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Volumn 30, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 25-41

Does peacebuilding build peace? Liberal (Mis)steps in the peace process

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EID: 0005031428     PISSN: 09670106     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0967010699030001003     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (36)

References (71)
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    • note
    • NATO's stabilization missions (SFOR) and the missions which ended in January 1998 to rebuild the police force and the civil affairs bureau conducted by the United Nations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMBH).
  • 4
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    • New York: United Nations, 2nd edition, (reference is to 1992 text)
    • Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace (New York: United Nations, 2nd edition, 1995), p. 46 (reference is to 1992 text).
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    • references are to the edition
    • Ibid., pp. 19-20 (references are to the 1995 edition).
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    • Ebenhausen: Research Institute for International Affairs, July
    • See report on the Berlin Conference edited by Winrich Kühne, Winning the Peace. Concept and Lessons Learned of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding (Ebenhausen: Research Institute for International Affairs, July 1996). An 'exclusivist' outlook linking peacebuilding to a political, not developmental, activity is clearly delineated by John Cockell when he writes: 'peacebuilding requires a distinct operational objective that should not simply be imported from the development community'. See John Cockell, 'Peacebuilding and Human Security: Frameworks for International Responses to Internal Conflict', paper presented at the joint conference of the Pan-European International Relations and International Studies Association, Vienna, September 1998, p. 22.
    • (1996) Winning the Peace. Concept and Lessons Learned of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding
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    • Peacebuilding and human security: Frameworks for international responses to internal conflict
    • Vienna, September
    • See report on the Berlin Conference edited by Winrich Kühne, Winning the Peace. Concept and Lessons Learned of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding (Ebenhausen: Research Institute for International Affairs, July 1996). An 'exclusivist' outlook linking peacebuilding to a political, not developmental, activity is clearly delineated by John Cockell when he writes: 'peacebuilding requires a distinct operational objective that should not simply be imported from the development community'. See John Cockell, 'Peacebuilding and Human Security: Frameworks for International Responses to Internal Conflict', paper presented at the joint conference of the Pan-European International Relations and International Studies Association, Vienna, September 1998, p. 22.
    • (1998) Joint Conference of the Pan-European International Relations and International Studies Association , pp. 22
    • Cockell, J.1
  • 11
    • 0004235791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (reference to 1995 text)
    • This is what could be inferred from Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Agenda for Peace, p. 22 (reference to 1995 text), as well as from An Agenda for Development (New York: United Nations, 1994), pp. 5-6; the developmental perspective on peacebuilding has been studied by Jean-François Rioux & Robin Hay, 'La convergence entre développement, paix et sécurité', Note de recherche, Montréal, Teleglobe Raoul-Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic Studies, November 1997; by Kenneth Bush, 'Towards a Balanced Approach to Rebuilding War-Torn Societies', Canadian Foreign Policy, vol. 3, Winter 1995, pp. 49-53; and by Necla Tschirgi, 'Defining Peacebuilding', DFAIT-NGO Peacebuilding Consultations, Ottawa, DFAIT, 7 February 1997.
    • Agenda for Peace , pp. 22
    • Boutros-Ghali, B.1
  • 12
    • 0013618439 scopus 로고
    • New York: United Nations
    • This is what could be inferred from Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Agenda for Peace, p. 22 (reference to 1995 text), as well as from An Agenda for Development (New York: United Nations, 1994), pp. 5-6; the developmental perspective on peacebuilding has been studied by Jean-François Rioux & Robin Hay, 'La convergence entre développement, paix et sécurité', Note de recherche, Montréal, Teleglobe Raoul-Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic Studies, November 1997; by Kenneth Bush, 'Towards a Balanced Approach to Rebuilding War-Torn Societies', Canadian Foreign Policy, vol. 3, Winter 1995, pp. 49-53; and by Necla Tschirgi, 'Defining Peacebuilding', DFAIT-NGO Peacebuilding Consultations, Ottawa, DFAIT, 7 February 1997.
    • (1994) An Agenda for Development , pp. 5-6
  • 13
    • 85034122886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • La convergence entre développement, paix et sécurité
    • Montréal, Teleglobe Raoul-Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic Studies, November
    • This is what could be inferred from Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Agenda for Peace, p. 22 (reference to 1995 text), as well as from An Agenda for Development (New York: United Nations, 1994), pp. 5-6; the developmental perspective on peacebuilding has been studied by Jean-François Rioux & Robin Hay, 'La convergence entre développement, paix et sécurité', Note de recherche, Montréal, Teleglobe Raoul-Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic Studies, November 1997; by Kenneth Bush, 'Towards a Balanced Approach to Rebuilding War-Torn Societies', Canadian Foreign Policy, vol. 3, Winter 1995, pp. 49-53; and by Necla Tschirgi, 'Defining Peacebuilding', DFAIT-NGO Peacebuilding Consultations, Ottawa, DFAIT, 7 February 1997.
    • (1997) Note de Recherche
    • Rioux, J.-F.1    Robin, H.2
  • 14
    • 84922180771 scopus 로고
    • Towards a balanced approach to rebuilding war-torn societies
    • Winter
    • This is what could be inferred from Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Agenda for Peace, p. 22 (reference to 1995 text), as well as from An Agenda for Development (New York: United Nations, 1994), pp. 5-6; the developmental perspective on peacebuilding has been studied by Jean-François Rioux & Robin Hay, 'La convergence entre développement, paix et sécurité', Note de recherche, Montréal, Teleglobe Raoul-Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic Studies, November 1997; by Kenneth Bush, 'Towards a Balanced Approach to Rebuilding War-Torn Societies', Canadian Foreign Policy, vol. 3, Winter 1995, pp. 49-53; and by Necla Tschirgi, 'Defining Peacebuilding', DFAIT-NGO Peacebuilding Consultations, Ottawa, DFAIT, 7 February 1997.
    • (1995) Canadian Foreign Policy , vol.3 , pp. 49-53
    • Bush, K.1
  • 15
    • 85015221357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining peacebuilding
    • Ottawa, DFAIT, 7 February
    • This is what could be inferred from Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Agenda for Peace, p. 22 (reference to 1995 text), as well as from An Agenda for Development (New York: United Nations, 1994), pp. 5-6; the developmental perspective on peacebuilding has been studied by Jean-François Rioux & Robin Hay, 'La convergence entre développement, paix et sécurité', Note de recherche, Montréal, Teleglobe Raoul-Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic Studies, November 1997; by Kenneth Bush, 'Towards a Balanced Approach to Rebuilding War-Torn Societies', Canadian Foreign Policy, vol. 3, Winter 1995, pp. 49-53; and by Necla Tschirgi, 'Defining Peacebuilding', DFAIT-NGO Peacebuilding Consultations, Ottawa, DFAIT, 7 February 1997.
    • (1997) DFAIT-NGO Peacebuilding Consultations
    • Tschirgi, N.1
  • 16
    • 85050710102 scopus 로고
    • The potential for peacebuilding: Forging a bridge from peacekeeping to peacemaking
    • Ronald Fisher, 'The Potential for Peacebuilding: Forging a Bridge from Peacekeeping to Peacemaking', Peace and Change, no. 18, 1993. Interestingly, the 1995 version of An Agenda for Peace is more 'synergist' whereas that of 1992 is clearly more 'gradualist'.
    • (1993) Peace and Change , Issue.18
    • Fisher, R.1
  • 17
    • 0004235790 scopus 로고
    • Ronald Fisher, 'The Potential for Peacebuilding: Forging a Bridge from Peacekeeping to Peacemaking', Peace and Change, no. 18, 1993. Interestingly, the 1995 version of An Agenda for Peace is more 'synergist' whereas that of 1992 is clearly more 'gradualist'.
    • (1995) An Agenda for Peace
  • 18
    • 0003548392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press
    • John Paul Lederach presents his holistic view of peacebuilding in Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997), pp. 73-85, a view somewhat shared by John Cockell (see note 9 above), pp. 8-10.
    • (1997) Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies , pp. 73-85
    • Lederach, J.P.1
  • 19
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    • see note 9 above
    • John Paul Lederach presents his holistic view of peacebuilding in Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997), pp. 73-85, a view somewhat shared by John Cockell (see note 9 above), pp. 8-10.
    • Cockell, J.1
  • 20
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    • see note 9 above
    • Boutros Boutros-Ghali reasserts: 'the primary condition for the engagement of the United Nations in post-conflict peacebuilding must be consent of the parties concerned', in Kühne (see note 9 above), p. x. Eva Bertram has added that at a minimum the government exercising power must give its consent; see Eva Bertram, 'Reinventing Governments: The Promise and Perils of Peace Building', Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 39, no. 3, September 1995, pp. 387-418.
    • Kühne1
  • 21
    • 84970398586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reinventing governments: The promise and perils of peace building
    • September
    • Boutros Boutros-Ghali reasserts: 'the primary condition for the engagement of the United Nations in post-conflict peacebuilding must be consent of the parties concerned', in Kühne (see note 9 above), p. x. Eva Bertram has added that at a minimum the government exercising power must give its consent; see Eva Bertram, 'Reinventing Governments: The Promise and Perils of Peace Building', Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 39, no. 3, September 1995, pp. 387-418.
    • (1995) Journal of Conflict Resolution , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 387-418
    • Bertram, E.1
  • 23
    • 0031484102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peacebuilding and the limits of liberal internationalism
    • Fall
    • These studies deal with the following cases: Namibia, Cambodia, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Mozambique, Angola, Rwanda, and Bosnia. In Paris' view, the only positive outcome was in Namibia. See Roland Paris, 'Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism', International Security, vol. 22, Fall 1997, pp. 54-89.
    • (1997) International Security , vol.22 , pp. 54-89
    • Paris, R.1
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    • Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press
    • On peacemaking, see Fen Osler Hampson, Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996), pp. 3-25; and Chester A. Crocker & Fen Osler Hampson, 'Making Peace Settlements Work', Foreign Policy, no. 104, Fall 1996, pp. 54-71.
    • (1996) Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail , pp. 3-25
    • Hampson, F.O.1
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    • Making peace settlements work
    • Fall
    • On peacemaking, see Fen Osler Hampson, Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996), pp. 3-25; and Chester A. Crocker & Fen Osler Hampson, 'Making Peace Settlements Work', Foreign Policy, no. 104, Fall 1996, pp. 54-71.
    • (1996) Foreign Policy , vol.104 , pp. 54-71
    • Crocker, C.A.1    Hampson, F.O.2
  • 26
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    • Ending civil wars
    • March
    • Charles King, 'Ending Civil Wars', Adelphi Papers, no. 308, March 1997.
    • (1997) Adelphi Papers , Issue.308
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    • UN interventions in civil wars: Imperatives of choice and strategy
    • Donald Daniel & Bradd Hayes, eds, Basingstoke: Macmillan
    • Stephen John Stedman, 'UN Interventions in Civil Wars: Imperatives of Choice and Strategy', in Donald Daniel & Bradd Hayes, eds, Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995), on p. 56.
    • (1995) Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping , pp. 56
    • Stedman, S.J.1
  • 29
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    • Spoiler problems in peace processes
    • Fall
    • Stephen John Stedman, 'Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes', International Security, vol. 22, no. 2, Fall 1997, pp. 5-53.
    • (1997) International Security , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 5-53
    • Stedman, S.J.1
  • 30
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    • see note 17 above
    • King (see note 17 above), p. 25.
    • King1
  • 31
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    • Somalia and the future of Humanitarian intervention
    • March-April
    • Walter Clarke & Jeffrey Herbst, 'Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention', Foreign Affairs, vol. 75, March-April 1996, pp. 70-85.
    • (1996) Foreign Affairs , vol.75 , pp. 70-85
    • Clarke, W.1    Herbst, J.2
  • 32
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    • The delusion of impartial intervention
    • November-December
    • Richard Betts, 'The Delusion of Impartial Intervention', Foreign Affairs, vol. 73, November-December 1994, pp. 20-33.
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    • Alchemy for a new world order: Overselling "preventive diplomacy'"
    • May-June
    • Stephen John Stedman, 'Alchemy for a New World Order: Overselling "Preventive Diplomacy'", Foreign Affairs, vol. 74, no. 3, May-June 1995, pp. 14-20, on p. 20.
    • (1995) Foreign Affairs , vol.74 , Issue.3 , pp. 14-20
    • Stedman, S.J.1
  • 34
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    • see note 17
    • This analysis is inspired by Charles King (see note 17), pp. 29-53. See also Bertram (see note 13 above), pp. 396-400 and 405-406.
    • King, C.1
  • 35
    • 85034150620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see note 13 above, and 405-406
    • This analysis is inspired by Charles King (see note 17), pp. 29-53. See also Bertram (see note 13 above), pp. 396-400 and 405-406.
    • Bertram1
  • 36
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    • The consequences of negotiated settlements in civil wars, 1945-1993
    • September
    • Roy Licklider, 'The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993', American Political Science Review, vol. 89, no.3, September 1995, pp. 681-690.
    • (1995) American Political Science Review , vol.89 , Issue.3 , pp. 681-690
    • Licklider, R.1
  • 37
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    • The only exit from Bosnia
    • 7 October
    • John Mearsheimer, 'The Only Exit From Bosnia', New York Times, 7 October 1997, p. A-13; see also similar arguments by Maynard Glitman, 'US Policy in Bosnia: A Flawed Approach', Survival, vol. 38, Winter 1996-97, pp. 66-83; James Schear, 'Bosnia's Post-Dayton Traumas', Foreign Policy, no. 104, Fall 1996, pp. 87-101; and Jane M.O. Sharp, 'Dayton Report Card', International Security, vol. 22, Winter 1997-98, pp. 101-137.
    • (1997) New York Times
    • Mearsheimer, J.1
  • 38
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    • US policy in Bosnia: A flawed approach
    • Winter
    • John Mearsheimer, 'The Only Exit From Bosnia', New York Times, 7 October 1997, p. A-13; see also similar arguments by Maynard Glitman, 'US Policy in Bosnia: A Flawed Approach', Survival, vol. 38, Winter 1996-97, pp. 66-83; James Schear, 'Bosnia's Post-Dayton Traumas', Foreign Policy, no. 104, Fall 1996, pp. 87-101; and Jane M.O. Sharp, 'Dayton Report Card', International Security, vol. 22, Winter 1997-98, pp. 101-137.
    • (1996) Survival , vol.38 , pp. 66-83
    • Glitman, M.1
  • 39
    • 84937273822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bosnia's post-dayton traumas
    • Fall
    • John Mearsheimer, 'The Only Exit From Bosnia', New York Times, 7 October 1997, p. A-13; see also similar arguments by Maynard Glitman, 'US Policy in Bosnia: A Flawed Approach', Survival, vol. 38, Winter 1996-97, pp. 66-83; James Schear, 'Bosnia's Post-Dayton Traumas', Foreign Policy, no. 104, Fall 1996, pp. 87-101; and Jane M.O. Sharp, 'Dayton Report Card', International Security, vol. 22, Winter 1997-98, pp. 101-137.
    • (1996) Foreign Policy , Issue.104 , pp. 87-101
    • Schear, J.1
  • 40
    • 0039562006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dayton report card
    • Winter
    • John Mearsheimer, 'The Only Exit From Bosnia', New York Times, 7 October 1997, p. A-13; see also similar arguments by Maynard Glitman, 'US Policy in Bosnia: A Flawed Approach', Survival, vol. 38, Winter 1996-97, pp. 66-83; James Schear, 'Bosnia's Post-Dayton Traumas', Foreign Policy, no. 104, Fall 1996, pp. 87-101; and Jane M.O. Sharp, 'Dayton Report Card', International Security, vol. 22, Winter 1997-98, pp. 101-137.
    • (1997) International Security , vol.22 , pp. 101-137
    • Sharp, J.M.O.1
  • 41
    • 0031414328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 9 above
    • Here we are dealing here only with the electoral aspect of the democratic transition, but the judicial and penal dimensions are equally essential to accomplish this transition. See Kühne (note 9 above), pp. 81-95, and Krishna Kumar, Rebuilding Societies After Civil War. Critical Roles for International Assistance (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1997), pp. 9-11.
    • Kühne1
  • 42
    • 0031414328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner
    • Here we are dealing here only with the electoral aspect of the democratic transition, but the judicial and penal dimensions are equally essential to accomplish this transition. See Kühne (note 9 above), pp. 81-95, and Krishna Kumar, Rebuilding Societies After Civil War. Critical Roles for International Assistance (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1997), pp. 9-11.
    • (1997) Rebuilding Societies After Civil War. Critical Roles for International Assistance , pp. 9-11
    • Kumar, K.1
  • 43
    • 5844407887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In search of democratic peace: Problems and promise
    • May
    • The equation should rather be made between the republican form of government and perpetual peace, as elaborated in Kantian philosophy, i.e. the pre-eminence of the rule of law and of the principle of individual liberty. Kant remained skeptical, however, about the rule of majority consent, and according to Steve Chan would not have considered himself a 'democrat' if that rule be taken to mean respect for popular will; see Steve Chan, 'In Search of Democratic Peace: Problems and Promise', Mershon International Studies Review, vol. 41, May 1997, pp. 59-92, on p. 64.
    • (1997) Mershon International Studies Review , vol.41 , pp. 59-92
    • Chan, S.1
  • 44
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    • The space of peace-maintenance
    • See the empirical studies by Jarat Chopra, 'The Space of Peace-Maintenance', Political Geography, vol. 15, no. 3/4, 1996, pp. 335-357; Paris (note 15 above), pp. 64-73; Stephen John Stedman, 'Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes', pp. 19-44, and 'UN Intervention in Civil Wars', pp. 40-52; Kühne (note 9 above), pp. 11-47; and Sonia Han, 'Building a Peace that Lasts: The United Nations and Post-Civil War Peace-building', Journal of International Law and Politics, vol. 26, Summer 1994, pp. 843-867.
    • (1996) Political Geography , vol.15 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 335-357
    • Chopra, J.1
  • 45
    • 0000661790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 15 above
    • See the empirical studies by Jarat Chopra, 'The Space of Peace-Maintenance', Political Geography, vol. 15, no. 3/4, 1996, pp. 335-357; Paris (note 15 above), pp. 64-73; Stephen John Stedman, 'Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes', pp. 19-44, and 'UN Intervention in Civil Wars', pp. 40-52; Kühne (note 9 above), pp. 11-47; and Sonia Han, 'Building a Peace that Lasts: The United Nations and Post-Civil War Peace-building', Journal of International Law and Politics, vol. 26, Summer 1994, pp. 843-867.
    • Paris1
  • 46
    • 0000661790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the empirical studies by Jarat Chopra, 'The Space of Peace-Maintenance', Political Geography, vol. 15, no. 3/4, 1996, pp. 335-357; Paris (note 15 above), pp. 64-73; Stephen John Stedman, 'Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes', pp. 19-44, and 'UN Intervention in Civil Wars', pp. 40-52; Kühne (note 9 above), pp. 11-47; and Sonia Han, 'Building a Peace that Lasts: The United Nations and Post-Civil War Peace-building', Journal of International Law and Politics, vol. 26, Summer 1994, pp. 843-867.
    • Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes , pp. 19-44
    • Stedman, S.J.1
  • 47
    • 0000661790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the empirical studies by Jarat Chopra, 'The Space of Peace-Maintenance', Political Geography, vol. 15, no. 3/4, 1996, pp. 335-357; Paris (note 15 above), pp. 64-73; Stephen John Stedman, 'Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes', pp. 19-44, and 'UN Intervention in Civil Wars', pp. 40-52; Kühne (note 9 above), pp. 11-47; and Sonia Han, 'Building a Peace that Lasts: The United Nations and Post-Civil War Peace-building', Journal of International Law and Politics, vol. 26, Summer 1994, pp. 843-867.
    • UN Intervention in Civil Wars , pp. 40-52
  • 48
    • 0000661790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (note 9 above)
    • See the empirical studies by Jarat Chopra, 'The Space of Peace-Maintenance', Political Geography, vol. 15, no. 3/4, 1996, pp. 335-357; Paris (note 15 above), pp. 64-73; Stephen John Stedman, 'Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes', pp. 19-44, and 'UN Intervention in Civil Wars', pp. 40-52; Kühne (note 9 above), pp. 11-47; and Sonia Han, 'Building a Peace that Lasts: The United Nations and Post-Civil War Peace-building', Journal of International Law and Politics, vol. 26, Summer 1994, pp. 843-867.
    • Kühne1
  • 49
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    • Building a peace that lasts: The united nations and post-civil war peace-building
    • Summer
    • See the empirical studies by Jarat Chopra, 'The Space of Peace-Maintenance', Political Geography, vol. 15, no. 3/4, 1996, pp. 335-357; Paris (note 15 above), pp. 64-73; Stephen John Stedman, 'Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes', pp. 19-44, and 'UN Intervention in Civil Wars', pp. 40-52; Kühne (note 9 above), pp. 11-47; and Sonia Han, 'Building a Peace that Lasts: The United Nations and Post-Civil War Peace-building', Journal of International Law and Politics, vol. 26, Summer 1994, pp. 843-867.
    • (1994) Journal of International Law and Politics , vol.26 , pp. 843-867
    • Sonia, H.1
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    • 11 December
    • Even in Haiti, which is a successful example of peacebuilding, a culture of brutality persists and the recent elections have exacerbated political divisions. 'Haiti shows why outsiders should not count on rapidly changing a political culture deformed by centuries of dictatorship', comments the New York Times, 11 December 1997, p. A-12.
    • (1997) New York Times
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    • see note 15 above
    • Paris (see note 15 above), p. 75.
    • Paris1
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    • see note 28 above
    • Kumar (see note 28 above), p. 8.
    • Kumar1
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    • Democratization and ethnic conflict
    • Summer
    • Ethnic rivalries are a fertile ground for scapegoating; the case is convincingly argued by Renée De Nevers in 'Democratization and Ethnic Conflict', Survival, vol. 35, Summer 1993, pp. 31-48; and V.P. Gagnon, 'Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict', International Security, vol. 19, Winter 1994-95, pp. 331-367.
    • (1993) Survival , vol.35 , pp. 31-48
    • De Nevers, R.1
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    • Ethnic nationalism and international conflict
    • Winter
    • Ethnic rivalries are a fertile ground for scapegoating; the case is convincingly argued by Renée De Nevers in 'Democratization and Ethnic Conflict', Survival, vol. 35, Summer 1993, pp. 31-48; and V.P. Gagnon, 'Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict', International Security, vol. 19, Winter 1994-95, pp. 331-367.
    • (1994) International Security , vol.19 , pp. 331-367
    • Gagnon, V.P.1
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    • Democratization and the danger of war
    • Summer
    • Edward D. Mansfield & Jack Snyder, 'Democratization and the Danger of War', International Security, vol. 20, no. 1, Summer 1995, pp. 5-38, on p. 8. Mohammed Ayoub notes that in European history 'democracy emerged as the final stage of the statebuilding process' (and not the first), an observation which, in his view, is still more pertinent for the Third World; see 'State Making, State Breaking, and State Failure', in Crocker et al. (see note 8 above), p. 47.
    • (1995) International Security , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-38
    • Mansfield, E.D.1    Snyder, J.2
  • 56
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    • (see note 8 above)
    • Edward D. Mansfield & Jack Snyder, 'Democratization and the Danger of War', International Security, vol. 20, no. 1, Summer 1995, pp. 5-38, on p. 8. Mohammed Ayoub notes that in European history 'democracy emerged as the final stage of the statebuilding process' (and not the first), an observation which, in his view, is still more pertinent for the Third World; see 'State Making, State Breaking, and State Failure', in Crocker et al. (see note 8 above), p. 47.
    • State Making, State Breaking, and State Failure , pp. 47
    • Crocker1
  • 57
    • 85034143694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see note 9 above
    • Kühne (see note 9 above), p. xxv.
    • Kühne1
  • 58
    • 85034121418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 92.
  • 60
    • 0004616144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rise of illiberal democracy
    • November-December
    • Fareed Zakaria, 'The Rise of Illiberal Democracy', Foreign Affairs, vol. 76, November-December 1997, pp. 28, 35. The thesis is also supported by 'The Staff Report on Building Peace Through Good Governance', Peace Initiatives, vol. 3, March-April 1997, pp. 60-70.
    • (1997) Foreign Affairs , vol.76 , pp. 28
    • Zakaria, F.1
  • 61
    • 0004616144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The staff report on building peace through good governance
    • March-April
    • Fareed Zakaria, 'The Rise of Illiberal Democracy', Foreign Affairs, vol. 76, November-December 1997, pp. 28, 35. The thesis is also supported by 'The Staff Report on Building Peace Through Good Governance', Peace Initiatives, vol. 3, March-April 1997, pp. 60-70.
    • (1997) Peace Initiatives , vol.3 , pp. 60-70
  • 62
    • 85034118759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see note 28 above
    • Kumar (see note 28 above), p. 15.
    • Kumar1
  • 63
    • 85034146402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Our analysis of these economic situations is indebted to Paris's study (see note 15 above)
    • Our analysis of these economic situations is indebted to Paris's study (see note 15 above), pp. 66-70.
  • 65
    • 85034122836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rulers, the ruled and the African reality
    • 20 September
    • 'The Rulers, the Ruled and the African Reality', The Economist, 20 September 1997, p. 49.
    • (1997) The Economist , pp. 49
  • 66
    • 85034119119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see note 9 above
    • Kühne (see note 9 above), p. 75.
    • Kühne1
  • 67
    • 0040230341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond post-conflict peacebuilding: What links to sustainable development and human security?
    • Summer
    • Timothy Shaw, 'Beyond Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: What Links to Sustainable Development and Human Security?' International Peacekeeping, vol. 3, Summer 1996, p. 41; see also Jeremy Ginifer, 'Development and the UN Peace Mission: A New Interface Required?' International Peacekeeping, vol. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 3-13.
    • (1996) International Peacekeeping , vol.3 , pp. 41
    • Shaw, T.1
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    • Development and the UN peace mission: A new interface required?
    • Summer
    • Timothy Shaw, 'Beyond Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: What Links to Sustainable Development and Human Security?' International Peacekeeping, vol. 3, Summer 1996, p. 41; see also Jeremy Ginifer, 'Development and the UN Peace Mission: A New Interface Required?' International Peacekeeping, vol. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 3-13.
    • (1996) International Peacekeeping , vol.3 , pp. 3-13
    • Ginifer, J.1
  • 69
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    • Ostriches, wise old elephants and economic reconstruction in mozambique
    • Spring
    • Susan Willett, 'Ostriches, Wise Old Elephants and Economic Reconstruction in Mozambique', International Peacekeeping, vol. 2, Spring 1995, p. 44.
    • (1995) International Peacekeeping , vol.2 , pp. 44
    • Willett, S.1
  • 70
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    • note
    • These suggestions are taken in large part from Roland Paris (pp. 79-89), who proposes that peacebuilding follow a more prudent 'strategic liberalization' approach.


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