The Rising Stock of Jimmy Carter: The "Hands on" Legacy of Our Thirty-ninth President

Diplomatic History

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 505-530

  Brinkley, Douglas ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0039096962     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00285.x     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Kenneth Kline letters, Vertical Files, folder: Biography: Carter Assessment of, 1981-1983, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Atlanta, Georgia. The most concise revisionist critique of Carter to date is Garry W. Reichard, "Early Returns: Assessing Jimmy Carter," Presidential Studies Quarterly 20 (Summer 1990): 603-20.
2. For the best journalistic summary of the 1980 election see Jack W. Germond and Jules Witcover, Blue Smoke and Mirrors: How Reagan Won and Why Carter Lost the Election of 1980 (New York, 1991), 315-22.
3. Jesse Helms to Kenneth Kline, 28 October 1981, Vertical Files, folder: Biography, Carter Assessment of, 1981-1983.
4. Theodore M. Hesburgh to Kline, 10 December 1981, Vertical Files, folder: Biography, Carter Assessment of, 1981-1983; author interviews with Arthur M. Schlesinger, 11 April 1995, and Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 10 April 1995.
5. David Brinkley to kline, 6 May 1981, Vertical Files, folder: Biography, Carter Assessment of, 1981-1983.
6. Mondale quoted in Joseph Kraft, "The Post-Imperial Presidency," The New York Times Magazine, 2 November 1980.
7. Richard E. Neustadt and Ernest R. May, Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision-Makers (New York, 1986), 73.
8. For a fair-minded overview of Carter's relationship with the national media see Mark J. Rozell, The Press and the Carter Presidency (Boulder, 1989). After leaving the White House, Carter sought revenge on the Washington Post. When editor-in-chief Ben Bradlee ran a story accusing Carter of bugging Blair House in December 1980 to record private conversations between the Reagans, Carter slapped a libel suit on the newspaper. After months of legal maneuver the Post agreed to issue a front-page apology. Jimmy Carter vs. the Washington Post legal files, Terrance Adamson Personal Papers, Kaye, Scholer, Fierman, Hays and Handler Law Firm, Washington, DC.
9. Russell Baker, "Not to Worry, Jimmy," New York Times, 10 January 1981.
10. Haynes Johnson, In the Absence of Power: Governing America (New York, 1980), 280-300.
11. Barber and McPherson quoted in Terrence Smith, "Experts See '76 Victory as Carter's Big Achievement," New York Times, 8 January 1981.
12. Carson quoted in Dennis Farney, "Carter Redux," Wall Street Journal, 24 June 1988; Atwater quoted in Bill Kovach, "Jimmy Carter's Real Legacy," Southpoint, April 1990, 5.
13. Carson quoted in Dennis Farney, "Carter Redux," Wall Street Journal, 24 June 1988; Atwater quoted in Bill Kovach, "Jimmy Carter's Real Legacy," Southpoint, April 1990, 5.
14. Burton I. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. (Lawrence, 1993), 3. Although I take issue with some of kaufman's conclusions, this is still, far and away, the most thoroughly researched and reasoned book on Carter to date.
15. Reedy quoted in Smith, "Experts See '76 Victory as Big Achievement."
16. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr., 3; Erwin Hargrove, Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good (Baton Rouge, 1988). The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia's Carter Presidential Project has published Carter-related articles in its journal, conducted important oral history interviews of members of the administration, and sponsored a number of books related to the career of our thirty-ninth president.
17. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr., 3; Erwin Hargrove, Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good (Baton Rouge, 1988). The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia's Carter Presidential Project has published Carter-related articles in its journal, conducted important oral history interviews of members of the administration, and sponsored a number of books related to the career of our thirty-ninth president.
18. Author interview with Henry Kissinger, 16 March 1994.
19. The best accounts of the hostage crisis are James A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven, 1988); and Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter with Iran (New York, 1985). For the release and negotiation of the hostages see Warren Christopher et al., American Hostages in Iran: The Conduct of a Crisis (New Haven, 1985); and Hamilton Jordan, Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency (New York, 1982).
20. The best accounts of the hostage crisis are James A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven, 1988); and Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter with Iran (New York, 1985). For the release and negotiation of the hostages see Warren Christopher et al., American Hostages in Iran: The Conduct of a Crisis (New Haven, 1985); and Hamilton Jordan, Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency (New York, 1982).
21. The best accounts of the hostage crisis are James A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven, 1988); and Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter with Iran (New York, 1985). For the release and negotiation of the hostages see Warren Christopher et al., American Hostages in Iran: The Conduct of a Crisis (New Haven, 1985); and Hamilton Jordan, Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency (New York, 1982).
22. The best accounts of the hostage crisis are James A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven, 1988); and Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter with Iran (New York, 1985). For the release and negotiation of the hostages see Warren Christopher et al., American Hostages in Iran: The Conduct of a Crisis (New Haven, 1985); and Hamilton Jordan, Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency (New York, 1982).
23. Author interview with Jimmy Carter, 4 June 1994.
24. Gary Sick, "October Surprise," New York Times, 15 April 1990; idem, October Surprise: America's Hostage in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan (New York, 1991).
25. Gary Sick, "October Surprise," New York Times, 15 April 1990; idem, October Surprise: America's Hostage in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan (New York, 1991).
26. Author interview with Gary Sick, 12 August 1995.
27. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr., 214.
28. Author interview with Jimmy Carter, 4 June 1994.
29. Douglas Brinkley notes of Carter-Arafat meeting, Sunday, 21 January 1996, Gaza City, Palestine. This stunning revelation occurred at the second meeting the two leaders held during the election weekend.
30. Germond and Witcover, Blue Smoke and Mirrors. 244-56; Richard Harwood, ed., The Pursuit of the Presidency 1980 (Neu York, 1980); Wilson Carey McWilliams, "The Meaning of the Election," in The Election of 1980: Reports and Interpretations, ed. Gerald M. Omeper (Chatham, NJ, 1981), 177-80.
31. Germond and Witcover, Blue Smoke and Mirrors. 244-56; Richard Harwood, ed., The Pursuit of the Presidency 1980 (Neu York, 1980); Wilson Carey McWilliams, "The Meaning of the Election," in The Election of 1980: Reports and Interpretations, ed. Gerald M. Omeper (Chatham, NJ, 1981), 177-80.
32. Germond and Witcover, Blue Smoke and Mirrors. 244-56; Richard Harwood, ed., The Pursuit of the Presidency 1980 (Neu York, 1980); Wilson Carey McWilliams, "The Meaning of the Election," in The Election of 1980: Reports and Interpretations, ed. Gerald M. Omeper (Chatham, NJ, 1981), 177-80.
33. George F. Will, "Lance, Carter, Babbitt and Gantry," Newsweek, 19 September 1997. For a blistering counterattack on his accusers see Bert Lance with Bill Gilbert, The Truth of the Matter: My Life In and Out of Politics (New York, 1991).
34. George F. Will, "Lance, Carter, Babbitt and Gantry," Newsweek, 19 September 1997. For a blistering counterattack on his accusers see Bert Lance with Bill Gilbert, The Truth of the Matter: My Life In and Out of Politics (New York, 1991).
35. Adam Clymer, "The Campaign's Final Week: Basic Themes Stressed," New York Times, 2 November 1980.
36. Adam Clymer, "Reagan and Carter Stand Nearly Even in Last Polls," New York Times, 3 November 1980.
37. "A Problem of How to Lead: Dissatisfaction is the Washington Mood," Time, 31 July 1978.
38. Author interview with Eugene McCarthy, 5 May 1995.
39. Manuscript draft of Robert Strong's Working in the World: Jimmy Carter and the Making of American Foreign Policy, courtesy of the author.
40. Henrik Hertzberg, "The Child Monarch," The New Republic, 9 September 1991, reprinted in Dorothy Wickenden, The New Republic Reader: Eighty Years of Opinion and Debate (New York, 1994), 336-55.
41. Henrik Hertzberg, "The Child Monarch," The New Republic, 9 September 1991, reprinted in Dorothy Wickenden, The New Republic Reader: Eighty Years of Opinion and Debate (New York, 1994), 336-55.
42. Author interview with Charles Kirbo, 11 August 1993. See also interview with Charles Kirbo, Miller Center Interviews, Carter Presidency Project, 5 January 1983, Carter Library. A few years ago, Gerry Rafshoon called Carter at his home in Plains to tell him about a Los Angeles Times poll that ranked him as the best ex-president in American history. "Ever since I've gotten rid of you and Jody Powell my life has been much better," Carter joked to his former White House media adviser.
43. Brzezinski quoted in Victor Lasky, Jimmy Carter: The Man and Myth (New York, 1979), 160.
44. Author interview with Jimmy Carter, 4 June 1994.
45. Lawrence H. Shoup, "Jimmy Carter and the Trilateralists: Presidential Roots," in Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning for World Government, ed. Holly Sklar (Boston, 1980), 199-211.
46. Author interview with Jimmy Carter, 13 December 1993. On 4 June 1994, at his home in Plains, Carter showed me his handwritten notes concerning his process for selecting a secretary of state. Ball was clearly his main choice. "Unfortunately Ball was on the Jewish community's black list for supporting a Palestinian homeland," Carter noted. Vance, on the other hand, represented "the course of least resistance."
47. Author interview with George Ball, 7 September 1993.
48. Lawrence X. Clifford, "An Examination of the Carter Administration's Selecting of Secretary of State and National Security Advisor," in Jimmy Carter: Foreign Policy and Post Presidential Years, ed. Herbert D. Rosebaum and Alexej Ugrinsky (Westport, CT, 1994), 5-17.
49. Richard Burt, "Brzezinski Calls Democrats Soft toward Moscow," New York Times, 30 November 1980.
50. Author interview with James Reston, 6 May 1992.
51. Author interview with Jimmy Carter, 20 January 1996.
52. Chris Matthews, "Tijuana Habitat," San Francisco Examiner, 19 August 1990.
53. John Dumbrell, The Carter Presidency: A Re-Evaluation (Manchester, England, 1995).
54. Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (New York, 1986), 8. For useful insider accounts of Carter's presidential foreign policy accomplishments see Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), particularly good on the Panama Canal Treaties, Camp David Accords, and recognition of the People's Republic of China; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977-1981 (New York, 1983); Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy (New York, 1983); Robert Pastor, Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua (Princeton, 1987); Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Boston, 1985); Sick, All Fall Down; William Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York, 1981); and Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains (Boston, 1984). Also of interest in this regard is Kenneth W. Thompson, ed., The Carter Presidency: Fourteen Intimate Perspectives of Jimmy Carter (Lanham, MD, 1990), a series of oral interviews with President Carter and members of his foreign policy team.
55. Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (New York, 1986), 8. For useful insider accounts of Carter's presidential foreign policy accomplishments see Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), particularly good on the Panama Canal Treaties, Camp David Accords, and recognition of the People's Republic of China; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977-1981 (New York, 1983); Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy (New York, 1983); Robert Pastor, Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua (Princeton, 1987); Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Boston, 1985); Sick, All Fall Down; William Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York, 1981); and Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains (Boston, 1984). Also of interest in this regard is Kenneth W. Thompson, ed., The Carter Presidency: Fourteen Intimate Perspectives of Jimmy Carter (Lanham, MD, 1990), a series of oral interviews with President Carter and members of his foreign policy team.
56. Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (New York, 1986), 8. For useful insider accounts of Carter's presidential foreign policy accomplishments see Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), particularly good on the Panama Canal Treaties, Camp David Accords, and recognition of the People's Republic of China; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977-1981 (New York, 1983); Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy (New York, 1983); Robert Pastor, Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua (Princeton, 1987); Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Boston, 1985); Sick, All Fall Down; William Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York, 1981); and Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains (Boston, 1984). Also of interest in this regard is Kenneth W. Thompson, ed., The Carter Presidency: Fourteen Intimate Perspectives of Jimmy Carter (Lanham, MD, 1990), a series of oral interviews with President Carter and members of his foreign policy team.
57. Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (New York, 1986), 8. For useful insider accounts of Carter's presidential foreign policy accomplishments see Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), particularly good on the Panama Canal Treaties, Camp David Accords, and recognition of the People's Republic of China; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977-1981 (New York, 1983); Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy (New York, 1983); Robert Pastor, Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua (Princeton, 1987); Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Boston, 1985); Sick, All Fall Down; William Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York, 1981); and Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains (Boston, 1984). Also of interest in this regard is Kenneth W. Thompson, ed., The Carter Presidency: Fourteen Intimate Perspectives of Jimmy Carter (Lanham, MD, 1990), a series of oral interviews with President Carter and members of his foreign policy team.
58. Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (New York, 1986), 8. For useful insider accounts of Carter's presidential foreign policy accomplishments see Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), particularly good on the Panama Canal Treaties, Camp David Accords, and recognition of the People's Republic of China; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977-1981 (New York, 1983); Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy (New York, 1983); Robert Pastor, Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua (Princeton, 1987); Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Boston, 1985); Sick, All Fall Down; William Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York, 1981); and Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains (Boston, 1984). Also of interest in this regard is Kenneth W. Thompson, ed., The Carter Presidency: Fourteen Intimate Perspectives of Jimmy Carter (Lanham, MD, 1990), a series of oral interviews with President Carter and members of his foreign policy team.
59. Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (New York, 1986), 8. For useful insider accounts of Carter's presidential foreign policy accomplishments see Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), particularly good on the Panama Canal Treaties, Camp David Accords, and recognition of the People's Republic of China; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977-1981 (New York, 1983); Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy (New York, 1983); Robert Pastor, Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua (Princeton, 1987); Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Boston, 1985); Sick, All Fall Down; William Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York, 1981); and Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains (Boston, 1984). Also of interest in this regard is Kenneth W. Thompson, ed., The Carter Presidency: Fourteen Intimate Perspectives of Jimmy Carter (Lanham, MD, 1990), a series of oral interviews with President Carter and members of his foreign policy team.
60. Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (New York, 1986), 8. For useful insider accounts of Carter's presidential foreign policy accomplishments see Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), particularly good on the Panama Canal Treaties, Camp David Accords, and recognition of the People's Republic of China; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977-1981 (New York, 1983); Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy (New York, 1983); Robert Pastor, Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua (Princeton, 1987); Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Boston, 1985); Sick, All Fall Down; William Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York, 1981); and Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains (Boston, 1984). Also of interest in this regard is Kenneth W. Thompson, ed., The Carter Presidency: Fourteen Intimate Perspectives of Jimmy Carter (Lanham, MD, 1990), a series of oral interviews with President Carter and members of his foreign policy team.
61. Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (New York, 1986), 8. For useful insider accounts of Carter's presidential foreign policy accomplishments see Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), particularly good on the Panama Canal Treaties, Camp David Accords, and recognition of the People's Republic of China; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977-1981 (New York, 1983); Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy (New York, 1983); Robert Pastor, Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua (Princeton, 1987); Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Boston, 1985); Sick, All Fall Down; William Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York, 1981); and Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains (Boston, 1984). Also of interest in this regard is Kenneth W. Thompson, ed., The Carter Presidency: Fourteen Intimate Perspectives of Jimmy Carter (Lanham, MD, 1990), a series of oral interviews with President Carter and members of his foreign policy team.
62. Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (New York, 1986), 8. For useful insider accounts of Carter's presidential foreign policy accomplishments see Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), particularly good on the Panama Canal Treaties, Camp David Accords, and recognition of the People's Republic of China; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977-1981 (New York, 1983); Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy (New York, 1983); Robert Pastor, Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua (Princeton, 1987); Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Boston, 1985); Sick, All Fall Down; William Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York, 1981); and Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains (Boston, 1984). Also of interest in this regard is Kenneth W. Thompson, ed., The Carter Presidency: Fourteen Intimate Perspectives of Jimmy Carter (Lanham, MD, 1990), a series of oral interviews with President Carter and members of his foreign policy team.
63. Jeffrey L. Pasley and Adam Paul Weisman. "He's Back! No, Not Nixon-Jimmy Carter," New Republic, 19 January 1987.
64. Author interview with Stuart Eizenstat, 23 September 1995.
65. Howard Baker, Jr., to Kline, 23 March 1981, Vertical Files, folder: Biography, Carter Assessment of, 1981-1983.
66. Statistics are taken from Meredith E. Bagby, The First Annual Report of the United States of America: An Account to the American Citizens of Where We Stand Economically, Socially, and Internationally (New York, 1994).
67. Jimmy Carter speech, 20 January 1977, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1977 (Washington, 1978), 1:2F.
68. Jimmy Carter speech, 6 December 1987, Department of State Bulletin 79 (January 1979): 2. For more detailed and wide-ranging discussions of Carter's presidential human rights record, both pro and con, see Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights (New York, 1986); Sandy Vogelgesang, American Dream, Global Nightmare: The Dilemma of U.S. Human Rights Policy (New York, 1980); and Jerel A. Rosati, The Carter Administration's Quest for Global Community and Beliefs and Their Impact on Behavior (Columbia, SC, 1987). For a good, balanced discussion of the inherent contradictions in Carter's human rights approach see Vernon J. Varrina, "The Carter Human Rights Policy: Political Idealism and Realpolitik," in Rosenbaum and Ugrinsky, eds., Jimmy Carter: Foreign Policy and Post Presidential Years, 103-13.
69. Jimmy Carter speech, 6 December 1987, Department of State Bulletin 79 (January 1979): 2. For more detailed and wide-ranging discussions of Carter's presidential human rights record, both pro and con, see Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights (New York, 1986); Sandy Vogelgesang, American Dream, Global Nightmare: The Dilemma of U.S. Human Rights Policy (New York, 1980); and Jerel A. Rosati, The Carter Administration's Quest for Global Community and Beliefs and Their Impact on Behavior (Columbia, SC, 1987). For a good, balanced discussion of the inherent contradictions in Carter's human rights approach see Vernon J. Varrina, "The Carter Human Rights Policy: Political Idealism and Realpolitik," in Rosenbaum and Ugrinsky, eds., Jimmy Carter: Foreign Policy and Post Presidential Years, 103-13.
70. Jimmy Carter speech, 6 December 1987, Department of State Bulletin 79 (January 1979): 2. For more detailed and wide-ranging discussions of Carter's presidential human rights record, both pro and con, see Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights (New York, 1986); Sandy Vogelgesang, American Dream, Global Nightmare: The Dilemma of U.S. Human Rights Policy (New York, 1980); and Jerel A. Rosati, The Carter Administration's Quest for Global Community and Beliefs and Their Impact on Behavior (Columbia, SC, 1987). For a good, balanced discussion of the inherent contradictions in Carter's human rights approach see Vernon J. Varrina, "The Carter Human Rights Policy: Political Idealism and Realpolitik," in Rosenbaum and Ugrinsky, eds., Jimmy Carter: Foreign Policy and Post Presidential Years, 103-13.
71. Jimmy Carter speech, 6 December 1987, Department of State Bulletin 79 (January 1979): 2. For more detailed and wide-ranging discussions of Carter's presidential human rights record, both pro and con, see Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights (New York, 1986); Sandy Vogelgesang, American Dream, Global Nightmare: The Dilemma of U.S. Human Rights Policy (New York, 1980); and Jerel A. Rosati, The Carter Administration's Quest for Global Community and Beliefs and Their Impact on Behavior (Columbia, SC, 1987). For a good, balanced discussion of the inherent contradictions in Carter's human rights approach see Vernon J. Varrina, "The Carter Human Rights Policy: Political Idealism and Realpolitik," in Rosenbaum and Ugrinsky, eds., Jimmy Carter: Foreign Policy and Post Presidential Years, 103-13.
72. Jimmy Carter speech, 6 December 1987, Department of State Bulletin 79 (January 1979): 2. For more detailed and wide-ranging discussions of Carter's presidential human rights record, both pro and con, see Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights (New York, 1986); Sandy Vogelgesang, American Dream, Global Nightmare: The Dilemma of U.S. Human Rights Policy (New York, 1980); and Jerel A. Rosati, The Carter Administration's Quest for Global Community and Beliefs and Their Impact on Behavior (Columbia, SC, 1987). For a good, balanced discussion of the inherent contradictions in Carter's human rights approach see Vernon J. Varrina, "The Carter Human Rights Policy: Political Idealism and Realpolitik," in Rosenbaum and Ugrinsky, eds., Jimmy Carter: Foreign Policy and Post Presidential Years, 103-13.
73. Carter, Keeping Faith, 143.
74. Jimmy Carter speech, 22 May 1977, Department of State Bulletin 76 (13 June 1977).
75. Tony Smith, America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, 1994), 239-65. See also Christian Smith, Resisting Reagan: The U.S.-Central American Peace Movement (Chicago, 1996).
76. Tony Smith, America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, 1994), 239-65. See also Christian Smith, Resisting Reagan: The U.S.-Central American Peace Movement (Chicago, 1996).
77. Smith, America's Mission, 260.
78. Jeane Kirkpatrick, "Dictatorships and Double Standards," Commentary 68 (November 1979): 34-35; Smith, America's Mission, 264. For a discussion of the Carter-Schmidt policy disagreements see Neustadt and May, Thinking in Time, 187-90.
79. Jeane Kirkpatrick, "Dictatorships and Double Standards," Commentary 68 (November 1979): 34-35; Smith, America's Mission, 264. For a discussion of the Carter-Schmidt policy disagreements see Neustadt and May, Thinking in Time, 187-90.
80. Jeane Kirkpatrick, "Dictatorships and Double Standards," Commentary 68 (November 1979): 34-35; Smith, America's Mission, 264. For a discussion of the Carter-Schmidt policy disagreements see Neustadt and May, Thinking in Time, 187-90.
81. For Carter's own account of his naval career see Jimmy Carter, Why Not the Best? (Nashville, 1975), 41-54. See also Jimmy Carter's U.S. Naval File, William W. Jeffries Memorial Archives, Annapolis, Maryland, and Jimmy Carter's U.S. Naval Service Record, U.S. Military Archives, St. Louis, Missouri. (Both issued to author by request of President Carter.)
82. Author interview with Jimmy Carter, 1 March 1994.
83. Martin Walker, "What's Important to Remember about Jimmy Carter," The Washington Post, national weekly edition, 27 June-3 July 1994.
84. Martin Walker, The Cold War: A History (New York, 1994), 244-68.
85. Jimmy Carter to Andrei Sakharov, 5 February 1977, Carter Library. See also manuscript draft of Strong, Working in the World: Jimmy Carter and the Making of American Foreign Policy, chap 3, "A Tale of Two Letters: Human Rights, Sakharov and Somoza."
86. Smith, America's Mission, 239-65; Walker, "What's Important to Remember about Jimmy Carter."
87. Smith, America's Mission, 239-65; Walker, "What's Important to Remember about Jimmy Carter."
88. Norman Podhoretz, "The Reagan Road to Détente," Foreign Affairs 63 (Winter 1984/ 1985): 447-64;
89. "Reagan, Man of Peace," New York Times, 13 June 1984.
90. Walker, "What's Important to Remember about Jimmy Carter."
91. For a marvelous collection of essays on presidential life after the White House see Richard Norton Smith and Timothy Walch, eds., Farewell to the Chief: Former Presidents in American Public Life (Worland, WY, 1990).
92. Carter, Keeping Faith, 575.
93. Elizabeth Kurylo, "Historians Are Having a Field Day Studying President's Copious Notes," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 8 March 1992.
94. John Lukas, "Revising the Twentieth Century," American Heritage 45 (September 1994); Barry Goldwater quoted in Parade (April 1995); Benjamin Hooks to Kline, 21 January-1982, Vertical Files, folder: Biography, Carter Assessment of, 1981-1983; author interview with Anthony Lewis, 16 October 1995.
95. John Lukas, "Revising the Twentieth Century," American Heritage 45 (September 1994); Barry Goldwater quoted in Parade (April 1995); Benjamin Hooks to Kline, 21 January-1982, Vertical Files, folder: Biography, Carter Assessment of, 1981-1983; author interview with Anthony Lewis, 16 October 1995.
96. Kai Bird, "The Very Model of an Ex-President," The Nation, 12 November 1990; "Jimmy, We Hardly Knew Ye," Wall Street Journal, 18 July 1989; Mark J. Rozell, "Carter Rehabilitated: What Caused the 39th President's Press Transition?" Presidential Studies Quarterly 23 (Spring 1993): 317-30.
97. Kai Bird, "The Very Model of an Ex-President," The Nation, 12 November 1990; "Jimmy, We Hardly Knew Ye," Wall Street Journal, 18 July 1989; Mark J. Rozell, "Carter Rehabilitated: What Caused the 39th President's Press Transition?" Presidential Studies Quarterly 23 (Spring 1993): 317-30.
98. Kai Bird, "The Very Model of an Ex-President," The Nation, 12 November 1990; "Jimmy, We Hardly Knew Ye," Wall Street Journal, 18 July 1989; Mark J. Rozell, "Carter Rehabilitated: What Caused the 39th President's Press Transition?" Presidential Studies Quarterly 23 (Spring 1993): 317-30.
99. For Carter's work in Africa see Douglas Brinkley, "Bringing the Green Revolution to Africa: Jimmy Carter, Norman Borlaug, and the Global 2000 Campaign," World Policy Journal (Spring 1996): 53-62.
100. The Riddings-McIver Presidential Poll, Presidential Studies Quarterly 25 (Spring 1995): 375-77; author interview with Jimmy Carter, 11 October 1995.
101. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr., 209. Carter considers the Alaska Lands Act and Camp David his two greatest presidential accomplishments.
102. Douglas Brinkley, "Jimmy Carter's Modest Quest for Global Peace," Foreign Affairs 74:6 (1995): 90-100; Jimmy Carter trip report, 28 February 1996, Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; author interview with Richard Holbrooke, 11 February 1996; Wall Street Journal, 30 September 1994.
103. Douglas Brinkley, "Jimmy Carter's Modest Quest for Global Peace," Foreign Affairs 74:6 (1995): 90-100; Jimmy Carter trip report, 28 February 1996, Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; author interview with Richard Holbrooke, 11 February 1996; Wall Street Journal, 30 September 1994.
104. Mary E. King, draft manuscript of intifada book; and Douglas Brinkley, Carter-Arafat meeting notes, 19 January 1996.
105. Brinkley, "Jimmy Carter's Modest Quest for Global Peace."