Jimmy Carter's public policy ex-presidency

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 113, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 405-425

  Chambers II, John Whiteclay ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0005502762     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2658074     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. The Schlesinger poll ranks Carter low average as president. See Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., "Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton," Political Science Quarterly 112 (Summer 1997): 179-190, esp. 189. Nathan Miller includes Carter among the Star-Spangled Men: America 's Ten Worst Presidents (New York: Scribner, 1998). However, both scholars critical of Carter's presidency, such as Burton I. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993) and highly favorable of his presidency, such as Douglas Brinkley, "The Rising Stock of Jimmy Carter: The 'Hands on' Legacy of Our Thirty-ninth President," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 505-29, note the extraordinary quality of Carter's postpresidency. So do the media: Stanley W. Cloud, "Hail to the Ex-Chief," Time, 11 September 1989, 60-63; Kai Bird, "Citizen Carter: The Very Model of an Ex-President," Nation, 12 November 1990, cover, 560-64. The first volume of Douglas Brinkley's three-volume, authorized biography, The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House (New York: Viking, 1998), a celebrative account of Carter's post-presidential career, was published as the present article was in press.
2. The Schlesinger poll ranks Carter low average as president. See Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., "Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton," Political Science Quarterly 112 (Summer 1997): 179-190, esp. 189. Nathan Miller includes Carter among the Star-Spangled Men: America 's Ten Worst Presidents (New York: Scribner, 1998). However, both scholars critical of Carter's presidency, such as Burton I. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993) and highly favorable of his presidency, such as Douglas Brinkley, "The Rising Stock of Jimmy Carter: The 'Hands on' Legacy of Our Thirty-ninth President," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 505-29, note the extraordinary quality of Carter's postpresidency. So do the media: Stanley W. Cloud, "Hail to the Ex-Chief," Time, 11 September 1989, 60-63; Kai Bird, "Citizen Carter: The Very Model of an Ex-President," Nation, 12 November 1990, cover, 560-64. The first volume of Douglas Brinkley's three-volume, authorized biography, The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House (New York: Viking, 1998), a celebrative account of Carter's post-presidential career, was published as the present article was in press.
3. The Schlesinger poll ranks Carter low average as president. See Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., "Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton," Political Science Quarterly 112 (Summer 1997): 179-190, esp. 189. Nathan Miller includes Carter among the Star-Spangled Men: America 's Ten Worst Presidents (New York: Scribner, 1998). However, both scholars critical of Carter's presidency, such as Burton I. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993) and highly favorable of his presidency, such as Douglas Brinkley, "The Rising Stock of Jimmy Carter: The 'Hands on' Legacy of Our Thirty-ninth President," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 505-29, note the extraordinary quality of Carter's postpresidency. So do the media: Stanley W. Cloud, "Hail to the Ex-Chief," Time, 11 September 1989, 60-63; Kai Bird, "Citizen Carter: The Very Model of an Ex-President," Nation, 12 November 1990, cover, 560-64. The first volume of Douglas Brinkley's three-volume, authorized biography, The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House (New York: Viking, 1998), a celebrative account of Carter's post-presidential career, was published as the present article was in press.
4. The Schlesinger poll ranks Carter low average as president. See Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., "Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton," Political Science Quarterly 112 (Summer 1997): 179-190, esp. 189. Nathan Miller includes Carter among the Star-Spangled Men: America 's Ten Worst Presidents (New York: Scribner, 1998). However, both scholars critical of Carter's presidency, such as Burton I. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993) and highly favorable of his presidency, such as Douglas Brinkley, "The Rising Stock of Jimmy Carter: The 'Hands on' Legacy of Our Thirty-ninth President," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 505-29, note the extraordinary quality of Carter's postpresidency. So do the media: Stanley W. Cloud, "Hail to the Ex-Chief," Time, 11 September 1989, 60-63; Kai Bird, "Citizen Carter: The Very Model of an Ex-President," Nation, 12 November 1990, cover, 560-64. The first volume of Douglas Brinkley's three-volume, authorized biography, The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House (New York: Viking, 1998), a celebrative account of Carter's post-presidential career, was published as the present article was in press.
5. The Schlesinger poll ranks Carter low average as president. See Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., "Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton," Political Science Quarterly 112 (Summer 1997): 179-190, esp. 189. Nathan Miller includes Carter among the Star-Spangled Men: America 's Ten Worst Presidents (New York: Scribner, 1998). However, both scholars critical of Carter's presidency, such as Burton I. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993) and highly favorable of his presidency, such as Douglas Brinkley, "The Rising Stock of Jimmy Carter: The 'Hands on' Legacy of Our Thirty-ninth President," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 505-29, note the extraordinary quality of Carter's postpresidency. So do the media: Stanley W. Cloud, "Hail to the Ex-Chief," Time, 11 September 1989, 60-63; Kai Bird, "Citizen Carter: The Very Model of an Ex-President," Nation, 12 November 1990, cover, 560-64. The first volume of Douglas Brinkley's three-volume, authorized biography, The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House (New York: Viking, 1998), a celebrative account of Carter's post-presidential career, was published as the present article was in press.
6. The Schlesinger poll ranks Carter low average as president. See Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., "Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton," Political Science Quarterly 112 (Summer 1997): 179-190, esp. 189. Nathan Miller includes Carter among the Star-Spangled Men: America 's Ten Worst Presidents (New York: Scribner, 1998). However, both scholars critical of Carter's presidency, such as Burton I. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993) and highly favorable of his presidency, such as Douglas Brinkley, "The Rising Stock of Jimmy Carter: The 'Hands on' Legacy of Our Thirty-ninth President," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 505-29, note the extraordinary quality of Carter's postpresidency. So do the media: Stanley W. Cloud, "Hail to the Ex-Chief," Time, 11 September 1989, 60-63; Kai Bird, "Citizen Carter: The Very Model of an Ex-President," Nation, 12 November 1990, cover, 560-64. The first volume of Douglas Brinkley's three-volume, authorized biography, The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House (New York: Viking, 1998), a celebrative account of Carter's post-presidential career, was published as the present article was in press.
7. The Schlesinger poll ranks Carter low average as president. See Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., "Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton," Political Science Quarterly 112 (Summer 1997): 179-190, esp. 189. Nathan Miller includes Carter among the Star-Spangled Men: America 's Ten Worst Presidents (New York: Scribner, 1998). However, both scholars critical of Carter's presidency, such as Burton I. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993) and highly favorable of his presidency, such as Douglas Brinkley, "The Rising Stock of Jimmy Carter: The 'Hands on' Legacy of Our Thirty-ninth President," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 505-29, note the extraordinary quality of Carter's postpresidency. So do the media: Stanley W. Cloud, "Hail to the Ex-Chief," Time, 11 September 1989, 60-63; Kai Bird, "Citizen Carter: The Very Model of an Ex-President," Nation, 12 November 1990, cover, 560-64. The first volume of Douglas Brinkley's three-volume, authorized biography, The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House (New York: Viking, 1998), a celebrative account of Carter's post-presidential career, was published as the present article was in press.
8. Ex-presidents have been little studied comparatively; among the few such works are Richard Norton Smith and Timothy Walch, eds., Farewell to the Chief: Former Presidents in American Public Life (Worland, WY: High Plains Publishing, 1990); and Marie B. Hecht, Beyond the Presidency: The Residues of Power (New York: Macmillan, 1976).
9. Ex-presidents have been little studied comparatively; among the few such works are Richard Norton Smith and Timothy Walch, eds., Farewell to the Chief: Former Presidents in American Public Life (Worland, WY: High Plains Publishing, 1990); and Marie B. Hecht, Beyond the Presidency: The Residues of Power (New York: Macmillan, 1976).
10. The Former Presidents Act of 25 August 1958 (72 Stat. 838; 3 U.S.C. 102). On the evolution of the Office of the Former President, see John Whiteclay Chambers II, "Presidents Emeritus," The American Heritage Magazine 30 (June/July 1979): 16-25; and the author's testimony, 7 November 1979, in U.S. Senate, Subcommittee of the Committees on Appropriations and Governmental Affairs, Hearing: Cost of Former Presidents to U.S. Taxpayers, 96th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office [GPO], 1980), 165-200.
11. The Former Presidents Act of 25 August 1958 (72 Stat. 838; 3 U.S.C. 102). On the evolution of the Office of the Former President, see John Whiteclay Chambers II, "Presidents Emeritus," The American Heritage Magazine 30 (June/July 1979): 16-25; and the author's testimony, 7 November 1979, in U.S. Senate, Subcommittee of the Committees on Appropriations and Governmental Affairs, Hearing: Cost of Former Presidents to U.S. Taxpayers, 96th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office [GPO], 1980), 165-200.
12. Presidential Libraries Act of 1955 (69 Stat. 695); see also Fritz Veit, Presidential Libraries and Collections (New York: Greenwood, 1987); and Pat Hyland, Presidential Libraries and Museums: An Illustrated Guide (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1995). Since 1986, Congress has required that organizations that build the presidential libraries also create endowments to help pay for repairs and maintenance.
13. Presidential Libraries Act of 1955 (69 Stat. 695); see also Fritz Veit, Presidential Libraries and Collections (New York: Greenwood, 1987); and Pat Hyland, Presidential Libraries and Museums: An Illustrated Guide (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1995). Since 1986, Congress has required that organizations that build the presidential libraries also create endowments to help pay for repairs and maintenance.
14. Harvard's Graduate School of Public Administration had been founded in 1936, but in 1966, an Institute of Public Policy was established by friends and members of the Kennedy family "to build bridges between the study of government and the real world of politics," and the entire school was named for John F. Kennedy. Facts about the John F. Kennedy School of Government, 1997-1998, brochure, 1997; and telephone interview by the author with the Kennedy School's Public Information Office, 30 March 1998.
15. H. R. Haldeman, telephone interview with the author, 11 July 1980.
16. Edmund Morris, "A Celebration of Reagan: What the Presidential Library Reveals about the Man," New Yorker, 16 February 1998, 50-57; Peter Baker, "Bush Library Opens as History Comes Full Circle," Washington Post, 7 November 1997.
17. Edmund Morris, "A Celebration of Reagan: What the Presidential Library Reveals about the Man," New Yorker, 16 February 1998, 50-57; Peter Baker, "Bush Library Opens as History Comes Full Circle," Washington Post, 7 November 1997.
18. Among cabinet officers, only James A. Baker III, secretary of state under George Bush, founded a public policy institute - the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy established at Rice University in Houston in 1996. The Stimson Center, a public policy research institution created in Washington, DC in 1989, was named for Henry L. Stimson, former secretary of state and secretary of war, who died in 1950.
19. "Carter Center Observes Elections in Liberia, Jamaica, and Mexico," Carter Center News (Winter 1998): 1; see also the Carter Center, The Carter Center at a Glance, n.d. [1996]; The Carter Presidential Center, n.d. [1997]; 1996 Annual Report; Fifteen Years of Waging Peace: The Carter Center, 1982-1997, n.d. [1997]; "3 Fla. Farm Workers Give Up Hunger Strike after Carter Plea," Washington Post, 19 January 1998.
20. "Carter Center Observes Elections in Liberia, Jamaica, and Mexico," Carter Center News (Winter 1998): 1; see also the Carter Center, The Carter Center at a Glance, n.d. [1996]; The Carter Presidential Center, n.d. [1997]; 1996 Annual Report; Fifteen Years of Waging Peace: The Carter Center, 1982-1997, n.d. [1997]; "3 Fla. Farm Workers Give Up Hunger Strike after Carter Plea," Washington Post, 19 January 1998.
21. "Carter Center Observes Elections in Liberia, Jamaica, and Mexico," Carter Center News (Winter 1998): 1; see also the Carter Center, The Carter Center at a Glance, n.d. [1996]; The Carter Presidential Center, n.d. [1997]; 1996 Annual Report; Fifteen Years of Waging Peace: The Carter Center, 1982-1997, n.d. [1997]; "3 Fla. Farm Workers Give Up Hunger Strike after Carter Plea," Washington Post, 19 January 1998.
22. "Carter Center Observes Elections in Liberia, Jamaica, and Mexico," Carter Center News (Winter 1998): 1; see also the Carter Center, The Carter Center at a Glance, n.d. [1996]; The Carter Presidential Center, n.d. [1997]; 1996 Annual Report; Fifteen Years of Waging Peace: The Carter Center, 1982-1997, n.d. [1997]; "3 Fla. Farm Workers Give Up Hunger Strike after Carter Plea," Washington Post, 19 January 1998.
23. "Carter Center Observes Elections in Liberia, Jamaica, and Mexico," Carter Center News (Winter 1998): 1; see also the Carter Center, The Carter Center at a Glance, n.d. [1996]; The Carter Presidential Center, n.d. [1997]; 1996 Annual Report; Fifteen Years of Waging Peace: The Carter Center, 1982-1997, n.d. [1997]; "3 Fla. Farm Workers Give Up Hunger Strike after Carter Plea," Washington Post, 19 January 1998.
24. Elizabeth Kurylo, "Jimmy Carter: His Second Term," Atlanta Journal, 11 December 1990; "His Second Term," Economist, 2 September 1989, 29.
25. Elizabeth Kurylo, "Jimmy Carter: His Second Term," Atlanta Journal, 11 December 1990; "His Second Term," Economist, 2 September 1989, 29.
26. For insights into Carter's complex personality, see Leo P. Ribuffo, "God and Jimmy Carter" in M. L. Bradbury and James B. Gilbert, eds., Transforming Faith: The Sacred and Secular in Modern American History (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1989), 141-59; Kenneth E. Morris, Jimmy Carter: American Moralist (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996); and Peter G. Bourne, Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography from Plains to Postpresidency (New York: Scribner, 1997).
27. For insights into Carter's complex personality, see Leo P. Ribuffo, "God and Jimmy Carter" in M. L. Bradbury and James B. Gilbert, eds., Transforming Faith: The Sacred and Secular in Modern American History (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1989), 141-59; Kenneth E. Morris, Jimmy Carter: American Moralist (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996); and Peter G. Bourne, Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography from Plains to Postpresidency (New York: Scribner, 1997).
28. For insights into Carter's complex personality, see Leo P. Ribuffo, "God and Jimmy Carter" in M. L. Bradbury and James B. Gilbert, eds., Transforming Faith: The Sacred and Secular in Modern American History (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1989), 141-59; Kenneth E. Morris, Jimmy Carter: American Moralist (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996); and Peter G. Bourne, Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography from Plains to Postpresidency (New York: Scribner, 1997).
29. Erwin C. Hargrove quoted in Kurylo, "Jimmy Carter: His Second Term."
30. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, 18 May 1992, at the Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, 12-14, transcript to be deposited at the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Atlanta, GA. Because Carter's postpresidential papers have not yet been opened, the author has relied heavily upon published materials supplemented by his own interviews and documents from the Carter Center.
31. Jimmy Carter, "Historical Presidential Press Conference," 20 February 1997, conference on "The Carter Presidency: Policy Choices in the Post New Deal Era," The Carter Center, 20-22 February 1997.
32. Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, Everything to Gain: Making the Most of the Rest of Your Life (New York: Random House, 1987), 38.
33. Dan E. Sweat, interview with the author, 18 May 1992, The Carter Center.
34. Jimmy Carter, The Blood of Abraham: Insights into the Middle East (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985).
35. Interview by the author with Emmanuel Sivan, former adviser to Shimon Peres when he was Israeli foreign minister, 22 October 1991, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
36. John B. Hardman, executive director of the Carter Center, The Atlanta Project: Lessons Learned in Phase One (The Carter Center, 1966), 2-5; "Atlanta Project Increases Focus on Children and Families," Carter Center News, Winter 1997, 6; Creel McCormack, associate director of TAP, to the author, 7 March 1997.
37. John B. Hardman, executive director of the Carter Center, The Atlanta Project: Lessons Learned in Phase One (The Carter Center, 1966), 2-5; "Atlanta Project Increases Focus on Children and Families," Carter Center News, Winter 1997, 6; Creel McCormack, associate director of TAP, to the author, 7 March 1997.
38. John B. Hardman, executive director of the Carter Center, The Atlanta Project: Lessons Learned in Phase One (The Carter Center, 1966), 2-5; "Atlanta Project Increases Focus on Children and Families," Carter Center News, Winter 1997, 6; Creel McCormack, associate director of TAP, to the author, 7 March 1997.
39. Carter's public approval rating was 50 per cent in 1992, up from 34 per cent at the end of his term in office, according to the Gallup Poll. "How the Public's View Changes As the Presidents Become History," New York Times, 24 January 1993.
40. Erwin C. Hargrove, Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), esp. 161-93.
41. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, [hereafter Carter interview], 18 May 1992, transcript, 22.
42. Ibid., transcript, 7-8. In March 1998, Clinton became the first incumbent president to visit subSahara since Carter's 1978 trip (except for a lightning trip by George Bush to visit U.S. soldiers in Somalia).
43. Samuel Kernell, Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1986); Carter says he has employed such strategy since being governor of Georgia Carter interview with the author, 18 May 1992, 9-10.
44. William Safire, "Jimmy Clinton II," New York Times, 22 September 1994; A. M. Rosenthal, "Men of Honor," ibid., 23 September 1994; Joe Klein, "Empathy for the Devil," Newsweek, 3 October 1994, 39; Murray Kempton, "The Carter Mission," New York Review of Books, 20 October 1994, 71.
45. William Safire, "Jimmy Clinton II," New York Times, 22 September 1994; A. M. Rosenthal, "Men of Honor," ibid., 23 September 1994; Joe Klein, "Empathy for the Devil," Newsweek, 3 October 1994, 39; Murray Kempton, "The Carter Mission," New York Review of Books, 20 October 1994, 71.
46. William Safire, "Jimmy Clinton II," New York Times, 22 September 1994; A. M. Rosenthal, "Men of Honor," ibid., 23 September 1994; Joe Klein, "Empathy for the Devil," Newsweek, 3 October 1994, 39; Murray Kempton, "The Carter Mission," New York Review of Books, 20 October 1994, 71.
47. William Safire, "Jimmy Clinton II," New York Times, 22 September 1994; A. M. Rosenthal, "Men of Honor," ibid., 23 September 1994; Joe Klein, "Empathy for the Devil," Newsweek, 3 October 1994, 39; Murray Kempton, "The Carter Mission," New York Review of Books, 20 October 1994, 71.
48. "The Meaning of Madame Cédras," The New Yorker, 3 October 1994, 45.
49. Carter interview, 15, also 12, 19, for Carter's emphasis on televisions coverage of Habitat for Humanity. Photo caption, "Carpenter Named Carter Comes to New York," New York Times, 3 September 1984.
50. Jerry F. terHorst, "Our 38th President Is for Sale," Free Enterprice (Spring 1977); terHorst, "Ex-President: Big Retirement and Big Money?" Washington Post, 21 August 1977; "Gerry Ford Incorporated," Newsweek, 11 May 1981, 28-29.
51. Jerry F. terHorst, "Our 38th President Is for Sale," Free Enterprice (Spring 1977); terHorst, "Ex-President: Big Retirement and Big Money?" Washington Post, 21 August 1977; "Gerry Ford Incorporated," Newsweek, 11 May 1981, 28-29.
52. Jerry F. terHorst, "Our 38th President Is for Sale," Free Enterprice (Spring 1977); terHorst, "Ex-President: Big Retirement and Big Money?" Washington Post, 21 August 1977; "Gerry Ford Incorporated," Newsweek, 11 May 1981, 28-29.
53. William Safire, "Recruiting Reagan," New York Times, 11 May 1989; Steven R. Weisman, "Reagan Given Top Award by Japanese," ibid., 24 October 1989; Walter B. Robinson, "Reagan's Legacy Loses Luster During His Year in Retirement," Boston Globe, 12 February 1990.
54. William Safire, "Recruiting Reagan," New York Times, 11 May 1989; Steven R. Weisman, "Reagan Given Top Award by Japanese," ibid., 24 October 1989; Walter B. Robinson, "Reagan's Legacy Loses Luster During His Year in Retirement," Boston Globe, 12 February 1990.
55. William Safire, "Recruiting Reagan," New York Times, 11 May 1989; Steven R. Weisman, "Reagan Given Top Award by Japanese," ibid., 24 October 1989; Walter B. Robinson, "Reagan's Legacy Loses Luster During His Year in Retirement," Boston Globe, 12 February 1990.
56. Lloyd Grove, "Richard Nixon: The Sequel: From Exile to Elder Statesman," Washington Post, 12 March 1994.
57. B. Drummond Ayres, Jr., "At 72, Bush Leaps Into the Open Sky," New York Times, 26 March 1997.
58. William Branigin, "Carter Says Noriega Is Stealing Election," Washington Post, 9 May 1989.
59. Hendrik Hertzberg, "Mr. Ex-President," New Republic, 5 June 1989, 4; Richard Cohen, "The Carter Distinction," Washington Post, 11 May 1989; Peter Applebome, "Unofficially, Era of Carter Is Still Here," New York Times, 11 May 1989.
60. Hendrik Hertzberg, "Mr. Ex-President," New Republic, 5 June 1989, 4; Richard Cohen, "The Carter Distinction," Washington Post, 11 May 1989; Peter Applebome, "Unofficially, Era of Carter Is Still Here," New York Times, 11 May 1989.
61. Hendrik Hertzberg, "Mr. Ex-President," New Republic, 5 June 1989, 4; Richard Cohen, "The Carter Distinction," Washington Post, 11 May 1989; Peter Applebome, "Unofficially, Era of Carter Is Still Here," New York Times, 11 May 1989.
62. Mark A. Uhlig, "Nicaraguan Opposition Routs Sandinistas," New York Times, 27 February 1990.
63. For details of Carter's visit with Ortega, see Carter interview with the author, transcript, 25-27.
64. Mark A. Uhlig, "Ortega, Defeated in Vote, Declares Contra Cease-Fire," New York Times, 1 March 1990; Uhlig, "Chamarro Takes Nicaragua Helm; Hails a New Era," ibid., 26 April 1990. Carter and his group, the heads of freely elected countries, continued to monitor elections, when called upon to help developing democracies, for example, in Haiti, in 1990; Zambia, 1991; Guyana, 1992; Ghana, 1992; Paraguay, 1993; Panama, 1994; Palestinians' first general election in 1996; Dominican Republic, 1996; Nicaragua, 1996; and in 1997, local elections in China and Mexico, parliamentary elections in Jamaica and general elections in Liberia.
65. Mark A. Uhlig, "Ortega, Defeated in Vote, Declares Contra Cease-Fire," New York Times, 1 March 1990; Uhlig, "Chamarro Takes Nicaragua Helm; Hails a New Era," ibid., 26 April 1990. Carter and his group, the heads of freely elected countries, continued to monitor elections, when called upon to help developing democracies, for example, in Haiti, in 1990; Zambia, 1991; Guyana, 1992; Ghana, 1992; Paraguay, 1993; Panama, 1994; Palestinians' first general election in 1996; Dominican Republic, 1996; Nicaragua, 1996; and in 1997, local elections in China and Mexico, parliamentary elections in Jamaica and general elections in Liberia.
66. Michael Kramer, "It All Codepends," New Yorker, 3 October 1994, 83-84.
67. Andrea Stone, "Citizen Carter, The Statesman," USA Today, 15 June 1994; Douglas Jehl, "Carter, His Own Emissary, Outpaces White House," New York Times, 20 June 1994; Elizabeth Kurylo "Agreement Is Feather in Carter's Cap," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 23 June 1994; David E. Sanger, "Who Won the Korea Deal?" New York Times, 23 October 1994.
68. Andrea Stone, "Citizen Carter, The Statesman," USA Today, 15 June 1994; Douglas Jehl, "Carter, His Own Emissary, Outpaces White House," New York Times, 20 June 1994; Elizabeth Kurylo "Agreement Is Feather in Carter's Cap," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 23 June 1994; David E. Sanger, "Who Won the Korea Deal?" New York Times, 23 October 1994.
69. Andrea Stone, "Citizen Carter, The Statesman," USA Today, 15 June 1994; Douglas Jehl, "Carter, His Own Emissary, Outpaces White House," New York Times, 20 June 1994; Elizabeth Kurylo "Agreement Is Feather in Carter's Cap," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 23 June 1994; David E. Sanger, "Who Won the Korea Deal?" New York Times, 23 October 1994.
70. Andrea Stone, "Citizen Carter, The Statesman," USA Today, 15 June 1994; Douglas Jehl, "Carter, His Own Emissary, Outpaces White House," New York Times, 20 June 1994; Elizabeth Kurylo "Agreement Is Feather in Carter's Cap," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 23 June 1994; David E. Sanger, "Who Won the Korea Deal?" New York Times, 23 October 1994.
71. "Carter Trip Paves the Way for U.S.-North Korean Pact," Carter Center News (Winter 1995):
72. Larry Rohter, "Carter in Haiti, Pursues Peaceful Shift," New York Times, 18 September 1994; Thomas W. Lippman, "Once Again Carter Plays Peacemaker," Washington Post, 19 September 1994; Eleanor Clift, "A Man with a Mission," Newsweek, 3 October 1994, 36-38; Michael Kramer, "The Carter Connection" and Bruce W. Nelan, "Road to Haiti," Time, 3 October 1994, 30-38.
73. Larry Rohter, "Carter in Haiti, Pursues Peaceful Shift," New York Times, 18 September 1994; Thomas W. Lippman, "Once Again Carter Plays Peacemaker," Washington Post, 19 September 1994; Eleanor Clift, "A Man with a Mission," Newsweek, 3 October 1994, 36-38; Michael Kramer, "The Carter Connection" and Bruce W. Nelan, "Road to Haiti," Time, 3 October 1994, 30-38.
74. Larry Rohter, "Carter in Haiti, Pursues Peaceful Shift," New York Times, 18 September 1994; Thomas W. Lippman, "Once Again Carter Plays Peacemaker," Washington Post, 19 September 1994; Eleanor Clift, "A Man with a Mission," Newsweek, 3 October 1994, 36-38; Michael Kramer, "The Carter Connection" and Bruce W. Nelan, "Road to Haiti," Time, 3 October 1994, 30-38.
75. Larry Rohter, "Carter in Haiti, Pursues Peaceful Shift," New York Times, 18 September 1994; Thomas W. Lippman, "Once Again Carter Plays Peacemaker," Washington Post, 19 September 1994; Eleanor Clift, "A Man with a Mission," Newsweek, 3 October 1994, 36-38; Michael Kramer, "The Carter Connection" and Bruce W. Nelan, "Road to Haiti," Time, 3 October 1994, 30-38.
76. Larry Rohter, "Carter in Haiti, Pursues Peaceful Shift," New York Times, 18 September 1994; Thomas W. Lippman, "Once Again Carter Plays Peacemaker," Washington Post, 19 September 1994; Eleanor Clift, "A Man with a Mission," Newsweek, 3 October 1994, 36-38; Michael Kramer, "The Carter Connection" and Bruce W. Nelan, "Road to Haiti," Time, 3 October 1994, 30-38.
77. Editorial, "Jimmy Carter's Contribution," New York Times, 19 September 1994; Editorial, "Peacemaker," USA Today, 21 September 1994. For criticism of Carter, see Douglas Farah, "U.S. Assists Dictators' Luxury Exile," Washington Post, 14 October 1994.
78. Editorial, "Jimmy Carter's Contribution," New York Times, 19 September 1994; Editorial, "Peacemaker," USA Today, 21 September 1994. For criticism of Carter, see Douglas Farah, "U.S. Assists Dictators' Luxury Exile," Washington Post, 14 October 1994.
79. Editorial, "Jimmy Carter's Contribution," New York Times, 19 September 1994; Editorial, "Peacemaker," USA Today, 21 September 1994. For criticism of Carter, see Douglas Farah, "U.S. Assists Dictators' Luxury Exile," Washington Post, 14 October 1994.
80. Jimmy Carter quoted in Maureen Dowd, "Despite Role as Negotiator, Carter Feels Unappreciated," New York Times, 21 September 1994. In the interview, Carter acknowledged that his action "was not appropriate perhaps."
81. George Bush letter to the author, 13 June 1998, in author's possession.
82. Roger Cohen, "Bosnia Foes Agree to 4-Month Truce, Carter Reports," New York Times, 21 December 1994; Editorial, "A Little Help From Jimmy Carter," ibid., 21 December 1994; "Carter Center Jump Starts Peace Efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina," Carter Center News (Winter 1995): 1, 3.
83. Roger Cohen, "Bosnia Foes Agree to 4-Month Truce, Carter Reports," New York Times, 21 December 1994; Editorial, "A Little Help From Jimmy Carter," ibid., 21 December 1994; "Carter Center Jump Starts Peace Efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina," Carter Center News (Winter 1995): 1, 3.
84. Roger Cohen, "Bosnia Foes Agree to 4-Month Truce, Carter Reports," New York Times, 21 December 1994; Editorial, "A Little Help From Jimmy Carter," ibid., 21 December 1994; "Carter Center Jump Starts Peace Efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina," Carter Center News (Winter 1995): 1, 3.
85. Elaine Sciolino, "Accord Reached to End the War in Bosnia," New York Times, 22 November 1995.
86. Barbara Crossette, "Fearing Strife, U.N. Withholds Report on Death of Burundian," New York Times, 30 July 1996; "Carter Blasts Helms-Burton Law," Reuters' dispatch from Montreal, 12 July 1996. copy at Carter Center Office of Public Information; Jimmy Carter, "Prayer and Civic Religion," Op-Ed., New York Times, 24 December 1996.
87. Barbara Crossette, "Fearing Strife, U.N. Withholds Report on Death of Burundian," New York Times, 30 July 1996; "Carter Blasts Helms-Burton Law," Reuters' dispatch from Montreal, 12 July 1996. copy at Carter Center Office of Public Information; Jimmy Carter, "Prayer and Civic Religion," Op-Ed., New York Times, 24 December 1996.
88. Barbara Crossette, "Fearing Strife, U.N. Withholds Report on Death of Burundian," New York Times, 30 July 1996; "Carter Blasts Helms-Burton Law," Reuters' dispatch from Montreal, 12 July 1996. copy at Carter Center Office of Public Information; Jimmy Carter, "Prayer and Civic Religion," Op-Ed., New York Times, 24 December 1996.
89. Mimi Hall and Andrea Stone, "Army of Volunteers Called Up; Presidents, Powell Kick Off Summit," USA Today, 28 April 1997; Francis X. Clines, "Overwhelmed by Good News," New York Times, 4 May 1997; James Bennet, "A Presidential Cold War Begins to Thaw," ibid., 21 May 1997; Jimmy Carter, "It's Wrong to Demonize China," Op-Ed, ibid., 10 August 1997.
90. Mimi Hall and Andrea Stone, "Army of Volunteers Called Up; Presidents, Powell Kick Off Summit," USA Today, 28 April 1997; Francis X. Clines, "Overwhelmed by Good News," New York Times, 4 May 1997; James Bennet, "A Presidential Cold War Begins to Thaw," ibid., 21 May 1997; Jimmy Carter, "It's Wrong to Demonize China," Op-Ed, ibid., 10 August 1997.
91. Mimi Hall and Andrea Stone, "Army of Volunteers Called Up; Presidents, Powell Kick Off Summit," USA Today, 28 April 1997; Francis X. Clines, "Overwhelmed by Good News," New York Times, 4 May 1997; James Bennet, "A Presidential Cold War Begins to Thaw," ibid., 21 May 1997; Jimmy Carter, "It's Wrong to Demonize China," Op-Ed, ibid., 10 August 1997.
92. Mimi Hall and Andrea Stone, "Army of Volunteers Called Up; Presidents, Powell Kick Off Summit," USA Today, 28 April 1997; Francis X. Clines, "Overwhelmed by Good News," New York Times, 4 May 1997; James Bennet, "A Presidential Cold War Begins to Thaw," ibid., 21 May 1997; Jimmy Carter, "It's Wrong to Demonize China," Op-Ed, ibid., 10 August 1997.
93. On the continuity theme, see John Whiteclay Chambers II, "The Agenda Continued: Jimmy Carter's Post-Presidency" in Hugh Davis Graham and Gary Fink, eds., The Carter Presidency: Policy Choices in the Post New Deal Era (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 267-85.
94. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, Retirement, Staff Assistants, and Mailing Privileges for Former Presidents and Annuities for Widows of Former Presidents, 85th Cong., 2d sess., 1958, H. Rept. 2200 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1958).
95. Karen Gullo, Associated Press, "Former Presidents Avert a Cut in Expenses for Office and Staff," Newark, NJ, Star-Ledger, 13 January 1998, 6. Carter's FY 1998 allocation is $499,800.
96. Carter interview, transcript, 16-17.
97. Elizabeth Kurylo, "Carter Center to Merge with Emory University," Atlanta Constitution, 28 September 1990; see also the Carter Center, The Carter Center at a Glance (n.d., c.1996).
98. Elizabeth Kurylo, "Carter Center to Merge with Emory University," Atlanta Constitution, 28 September 1990; see also the Carter Center, The Carter Center at a Glance (n.d., c.1996).
99. Carter interview, transcript, 21-22.
100. Elizabeth Kurylo, "Joining Forces: Emory to Absorb Carter Center," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 30 August 1994; John D. Thomas, "A Bonding Experience," Emory Magazine, Autumn 1996, 10-13. The Carter Center is governed by an independent board of twenty-two trustees, chaired by Jimmy Carter with Rosalynn Carter as vice-chair, and composed mainly of corporate CEOs but also including former Mayor Andrew Young, Senator Sam Nunn, the president of Emory, and the president of the American Political Science Association. Under the 1994 agreement, the Emory University Board of Trustees was given the power to appoint half of the Center's trustees and to approve the Center's budgets. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 38-41; and John B. Hardman, executive director, to Carter Center Staff, 23 August 1994, Subject: The Carter Center, Inc./ Emory University Relationship, memorandum in Carter Center of Emory University File, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Atlanta, GA.
101. Elizabeth Kurylo, "Joining Forces: Emory to Absorb Carter Center," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 30 August 1994; John D. Thomas, "A Bonding Experience," Emory Magazine, Autumn 1996, 10-13. The Carter Center is governed by an independent board of twenty-two trustees, chaired by Jimmy Carter with Rosalynn Carter as vice-chair, and composed mainly of corporate CEOs but also including former Mayor Andrew Young, Senator Sam Nunn, the president of Emory, and the president of the American Political Science Association. Under the 1994 agreement, the Emory University Board of Trustees was given the power to appoint half of the Center's trustees and to approve the Center's budgets. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 38-41; and John B. Hardman, executive director, to Carter Center Staff, 23 August 1994, Subject: The Carter Center, Inc./ Emory University Relationship, memorandum in Carter Center of Emory University File, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Atlanta, GA.
102. Elizabeth Kurylo, "Joining Forces: Emory to Absorb Carter Center," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 30 August 1994; John D. Thomas, "A Bonding Experience," Emory Magazine, Autumn 1996, 10-13. The Carter Center is governed by an independent board of twenty-two trustees, chaired by Jimmy Carter with Rosalynn Carter as vice-chair, and composed mainly of corporate CEOs but also including former Mayor Andrew Young, Senator Sam Nunn, the president of Emory, and the president of the American Political Science Association. Under the 1994 agreement, the Emory University Board of Trustees was given the power to appoint half of the Center's trustees and to approve the Center's budgets. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 38-41; and John B. Hardman, executive director, to Carter Center Staff, 23 August 1994, Subject: The Carter Center, Inc./ Emory University Relationship, memorandum in Carter Center of Emory University File, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Atlanta, GA.
103. Elizabeth Kurylo, "Joining Forces: Emory to Absorb Carter Center," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 30 August 1994; John D. Thomas, "A Bonding Experience," Emory Magazine, Autumn 1996, 10-13. The Carter Center is governed by an independent board of twenty-two trustees, chaired by Jimmy Carter with Rosalynn Carter as vice-chair, and composed mainly of corporate CEOs but also including former Mayor Andrew Young, Senator Sam Nunn, the president of Emory, and the president of the American Political Science Association. Under the 1994 agreement, the Emory University Board of Trustees was given the power to appoint half of the Center's trustees and to approve the Center's budgets. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 38-41; and John B. Hardman, executive director, to Carter Center Staff, 23 August 1994, Subject: The Carter Center, Inc./ Emory University Relationship, memorandum in Carter Center of Emory University File, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Atlanta, GA.
104. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 6; Carter Center, The Carter Center at a Glance, 5; Natasha Singh program assistant, Office of Public Information, the Carter Center, letter to the author, 7 March 1997.
105. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 6; Carter Center, The Carter Center at a Glance, 5; Natasha Singh program assistant, Office of Public Information, the Carter Center, letter to the author, 7 March 1997.
106. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 6; Carter Center, The Carter Center at a Glance, 5; Natasha Singh program assistant, Office of Public Information, the Carter Center, letter to the author, 7 March 1997.
107. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 6, 48-50.
108. In the first year of Carter's presidency, the White House had a fulltime staff of 461 and a budget of $17.6 million. The Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1978 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1977), 815.
109. Carter, Everything to Gain, 29-32; see also, Bill Shipp, "Maybe Carter's Grandest Achievement," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 10 August 1986.
110. Carter, Everything to Gain, 29-32; see also, Bill Shipp, "Maybe Carter's Grandest Achievement," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 10 August 1986.
111. Anne Lowrey Bailey, "Jimmy Carter Adds a New Dimension to Philanthropy," Chronicle of Philanthropy, 19 November 1991, 10. I am indebted to Walter E. Beach for calling my attention to this article.
112. Ibid., 10-11.
113. Carter and Carter, Everything to Gain, 31.
114. Ibid., 32.
115. Bailey, "Jimmy Carter Adds a New Dimension," 10.
116. Typically, Carter drew upon leading authorities to help him master the field; in conflict resolution it was William L. Ury, co-author with Roger Fisher of Getting to Yes: Negotiating without Giving In (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981) and James H. Laue, Direct Action and Desegregation, 1960-1962: Toward a Theory of the Rationalization of Protest (Brooklyn, NY: Carlson, 1989), both of whom helped Carter develop the Center's mediation program in the mid-1980s. See Kelly, "It All Codepends," 82; and presentations by Laue and Dayle E. Powell, the Carter Center's conflict resolution fellow, 27 February 1990, at a conference on conflict resolution held at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
117. Typically, Carter drew upon leading authorities to help him master the field; in conflict resolution it was William L. Ury, co-author with Roger Fisher of Getting to Yes: Negotiating without Giving In (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981) and James H. Laue, Direct Action and Desegregation, 1960-1962: Toward a Theory of the Rationalization of Protest (Brooklyn, NY: Carlson, 1989), both of whom helped Carter develop the Center's mediation program in the mid-1980s. See Kelly, "It All Codepends," 82; and presentations by Laue and Dayle E. Powell, the Carter Center's conflict resolution fellow, 27 February 1990, at a conference on conflict resolution held at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
118. Typically, Carter drew upon leading authorities to help him master the field; in conflict resolution it was William L. Ury, co-author with Roger Fisher of Getting to Yes: Negotiating without Giving In (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981) and James H. Laue, Direct Action and Desegregation, 1960-1962: Toward a Theory of the Rationalization of Protest (Brooklyn, NY: Carlson, 1989), both of whom helped Carter develop the Center's mediation program in the mid-1980s. See Kelly, "It All Codepends," 82; and presentations by Laue and Dayle E. Powell, the Carter Center's conflict resolution fellow, 27 February 1990, at a conference on conflict resolution held at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
119. Typically, Carter drew upon leading authorities to help him master the field; in conflict resolution it was William L. Ury, co-author with Roger Fisher of Getting to Yes: Negotiating without Giving In (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981) and James H. Laue, Direct Action and Desegregation, 1960-1962: Toward a Theory of the Rationalization of Protest (Brooklyn, NY: Carlson, 1989), both of whom helped Carter develop the Center's mediation program in the mid-1980s. See Kelly, "It All Codepends," 82; and presentations by Laue and Dayle E. Powell, the Carter Center's conflict resolution fellow, 27 February 1990, at a conference on conflict resolution held at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
120. Dominique de Menil died in January 1998 at 89. Sam Howe Verhovek, "How Houston's Adopted Daughter Said Thank You," New York Times, 20 January 1998.
121. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 41; and 1periodic staff profiles in the Carter Center News issued three times a year, such as "Profile: Robert Pastor," ibid., (Fall 1990): 3; Howard Pousner "Former CDC Head to Oversee Carter Center's Global Goals," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 21 September 1986; Robert McG. Thomas, Jr., "Dan E. Sweat Dies at 63, Guided Atlanta," New York Times 9 March 1997.
122. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 41; and 1periodic staff profiles in the Carter Center News issued three times a year, such as "Profile: Robert Pastor," ibid., (Fall 1990): 3; Howard Pousner "Former CDC Head to Oversee Carter Center's Global Goals," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 21 September 1986; Robert McG. Thomas, Jr., "Dan E. Sweat Dies at 63, Guided Atlanta," New York Times 9 March 1997.
123. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 41; and 1periodic staff profiles in the Carter Center News issued three times a year, such as "Profile: Robert Pastor," ibid., (Fall 1990): 3; Howard Pousner "Former CDC Head to Oversee Carter Center's Global Goals," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 21 September 1986; Robert McG. Thomas, Jr., "Dan E. Sweat Dies at 63, Guided Atlanta," New York Times 9 March 1997.
124. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 41; and 1periodic staff profiles in the Carter Center News issued three times a year, such as "Profile: Robert Pastor," ibid., (Fall 1990): 3; Howard Pousner "Former CDC Head to Oversee Carter Center's Global Goals," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 21 September 1986; Robert McG. Thomas, Jr., "Dan E. Sweat Dies at 63, Guided Atlanta," New York Times 9 March 1997.
125. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 41; and 1periodic staff profiles in the Carter Center News issued three times a year, such as "Profile: Robert Pastor," ibid., (Fall 1990): 3; Howard Pousner "Former CDC Head to Oversee Carter Center's Global Goals," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 21 September 1986; Robert McG. Thomas, Jr., "Dan E. Sweat Dies at 63, Guided Atlanta," New York Times 9 March 1997.
126. On 1985 cash-flow problems, see Bill Shipp, "Jimmy Carter Fights for His Life," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 13 November 1985.
127. In regard to expenditures, of the $20 million budget for the Carter Center in 1991-1992, $8.1 million went for Global 2000, $5.9 million for the Carter Center of Emory University, $3.8 million for the Carter Center, and $2.2 million for the Task Force for Child Survival. Bailey, "Jimmy Carter Adds a New Dimension," 10.
128. Ibid., 6-7, 10-11. On Carter's own admission of inadequacy as an electoral fundraiser, see Carter and Carter, Everything to Gain, 17-18.
129. Ibid., 6-7, 10-11. On Carter's own admission of inadequacy as an electoral fundraiser, see Carter and Carter, Everything to Gain, 17-18.
130. Mark Curriden, "Ex-Director of Carter Center Indicted in $650,000 Fraud," Atlanta Constitution, 16 August 1992; Helene Cooper, "Former Carter Center Official Accused of Impersonating the Ex-President," Wall Street Journal, 27 August 1992. Paraskevaides had already given $500,000 to the Center between 1983 and 1990.
131. Mark Curriden, "Ex-Director of Carter Center Indicted in $650,000 Fraud," Atlanta Constitution, 16 August 1992; Helene Cooper, "Former Carter Center Official Accused of Impersonating the Ex-President," Wall Street Journal, 27 August 1992. Paraskevaides had already given $500,000 to the Center between 1983 and 1990.
132. Jimmy Carter, remarks at news conference, attended by the author, 23 September 1986, preparatory to dedication on 1 October 1986 of the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Carter Center.
133. Carter said he spent much of the previous four years in the "terrible task" of raising the money; one-half came from individuals and corporations in Georgia ("other states were not much interested") and one-quarter from foreign benefactors from Japan, Pakistan, and the Middle East. Ibid. See also Phil Gailey, "To Build a Library, Some Chairs Go Up for Bids," New York Times, 23 September 1983.
134. Elizabeth Kurylo, "Carter Donors: Questionable Givers?" Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 14 April 1991.
135. Bob Deans, "Sasakawa: From Militarist to High-Profile Philanthropist," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 14 April 1991; see also Elizabeth Kurylo, "Sasakawa, Philanthropist Who Aided Carter, King Centers, Dies in Japan," ibid., 21 July 1995; Kevin Rafferty, "Ryoichi Sasakawa: Tainted History of a rich Good Guy," Manchester Guardian, 20 July 1995, 13; "Ryoichi Sasakawa, 96, Rightist And Gambling Figure in Japan," New York Times, 20 July 1995.
136. Bob Deans, "Sasakawa: From Militarist to High-Profile Philanthropist," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 14 April 1991; see also Elizabeth Kurylo, "Sasakawa, Philanthropist Who Aided Carter, King Centers, Dies in Japan," ibid., 21 July 1995; Kevin Rafferty, "Ryoichi Sasakawa: Tainted History of a rich Good Guy," Manchester Guardian, 20 July 1995, 13; "Ryoichi Sasakawa, 96, Rightist And Gambling Figure in Japan," New York Times, 20 July 1995.
137. Bob Deans, "Sasakawa: From Militarist to High-Profile Philanthropist," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 14 April 1991; see also Elizabeth Kurylo, "Sasakawa, Philanthropist Who Aided Carter, King Centers, Dies in Japan," ibid., 21 July 1995; Kevin Rafferty, "Ryoichi Sasakawa: Tainted History of a rich Good Guy," Manchester Guardian, 20 July 1995, 13; "Ryoichi Sasakawa, 96, Rightist And Gambling Figure in Japan," New York Times, 20 July 1995.
138. Bob Deans, "Sasakawa: From Militarist to High-Profile Philanthropist," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 14 April 1991; see also Elizabeth Kurylo, "Sasakawa, Philanthropist Who Aided Carter, King Centers, Dies in Japan," ibid., 21 July 1995; Kevin Rafferty, "Ryoichi Sasakawa: Tainted History of a rich Good Guy," Manchester Guardian, 20 July 1995, 13; "Ryoichi Sasakawa, 96, Rightist And Gambling Figure in Japan," New York Times, 20 July 1995.
139. Baily, "Jimmy Carter Adds a New Dimentions to Philanthropy," 10.
140. Kurylo, "Carter Donors: Questionable Givers?" Carter fundraiser James Brasher said the Center had no reservations about accepting contributions from Sasakawa, who had donated billions to the United Nations and dozens of universities and charities around the world. Ibid.
141. "Agha H. Abedi Dies in Pakistan, Aged 74," London Times, 6 August 1995, 1; "BCCI Founder Dies," ibid., 8 August 1995, 17, 40; obituary, Manchester Guardian, 7 August 1995, 1, 8.
142. "Agha H. Abedi Dies in Pakistan, Aged 74," London Times, 6 August 1995, 1; "BCCI Founder Dies," ibid., 8 August 1995, 17, 40; obituary, Manchester Guardian, 7 August 1995, 1, 8.
143. "Agha H. Abedi Dies in Pakistan, Aged 74," London Times, 6 August 1995, 1; "BCCI Founder Dies," ibid., 8 August 1995, 17, 40; obituary, Manchester Guardian, 7 August 1995, 1, 8.
144. "Caught in the Money-Laundering Wringer," U.S. News & World Report, 24 October 1988, 13-14; J. Beaty and S.C. Gwynne, "The Dirtiest Bank of All," Time, 29 July 1991, cover, 42-47; S.C. Gwynne, "Con Men of the Year: Masters of Deceit," ibid., 6 January 1992, 42; Robert McG. Thomas, Jr., "Agha Hasan Abedi Dies at 74, In the Shadow of a Vast Fraud," New York Times, 7 August 1995.
145. "Caught in the Money-Laundering Wringer," U.S. News & World Report, 24 October 1988, 13-14; J. Beaty and S.C. Gwynne, "The Dirtiest Bank of All," Time, 29 July 1991, cover, 42-47; S.C. Gwynne, "Con Men of the Year: Masters of Deceit," ibid., 6 January 1992, 42; Robert McG. Thomas, Jr., "Agha Hasan Abedi Dies at 74, In the Shadow of a Vast Fraud," New York Times, 7 August 1995.
146. "Caught in the Money-Laundering Wringer," U.S. News & World
147. "Caught in the Money-Laundering Wringer," U.S. News & World Report, 24 October 1988, 13-14; J. Beaty and S.C. Gwynne, "The Dirtiest Bank of All," Time, 29 July 1991, cover, 42-47; S.C. Gwynne, "Con Men of the Year: Masters of Deceit," ibid., 6 January 1992, 42; Robert McG. Thomas, Jr., "Agha Hasan Abedi Dies at 74, In the Shadow of a Vast Fraud," New York Times, 7 August 1995.
148. Kurylo, "Carter Donors: Questionable Givers?" G. Morgenson, "Is Bert Lance Back?" Forbes, 13 June 1988, 12.
149. Kurylo, "Carter Donors: Questionable Givers?" G. Morgenson, "Is Bert Lance Back?" Forbes, 13 June 1988, 12.
150. Elizabeth Kurylo, "Carter Defends Bank Named in Drug Case," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 3 February 1990; Kurylo, "Carter Center: 'No Strings Attached' to Gifts," ibid. 14 April 1991.
151. Elizabeth Kurylo, "Carter Defends Bank Named in Drug Case," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 3 February 1990; Kurylo, "Carter Center: 'No Strings Attached' to Gifts," ibid. 14 April 1991.
152. Ronald Smothers, "Seized Bank Helped Atlanta's Ex-Mayor and Carter Charities," New York Times, 15 July 1991.
153. The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, a champion of the Carter Center, warned that "BCCI has used its connection with Mr. Carter to promote itself around the world," and urged the former president to "sever the connection with all deliberate speed." Editorial, "This Charity Is At Too Expensive a Price," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 11 February 1990. The BCCI's final pledge of $2.5 million to the Center was made up by the United Arab Emirates, "Global 2000 Inc.," ibid., 14 April 1991.
154. The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, a champion of the Carter Center, warned that "BCCI has used its connection with Mr. Carter to promote itself around the world," and urged the former president to "sever the connection with all deliberate speed." Editorial, "This Charity Is At Too Expensive a Price," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 11 February 1990. The BCCI's final pledge of $2.5 million to the Center was made up by the United Arab Emirates, "Global 2000 Inc.," ibid., 14 April 1991.
155. The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, a champion of the Carter Center, warned that "BCCI has used its connection with Mr. Carter to promote itself around the world," and urged the former president to "sever the connection with all deliberate speed." Editorial, "This Charity Is At Too Expensive a Price," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 11 February 1990. The BCCI's final pledge of $2.5 million to the Center was made up by the United Arab Emirates, "Global 2000 Inc.," ibid., 14 April 1991.
156. Kurlyo, "Carter Center: 'No Strings Attached' to Gifts."
157. The Carter Center, 1995 Annual Report, 2.
158. Elizabeth Kurylo, "Joining Forces: Emory to Absorb Carter Center," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 30 August 1994.
159. James Bennet, "Clinton Picks Little Rock for His Library," New York Times, 13 February 1997.
160. For speculation, see Mimi Swartz, "The Next Ex-Presidency: Clinton's Afterlife," New Yorker, 20 and 27 October 1997, 100-112.