinted in LA I, 8). See also Wolf von Engelhardt, 'Morphologie im Reich der Steine?', in In der Mitte zwischen Natur und Subjekt: Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanze zu erklären, 1790-1990 (ed. Gunter Mann, Dieter Mollenhauer and Stefan Peters), Frankfurt am Main, 1992, 33-51; and Nicholas Boyle, Goethe: The Poet and the Age, Volume 2, Revolution and Renunciation, 1790-1803, Oxford, 2000, 459-61, 482-6.
161. 'Der Versuch als Vermittler von Objekt und Subjekt' [1792], LA I, 8, 305-15 . To some extent all of Goethe's scientific activities were concerned with problems of morphology, the relation of one form to another. Strictly speaking, though, it would be a little misleading to say that botany, anatomy, zoology, colour theory and geology could all count as morphology. Although Goethe did for a time in the 1790s have the view that all three kingdoms of nature might eventually be made a part of morphology, he eventually drew a Kantian distinction between the sciences of living things, which have an inherent purposiveness, and sciences of inanimate things. This is evident in the two series of scientific Hefte that he began publishing in 1817. The organic sciences were published in the series entitled Zur Morphologie (reprinted in LA I, 9); the inorganic sciences were a part of a separate scries, Zur Naturwissenschaft Überhaupt (reprinted in LA I, 8). See also Wolf von Engelhardt, 'Morphologie im Reich der Steine?', in In der Mitte zwischen Natur und Subjekt: Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanze zu erklären, 1790-1990 (ed. Gunter Mann, Dieter Mollenhauer and Stefan Peters), Frankfurt am Main, 1992, 33-51; and Nicholas Boyle, Goethe: The Poet and the Age, Volume 2, Revolution and Renunciation, 1790-1803, Oxford, 2000, 459-61, 482-6.
162. 'Der Versuch als Vermittler von Objekt und Subjekt' [1792], LA I, 8, 305-15 . To some extent all of Goethe's scientific activities were concerned with problems of morphology, the relation of one form to another. Strictly speaking, though, it would be a little misleading to say that botany, anatomy, zoology, colour theory and geology could all count as morphology. Although Goethe did for a time in the 1790s have the view that all three kingdoms of nature might eventually be made a part of morphology, he eventually drew a Kantian distinction between the sciences of living things, which have an inherent purposiveness, and sciences of inanimate things. This is evident in the two series of scientific Hefte that he began publishing in 1817. The organic sciences were published in the series entitled Zur Morphologie (reprinted in LA I, 9); the inorganic sciences were a part of a separate scries, Zur Naturwissenschaft Überhaupt (reprinted in LA I, 8). See also Wolf von Engelhardt, 'Morphologie im Reich der Steine?', in In der Mitte zwischen Natur und Subjekt: Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanze zu erklären, 1790-1990 (ed. Gunter Mann, Dieter Mollenhauer and Stefan Peters), Frankfurt am Main, 1992, 33-51; and Nicholas Boyle, Goethe: The Poet and the Age, Volume 2, Revolution and Renunciation, 1790-1803, Oxford, 2000, 459-61, 482-6.
163. Anonymous review of Hermann Friedrich Kilian, 'Die Universitäten in Deutschland', Isis (1829), Heft 5, 458-70. See also the reviewer's praise of Göttingen and its catalogue. The reviewer may well have been the editor of the journal, Lorenz Oken, who quit his job at Jena before Goethe could take steps to have him fired, see Hermann Bräuning-Oktavio, Oken und Goethe im Lichte neuer Quellen, Weimar, 1959.
164. Anonymous review of Hermann Friedrich Kilian, 'Die Universitäten in Deutschland', Isis (1829), Heft 5, 458-70. See also the reviewer's praise of Göttingen and its catalogue. The reviewer may well have been the editor of the journal, Lorenz Oken, who quit his job at Jena before Goethe could take steps to have him fired, see Hermann Bräuning-Oktavio, Oken und Goethe im Lichte neuer Quellen, Weimar, 1959.
165. Goethe, op. cit. (71), 299.
166. It is still an open question as to whether or not 1800 can be taken as a turning point from the public to the private collection, though there are some good reasons for thinking this was the crucial period. The creation of the Louvre (1793) in the wake of the French Revolution is often taken as representative of a dramatic shift from private to public museums at the close of the eighteenth century. See Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley, 1994, 393-407, 395; the useful remarks, which by no means are restricted to Goethe, in Trunz, op. cit. (1), 12-13; and Georg Uschmann, Geschichte der Zoologie und der zoologischen Anstalten in Jena, 1779-1919, Jena, 1959, 1-10. Discussions of private cabinets do tend to focus on the period before 1800, as do Olmi, op. cit. (19), Pomian, op. cit. (20); and the essays in Macrocosmos in Microcosmo, die Welt in der Stube: zur Geschichte des Sammelns, 1450 bis 1800 (ed. Andreas Grote), Opladen, 1994.
167. It is still an open question as to whether or not 1800 can be taken as a turning point from the public to the private collection, though there are some good reasons for thinking this was the crucial period. The creation of the Louvre (1793) in the wake of the French Revolution is often taken as representative of a dramatic shift from private to public museums at the close of the eighteenth century. See Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley, 1994, 393-407, 395; the useful remarks, which by no means are restricted to Goethe, in Trunz, op. cit. (1), 12-13; and Georg Uschmann, Geschichte der Zoologie und der zoologischen Anstalten in Jena, 1779-1919, Jena, 1959, 1-10. Discussions of private cabinets do tend to focus on the period before 1800, as do Olmi, op. cit. (19), Pomian, op. cit. (20); and the essays in Macrocosmos in Microcosmo, die Welt in der Stube: zur Geschichte des Sammelns, 1450 bis 1800 (ed. Andreas Grote), Opladen, 1994.
168. It is still an open question as to whether or not 1800 can be taken as a turning point from the public to the private collection, though there are some good reasons for thinking this was the crucial period. The creation of the Louvre (1793) in the wake of the French Revolution is often taken as representative of a dramatic shift from private to public museums at the close of the eighteenth century. See Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley, 1994, 393-407, 395; the useful remarks, which by no means are restricted to Goethe, in Trunz, op. cit. (1), 12-13; and Georg Uschmann, Geschichte der Zoologie und der zoologischen Anstalten in Jena, 1779-1919, Jena, 1959, 1-10. Discussions of private cabinets do tend to focus on the period before 1800, as do Olmi, op. cit. (19), Pomian, op. cit. (20); and the essays in Macrocosmos in Microcosmo, die Welt in der Stube: zur Geschichte des Sammelns, 1450 bis 1800 (ed. Andreas Grote), Opladen, 1994.
169. It is still an open question as to whether or not 1800 can be taken as a turning point from the public to the private collection, though there are some good reasons for thinking this was the crucial period. The creation of the Louvre (1793) in the wake of the French Revolution is often taken as representative of a dramatic shift from private to public museums at the close of the eighteenth century. See Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley, 1994, 393-407, 395; the useful remarks, which by no means are restricted to Goethe, in Trunz, op. cit. (1), 12-13; and Georg Uschmann, Geschichte der Zoologie und der zoologischen Anstalten in Jena, 1779-1919, Jena, 1959, 1-10. Discussions of private cabinets do tend to focus on the period before 1800, as do Olmi, op. cit. (19), Pomian, op. cit. (20); and the essays in Macrocosmos in Microcosmo, die Welt in der Stube: zur Geschichte des Sammelns, 1450 bis 1800 (ed. Andreas Grote), Opladen, 1994.
170. It is still an open question as to whether or not 1800 can be taken as a turning point from the public to the private collection, though there are some good reasons for thinking this was the crucial period. The creation of the Louvre (1793) in the wake of the French Revolution is often taken as representative of a dramatic shift from private to public museums at the close of the eighteenth century. See Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley, 1994, 393-407, 395; the useful remarks, which by no means are restricted to Goethe, in Trunz, op. cit. (1), 12-13; and Georg Uschmann, Geschichte der Zoologie und der zoologischen Anstalten in Jena, 1779-1919, Jena, 1959, 1-10. Discussions of private cabinets do tend to focus on the period before 1800, as do Olmi, op. cit. (19), Pomian, op. cit. (20); and the essays in Macrocosmos in Microcosmo, die Welt in der Stube: zur Geschichte des Sammelns, 1450 bis 1800 (ed. Andreas Grote), Opladen, 1994.
171. It is still an open question as to whether or not 1800 can be taken as a turning point from the public to the private collection, though there are some good reasons for thinking this was the crucial period. The creation of the Louvre (1793) in the wake of the French Revolution is often taken as representative of a dramatic shift from private to public museums at the close of the eighteenth century. See Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley, 1994, 393-407, 395; the useful remarks, which by no means are restricted to Goethe, in Trunz, op. cit. (1), 12-13; and Georg Uschmann, Geschichte der Zoologie und der zoologischen Anstalten in Jena, 1779-1919, Jena, 1959, 1-10. Discussions of private cabinets do tend to focus on the period before 1800, as do Olmi, op. cit. (19), Pomian, op. cit. (20); and the essays in Macrocosmos in Microcosmo, die Welt in der Stube: zur Geschichte des Sammelns, 1450 bis 1800 (ed. Andreas Grote), Opladen, 1994.
172. Henrich Steffens, Was ich erlebte: Aus der Erinnerung niedergeschrieben [1840-4], 10 vols. in 5, Suttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1995-6, iv, 72.
173. Steffens, op. cit. (80), 73-4.
174. Benjamin, op. cit. (18), 67.
175. LA, I, xi, 11-12.
176. To Philipp Seidel, 9 February 1788, WA, IV, viii, 345-7, quotation on 345-6.
177. Letter to Sulpiz Boisserée, 21 December 1815, WA, IV, xxvi, 193-6, quotation on 194.
178. LA I, xi, 351.
179. Leopold von Buch, 'Ueber die Ursachen der Verbreitung grosser Alpengeschiebe', Abhandlungen der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1815, 161-86.
180. Thomas Mann, Doktor Faustus: das Leben des deutschen Tonsetzers Adrian Leverkühn, erzählt von einem Freunde, Stockholm, 1947, 30.
181. 22 August 1784, WA, IV, vi, 343 . For a more figurative interpretation than the one given here see Hans Blumenberg, Die Lesbarkeit der Welt, 2nd edn., Frankfurt am Main, 1983, 214-37.
182. 22 August 1784, WA, IV, vi, 343 . For a more figurative interpretation than the one given here see Hans Blumenberg, Die Lesbarkeit der Welt, 2nd edn., Frankfurt am Main, 1983, 214-37.
183. Letter to Charlotte von Stein, 28-31 August 1784, WA, IV, vi, 347-52, quotation on 350. For the 'Ariadnian thread', see letter to idem, 14 August 1784, WA, IV, vi, 336.
184. Letter to Charlotte von Stein, 28-31 August 1784, WA, IV, vi, 347-52, quotation on 350. For the 'Ariadnian thread', see letter to idem, 14 August 1784, WA, IV, vi, 336.
185. To Knebel, 2 April 1785, WA, IV, vii, 36-7, quotation on 36, and 'Geognostische Vorlesung 1807', in LA I, xi, 121-3, 123.
186. To Knebel, 2 April 1785, WA, IV, vii, 36-7, quotation on 36, and 'Geognostische Vorlesung 1807', in LA I, xi, 121-3, 123.
187. For an outstanding brief discussion of this strained friendship see Hans Mayer, Goethe, ein Versuch über den Erfolg, Leipzig, 1987, 51-9.
188. 27 October 1812, WA, IV, xxiii, 119-21, quotation on 119-20. See also Walther Herrmann, Goethe und Trebra: Freundschaft und Austausch zwischen Weimar und Freiberg [Freiberger Forschungshefte, D 9], Berlin 1955.
189. 27 October 1812, WA, IV, xxiii, 119-21, quotation on 119-20. See also Walther Herrmann, Goethe und Trebra: Freundschaft und Austausch zwischen Weimar und Freiberg [Freiberger Forschungshefte, D 9], Berlin 1955.
190. For a compelling and complex argument that this journey was primarily Goethe's search for a sign as to whether his future was in Weimar see Albrecht Schöne, 'Harzreise im Winter', in Götterzeichen, Liebeszauber, Satanskult, 3rd edn., München, 1990, 13-52. Wolf von Engelhardt has argued, contra Schöne, that the purpose of the journey was primarily to learn about mining: 'Goethes Harzreise im Winter 1777', Goethe Jahrbuch (1988), 104, 192-211. The point I would emphasize is that Goethe's earliest preoccupation with the subterranean and mineralogical world intersects with a search for his vocation.
191. For a compelling and complex argument that this journey was primarily Goethe's search for a sign as to whether his future was in Weimar see Albrecht Schöne, 'Harzreise im Winter', in Götterzeichen, Liebeszauber, Satanskult, 3rd edn., München, 1990, 13-52. Wolf von Engelhardt has argued, contra Schöne, that the purpose of the journey was primarily to learn about mining: 'Goethes Harzreise im Winter 1777', Goethe Jahrbuch (1988), 104, 192-211. The point I would emphasize is that Goethe's earliest preoccupation with the subterranean and mineralogical world intersects with a search for his vocation.
192. However, the early version of 'Harzreise im Winter' from which I have excerpted and translated is a product of late twentieth-century philology, Schöne, op. cit. (94), 20-2. Not everything can be found in a collection. Benjamin had his collected works too, if only in manuscript, but his most prized possession was his library. The library and the manuscripts were seized by the Gestapo in Paris - incredibly, both survived the war that Benjamin did not. See Hannah Arendt's remarks in Benjamin, op. cit. (18), 52, n. 7.
193. However, the early version of 'Harzreise im Winter' from which I have excerpted and translated is a product of late twentieth-century philology, Schöne, op. cit. (94), 20-2. Not everything can be found in a collection. Benjamin had his collected works too, if only in manuscript, but his most prized possession was his library. The library and the manuscripts were seized by the Gestapo in Paris - incredibly, both survived the war that Benjamin did not. See Hannah Arendt's remarks in Benjamin, op. cit. (18), 52, n. 7.