NATO enlargement: Brussels as the heir of Moscow

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 45, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 44-55

  Jones, Christopher ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0005437346     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10758216.1998.11655798     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. These descriptions of NATO civil-military relations can be found in chapter 1 of the September 1995 "Study on NATO Enlargement" available at www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/enl-9506.htm.
2. Letter to the editor, New York Times (February 13, 1998).
3. Christopher Donnelly, "Defense Transformation in the New Democracies: A Framework for Tackling the Problem," NATO Review (January 1997): 15-19. For in-depth historical and political analysis of the issues raised by Donnelly, see Jeffrey Simon, NATO Enlargement and Central Europe: A Study in Civil-Military Relations (Washington, DC: National Defense University, 1996).
4. Christopher Donnelly, "Defense Transformation in the New Democracies: A Framework for Tackling the Problem," NATO Review (January 1997): 15-19. For in-depth historical and political analysis of the issues raised by Donnelly, see Jeffrey Simon, NATO Enlargement and Central Europe: A Study in Civil-Military Relations (Washington, DC: National Defense University, 1996).
5. Richard M. Dalfiume, Desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces: Fighting on Two Fronts, 1939-1953 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1969).
6. This complex interaction of military and economic integration answers the question posed by Alvin Z. Rubinstein: "If NATO membership is all it takes to transform non-democratic societies and to ensure their future well-being, then why not extend this felicitous procedure to the countries of Central America, Central Africa, and the Middle East? Experience teaches us otherwise: Mere membership in a military alliance cannot remake a society's political culture." ("Should Russia Join NATO? The Unheard Case Against NATO Enlargement," Problems of Post-Communism 44, no. 3 [May-June 1997]: 52-60).
7. David P. Calleo, Beyond American Hegemony: The Future of the Western Alliance (New York: Basic Books, 1987), pp. 110-14.
8. Ibid., especially chapter 3.
9. Ibid., pp. 109-114.
10. John Gerard Ruggie, Winning the Peace: America and World Order in the New Era (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
11. Quoted in John Pindar, European Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 1.
12. John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 200-201, 285-86. Gaddis credits this argument to Geir Lundestad, The American "Empire" and Other Studies of U.S. Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
13. John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 200-201, 285-86. Gaddis credits this argument to Geir Lundestad, The American "Empire" and Other Studies of U.S. Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
14. Richard J. Samuels, Rich Nation, Strong Army: National Security and the Technological Transformation of Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994).
15. Jacques S. Gansler, Defense Conversion: Transforming the Arsenal of Democracy (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996).
16. Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987).
17. "Documentation: Defense Expenditures of NATO Countries, 1975-1997," NATO Review, no. 1 (spring 1998): D-15, table 3.
18. John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), p. 359.
19. "Documentation: Defense Expenditures."
20. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959).
21. M.I. Semiriaga, A.S. Antosiak, and P.M. Drevanko, eds., Zarozhdenie armii-stran-uchastnits Varshavskogo dogovora (The Birth of the Militaries of the Member States of the Warsaw Pact) (Moscow: Nauka, 1975), pp. 17-18, 61-62, 115-31.
22. Teresa Rakowska Harmstone and Christopher Jones, Warsaw Pact, The Question of Cohesion: Phase II (Ottawa: Department of National Defense, 1985).
23. Ibid.
24. Christopher Jones, "Protection from One's Friends: The Disintegration of the Warsaw Pact," in Soviet Military Strategy and the New Military Thinking, ed. Derek Leebaert and Timothy Dickinson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
25. Teresa Rakowska Harmstone, The Warsaw Pact: Political and Military Integration (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1990).
26. For somewhat different views of these questions, see Civil-Military Relations in Post Communist States: Central and Eastern Europe in Transition, ed. Anton Bebler (Westport: Praeger, 1997), and Civil-Military Relations in the Soviet and Yugoslav Successor States, ed. Constantine Danopolous and Daniel Zirker (Boulder: Westview, 1996).
27. For somewhat different views of these questions, see Civil-Military Relations in Post Communist States: Central and Eastern Europe in Transition, ed. Anton Bebler (Westport: Praeger, 1997), and Civil-Military Relations in the Soviet and Yugoslav Successor States, ed. Constantine Danopolous and Daniel Zirker (Boulder: Westview, 1996).
28. A.A. Epishev, Ideologicheskaia bor'ba po voennym voprosam (Ideological Struggle in Military Questions) (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1974), pp. 71-72.
29. Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, Big Brother: The Soviet Union and Soviet Europe (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1987), pp. 221-96. See also Rakowska-Harmstone, Warsaw Pact Political and Military Integration.
30. Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, Big Brother: The Soviet Union and Soviet Europe (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1987), pp. 221-96. See also Rakowska-Harmstone, Warsaw Pact Political and Military Integration.
31. Simon, NATO Enlargement, chapter 8.
32. "Havel Speech Remembers 1938," Prague Domestic Service, reported in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: Eastern Europe [hereafter, FBIS:EEU] (March 16, 1990): 14-16.
33. Andrew A. Michta, Red Eagle: The Army in Polish Politics, 1944-1988 (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1990). See also Michta, The Soldier-Citizen: The Politics of the Polish Army After Communism (New York: St. Martin's, 1997)
34. Andrew A. Michta, Red Eagle: The Army in Polish Politics, 1944-1988 (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1990). See also Michta, The Soldier-Citizen: The Politics of the Polish Army After Communism (New York: St. Martin's, 1997)
35. Ibid., and Andrew A. Michta, "Civil-Military Relations in Poland After 1989: The Outer Limits of Change," Problems of Post-Communism 44, no. 2 (March-April 1997): 57-65.
36. Ibid., and Andrew A. Michta, "Civil-Military Relations in Poland After 1989: The Outer Limits of Change," Problems of Post-Communism 44, no. 2 (March-April 1997): 57-65.
37. New York Times (September 28, 1997), and Daily Telegraph (October 21, 1997).
38. New York Times (September 28, 1997), and Daily Telegraph (October 21, 1997).
39. "Pact Demilitarization to Begin 1 January 1991," Budapest Domestic Service (June 7, 1990), reported in FBIS:EEU (June 8, 1990): 1-5.
40. Congressional Record-House (February 21, 1990): H-392-95.
41. "Havel's 10 May Speech at the Council of Europe," Lidové noviny (May 11, 1990), reported in FBIS:EEU (May 17, 1990): 8-13.
42. New York Times (February 24, 1990); Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), Daily Report (October 22,1991).
43. New York Times (February 24, 1990); Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), Daily Report (October 22,1991).
44. Jan Arveds Trapans, "National Security Concepts in Central and Eastern Europe," NATO Review (November-December 1997): 23-26.
45. The termembedded multi-lateralism is an adaptation of John Ruggie's concept of "embedded liberalism," which he uses to describe the NATO/EU system. See John Gerard Ruggie, Winning the Peace: America and World Order in the New Era (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
46. I.I. Iakubovski, ed., Boevoe sodruzhestvo bratskikh narodov i armii (The Combat Confederation of the Fraternal Armies and Peoples) (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1975), pp. 138-39.
47. In Ruggie's definition, embedded liberalism, which applies to the NATO/EU system, is directly linked to a kind of New Deal liberalism at home in which the state provides social-insurance buffers that protect citizens from the fluctuations of the world market. He expands this concept on the relationship of domestic politics and international politics further in John Gerard Ruggie, "The Past as Prologue: Interests and Identities in American Foreign Policy," International Security 21, no. 4 (spring 1997): 89-125
48. The Yugoslav Concept of General People's Defense, ed. Alexander Vukotic et al. (Belgrade: Medunarodna Politika, 1970); National Defense: The Romanian View, ed. Iulian Cernat et al. (Bucharest: Military Publishing House, 1976). For Albania, see Mehmet Shehu, A propos de l'expérience de la guerre de libération nationale et du développement de notre armée nationale (Regarding the Experience of the War of National Liberation and the Development of Our National [Albanian] Army) (Paris: Editions GIT-LeCoeur, 1969).
49. Robin M. Williams, "The Wars Within: People and States in Conflict," paper presented as the Earl and Edna Sticke Lecture in Social Science, University of Washington, Seattle, October 1997.
50. James Gow, Legitimacy and the Military: The Yugoslav Crisis (New York: St. Martin's, 1992).
51. "Study on NATO Enlargement."
52. Wall Street Journal (October 28, 1997).
53. Henry H. Gaffhey, Jr., "Why NATO Should Not Be Expanded Without Russia," Center for Naval Analyses, Alexandria, Virginia, October 1995.
54. See James E. Goodby, Europe Undivided: The New Logic of Peace in U.S.-Russian Relations (Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1998). The 1997 documents establishing these bodies are in Summit: Madrid - July 8-9, 1997 (NATO Press Information).
55. The most elaborate case for this argument is that of Michael Mandelbaum, The Dawn of Peace in Europe (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1996).