Party formation and party system consolidation in the new democracies of Central Europe

Political Studies

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 432-464

  Olson, David M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0004697153     PISSN: 00323217     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9248.00150     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. T. Remington, 'Introduction: Parliamentary Elections and the Transition from Communism', in T. Remington (ed.), Parliaments in Transition (Boulder CO, Westview, 1994), Ch. 1. A. Agh, 'The Central European Party System: Stages of Emergence and Types of Parties', (Paper read at International Political Science Association, Berlin), 1994.
2. T. Remington, 'Introduction: Parliamentary Elections and the Transition from Communism', in T. Remington (ed.), Parliaments in Transition (Boulder CO, Westview, 1994), Ch. 1. A. Agh, 'The Central European Party System: Stages of Emergence and Types of Parties', (Paper read at International Political Science Association, Berlin), 1994.
3. J. Skala and C. Kunkel, 'Auf dem weg zu einem Konsolidierten Parteiensystem?', Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 18 (1992), 292-308.
4. Z. Mansfeldova and H. Kitschelt, 'Elite Strategies in Building Party Alternatives: A Process Analysis of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland', (Paper read at conference on Party Formation and Public Opinion in Eastern Europe, Duke University, 1995). R. Markowski, 'Ideological Dimensions in Eastern European Context', (Paper read at conference on Party Formation and Public Opinion in Eastern Europe, Duke University, 1995). K. Jasiewicz, 'Poland' European Journal of Political Research, 22 (1993), 489-504. T. Remington and S. Smith, 'The Development of Parliamentary Parties in Russia', (Paper read at Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 1995).
5. Z. Mansfeldova and H. Kitschelt, 'Elite Strategies in Building Party Alternatives: A Process Analysis of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland', (Paper read at conference on Party Formation and Public Opinion in Eastern Europe, Duke University, 1995). R. Markowski, 'Ideological Dimensions in Eastern European Context', (Paper read at conference on Party Formation and Public Opinion in Eastern Europe, Duke University, 1995). K. Jasiewicz, 'Poland' European Journal of Political Research, 22 (1993), 489-504. T. Remington and S. Smith, 'The Development of Parliamentary Parties in Russia', (Paper read at Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 1995).
6. Z. Mansfeldova and H. Kitschelt, 'Elite Strategies in Building Party Alternatives: A Process Analysis of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland', (Paper read at conference on Party Formation and Public Opinion in Eastern Europe, Duke University, 1995). R. Markowski, 'Ideological Dimensions in Eastern European Context', (Paper read at conference on Party Formation and Public Opinion in Eastern Europe, Duke University, 1995). K. Jasiewicz, 'Poland' European Journal of Political Research, 22 (1993), 489-504. T. Remington and S. Smith, 'The Development of Parliamentary Parties in Russia', (Paper read at Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 1995).
7. Z. Mansfeldova and H. Kitschelt, 'Elite Strategies in Building Party Alternatives: A Process Analysis of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland', (Paper read at conference on Party Formation and Public Opinion in Eastern Europe, Duke University, 1995). R. Markowski, 'Ideological Dimensions in Eastern European Context', (Paper read at conference on Party Formation and Public Opinion in Eastern Europe, Duke University, 1995). K. Jasiewicz, 'Poland' European Journal of Political Research, 22 (1993), 489-504. T. Remington and S. Smith, 'The Development of Parliamentary Parties in Russia', (Paper read at Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 1995).
8. P. Lewis, 'Civil society and the development of political parties in East-Central Europe', Journal of Communist Studies, 9,4 (1993), 5-20.
9. M. Waller, 'Political actors and political roles in East-Central Europe', Journal of Communist Studies, 9,4 (1993).
10. A. Agh, 'The experiences of the first democratic parliaments in east central Europe', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28,2 (1995), 203-14. E. Nalewajko, Partie polityczne w Polscigeneza i instytucjonalizacja', in Jacek Wasilewski (ed.), Konsolidacja elit politycznych w Polsce 1991-1993, (Warsaw, Instytut Studiow Politycznych PAN, 1994).
11. A. Agh, 'The experiences of the first democratic parliaments in east central Europe', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28,2 (1995), 203-14. E. Nalewajko, Partie polityczne w Polscigeneza i instytucjonalizacja', in Jacek Wasilewski (ed.), Konsolidacja elit politycznych w Polsce 1991-1993, (Warsaw, Instytut Studiow Politycznych PAN, 1994).
12. R. Gunther, 'Electoral laws, party systems, and elites: the case of Spain', American Political Science Review, 83,3 (September, 1989), 835-58.
13. D. M. Olson and M. Hagevi, The Parliament of Sweden: Riksdagen', World Encyclopedia of Parliamenst and Legislatures, (Washington, D.C., CQ Press, 1998).
14. S. Mainwaring and T. R. Scully, 'Introduction: Party Systems in Latin America', in Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully (eds), Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1995), ch. 1. J. Hartlyn and A. Valenzuela, 'Democracy in Latin America since 1930', in Leslie Bethell (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. VI (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 99-162.
15. S. Mainwaring and T. R. Scully, 'Introduction: Party Systems in Latin America', in Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully (eds), Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1995), ch. 1. J. Hartlyn and A. Valenzuela, 'Democracy in Latin America since 1930', in Leslie Bethell (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. VI (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 99-162.
16. J. Reschova and J. Syllova, 'The Legislature of the Czech Republic', in David M. Olson and Philip Norton (eds), New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe (London, Cass, 1996).
17. E. Oltay, Hungary: Csurka Launches 'National Movement', Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), Research Report (26 March 1993), 25-31. L. Szarvas, Personnel and Structural Changes in the First Hungarian Parliament', in Attila Agh and Sandor Kurtan (eds), Democratization and Europeanization in Hungary: The First Parliament, 1990-1994 (Budapest, Hungarian Centre for Democracy Studies, 1995). A. Agh, 'The First Democratic Parliament in Hungary (1990-94)', in David M. Olson and Philip Norton (eds), New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe (London, Cass, 1996).
18. E. Oltay, Hungary: Csurka Launches 'National Movement', Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), Research Report (26 March 1993), 25-31. L. Szarvas, Personnel and Structural Changes in the First Hungarian Parliament', in Attila Agh and Sandor Kurtan (eds), Democratization and Europeanization in Hungary: The First Parliament, 1990-1994 (Budapest, Hungarian Centre for Democracy Studies, 1995). A. Agh, 'The First Democratic Parliament in Hungary (1990-94)', in David M. Olson and Philip Norton (eds), New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe (London, Cass, 1996).
19. E. Oltay, Hungary: Csurka Launches 'National Movement', Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), Research Report (26 March 1993), 25-31. L. Szarvas, Personnel and Structural Changes in the First Hungarian Parliament', in Attila Agh and Sandor Kurtan (eds), Democratization and Europeanization in Hungary: The First Parliament, 1990-1994 (Budapest, Hungarian Centre for Democracy Studies, 1995). A. Agh, 'The First Democratic Parliament in Hungary (1990-94)', in David M. Olson and Philip Norton (eds), New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe (London, Cass, 1996).
20. Sharon S. Fisher, 'New Slovak Government Formed after Meciar's Fall', RFE/RL Research Report (1 April 1994), 7-13. M. Zemko, 'Political Parties and the Election System in Slovakia', in Sona Szomolanyi and Grigorij Meseznikov (eds), Slovakia Parliamentary Elections 1991 (Bratislava, Slovak Political Science Association, 1995), 40-55.
21. Sharon S. Fisher, 'New Slovak Government Formed after Meciar's Fall', RFE/RL Research Report (1 April 1994), 7-13. M. Zemko, 'Political Parties and the Election System in Slovakia', in Sona Szomolanyi and Grigorij Meseznikov (eds), Slovakia Parliamentary Elections 1991 (Bratislava, Slovak Political Science Association, 1995), 40-55.
22. A. Siskova, 'Slovakia's Christian Democratic Movement at a Crossroad', OMRI Analytical Brief, No. 413 (23 October 1996).
23. S. Kranjc, 'Politicne Stranke in Parlament: Parlamentarne Frakcije (Skupine, Klubi)', in Drago Zajc (ed.), Slovenski Parlament v Procesu Politicne Modernizacije (Ljubljana, Univerza v Ljubljani, 1993).
24. S. Gebethner, 'Political Parties in Poland (1989-1993)', in Gerd Meyer (ed.), Die politischen Kulturen Ostmitteleuropas im Umbruch (Tuebingen, Francke Verlag, 1993), pp. 311-38. S. Gebethner and K. Jasiewicz, 'Poland', European Journal of Political Research, 24 (December 1994), 519-35. D. M. Olson, 'Political Parties and Party Systems in Regime Transformation: Inner Transition in the New Democracies of Central Europe', in William Crotty (ed.), The American Review of Politics; Special Issue: Political Parties in a Changing Age, 14 (Winter 1993), 619-58.
25. S. Gebethner, 'Political Parties in Poland (1989-1993)', in Gerd Meyer (ed.), Die politischen Kulturen Ostmitteleuropas im Umbruch (Tuebingen, Francke Verlag, 1993), pp. 311-38. S. Gebethner and K. Jasiewicz, 'Poland', European Journal of Political Research, 24 (December 1994), 519-35. D. M. Olson, 'Political Parties and Party Systems in Regime Transformation: Inner Transition in the New Democracies of Central Europe', in William Crotty (ed.), The American Review of Politics; Special Issue: Political Parties in a Changing Age, 14 (Winter 1993), 619-58.
26. S. Gebethner, 'Political Parties in Poland (1989-1993)', in Gerd Meyer (ed.), Die politischen Kulturen Ostmitteleuropas im Umbruch (Tuebingen, Francke Verlag, 1993), pp. 311-38. S. Gebethner and K. Jasiewicz, 'Poland', European Journal of Political Research, 24 (December 1994), 519-35. D. M. Olson, 'Political Parties and Party Systems in Regime Transformation: Inner Transition in the New Democracies of Central Europe', in William Crotty (ed.), The American Review of Politics; Special Issue: Political Parties in a Changing Age, 14 (Winter 1993), 619-58.
27. Remington, 'Introduction: Parliamentary Elections and the Transition from Communism, ch. 1. Jeffrey W. Hahn (ed), Democratization in Russia: The Development of Legislative Institutions (Armonk NY, Sharpe, 1996).
28. D. Zajc, 'Functions and Powers of the Committees in the New Parliaments: Comparison between the East Central and West Central European Countries', (Paper presented to International Conference on The Changing Roles of Parliamentary Committees', Budapest, Hungary, June 20-22, 1996).
29. P. Lewis, 'Political Institutionalisation and Party Development in Post-Communist Poland', Europe-Asia Studies, 46,5 (1994), 779-99. F. Millard, 'The Polish Parliamentary Election of September 1993', Communist and Post-communist Studies, 27,3 (September 1994), 295-314. Zemko, 'Political Parties and the Election System in Slovakia', 40-55.
30. P. Lewis, 'Political Institutionalisation and Party Development in Post-Communist Poland', Europe-Asia Studies, 46,5 (1994), 779-99. F. Millard, 'The Polish Parliamentary Election of September 1993', Communist and Post-communist Studies, 27,3 (September 1994), 295-314. Zemko, 'Political Parties and the Election System in Slovakia', 40-55.
31. P. Lewis, 'Political Institutionalisation and Party Development in Post-Communist Poland', Europe-Asia Studies, 46,5 (1994), 779-99. F. Millard, 'The Polish Parliamentary Election of September 1993', Communist and Post-communist Studies, 27,3 (September 1994), 295-314. Zemko, 'Political Parties and the Election System in Slovakia', 40-55.
32. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE RL), Daily Report (8 July 1994, email transmission). Open Media Research Institute (OMRI), Daily Digest (9 January 1997, email transmission).
33. B. Pasek, 'Looking Towards Poland's 1997 Parliamentary Elections', OMRI Analytical Brief, No. 392 (1996).
34. Open Media Research Institute (OMRI), Daily Digest (27 March 1995, email transmission).
35. Open Media Research Institute (OMRI), Daily Digest (27 April 1995, email transmission).
36. Carolina (Charles University News email, 27 November 1996).
37. Szarvas, 'Personnel and Structural Changes in the First Hungarian Parliament', 203.
38. P. Lewis, Party Factionalism and Democratization in Poland', (Paper presented to ECPR Workshop, Madrid, 1994).
39. Olson, 'Political Parties and Party Systems in Regime Transformation: Inner Transition in the New Democracies of Central Europe', 619-58.
40. K. Janowski, 'From Monopoly to Death Throes: The PZPR in the Process of Political Transformation', in George Sanford (ed.), Democratization in Poland, 1988-90 (New York, St Martin's Press, 1992), 162-176. E. Oltay, 'Hungarian Socialists Prepare for Comeback', RFE/RL Research Report, (1 March 1994), 21-26.
41. K. Janowski, 'From Monopoly to Death Throes: The PZPR in the Process of Political Transformation', in George Sanford (ed.), Democratization in Poland, 1988-90 (New York, St Martin's Press, 1992), 162-176. E. Oltay, 'Hungarian Socialists Prepare for Comeback', RFE/RL Research Report, (1 March 1994), 21-26.
42. Lewis, 'Party Factionalism and Democratization in Poland', 8-9. M. Kramer, 'Polish workers and the post-communist transition, 1989-1993', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28, (1995), 71-114.
43. Lewis, 'Party Factionalism and Democratization in Poland', 8-9. M. Kramer, 'Polish workers and the post-communist transition, 1989-1993', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28, (1995), 71-114.
44. J. T. Ishiyama, 'Communist parties in transition: structures, leaders and processes of democratization in Eastern Europe', Comparative Politics, 27,2 (January 1995), 147-66. A. Mahr and J. Nagle, 'Resurrection of the successor parties and democratization in East-Central Europe', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28, 4 (1995), 393-409.
45. J. T. Ishiyama, 'Communist parties in transition: structures, leaders and processes of democratization in Eastern Europe', Comparative Politics, 27,2 (January 1995), 147-66. A. Mahr and J. Nagle, 'Resurrection of the successor parties and democratization in East-Central Europe', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28, 4 (1995), 393-409.
46. P. Kopecky, 'The Organization and Behaviour of Political Parties in the Czech Parliament from Transformative Towards Arena Type of Legislatures', in Paul Lewis (ed.), Party Structure and Organization in East-Central Europe (Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1996).
47. J. Pehe, 'Calls for pluralism in the strongest Czech Party', OMRI Analytical Brief, No. 263 (8 August 1996).
48. Zemko, 'Political Parties and the Election System in Slovakia'.
49. P. Juza, 'The Formation of the Coalition "Common Choice" and its Election Results', in Sona Szomolanyi and Grigorij Meseznikov (eds), Slovakia Parliamentary Elections 1994 (Bratislava, Slovak Political Science Association, 1995), 220-34.
50. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), Daily Report (11 September 1994, email transmission.
51. M. Koinova, 'Will Bulgaria's Union of Democratic Forces become a party?', OMRI Analytical Brief (Internet, 4 December 1996).
52. K. Jasiewicz, 'The Enfranchised, the Re-enfranchised and the Self-disenfranchised: The Politics of Electoral Reforms in Post-communist Poland', Paper read at American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 1996.
53. M. Grabowska, 'Social Cleavages and Political Spectrum in Post-Communist Poland', Paper presented at V World Congress for Central and East European Studies, Warsaw, Poland, 1995.
54. J. Pehe, 'Czechoslovakia: The Realignment of Political Forces', RFE/RL Report on Eastern Europe (24 May 1991), 1-5.
55. Open Media Research Institute (OMRI), Daily Digest (1 September-31 December 1996, email transmission).
56. Open Media Research Institute (OMRI), Daily Digest (16 September 1996, email transmission).
57. Open Media Research Institute (OMRI), Daily Digest (4 December 1996, email transmission).
58. S. Krause, 'A tough week for Bulgaria's socialists', OMRI Analytical Brief No. 473 (18 November 1996).
59. Kopecky, 'The Organization and Behaviour of Political Parties in the Czech Parliament from Transformative Towards Arena Type of Legislatures'.
60. A. van der Meer-Krok-Paszkowska and M. van den Muyzenberg, 'Orientation to the State? Parliamentary Parties in Hungary and Poland and their Relations with Party in Central Office', Paper presented to international conference, The New Democratic Parliaments: The First Years, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1996.
61. Szarvas, 'Personnel and Structural Changes in the First Hungarian Parliament', 204.
62. A. Kroupa and T. Kostelecky, 'Party Organization and Structure at National Level and Local Level in the Czech Republic Since 1989', Paper read at workshop, Party Structure and Organization in East-Central Europe', Warsaw, Poland, 1994.
63. M. Illner, 'Continuity and discontinuity: political change in a Czech village after 1989', Czech Sociological Review, 28 (Special Issue, 1994), 79-91. H. Balderheim and M. Illner, 'Local Democracy in East-Central Europe', Paper read at International Political Science Association, Berlin, 1994.
64. M. Illner, 'Continuity and discontinuity: political change in a Czech village after 1989', Czech Sociological Review, 28 (Special Issue, 1994), 79-91. H. Balderheim and M. Illner, 'Local Democracy in East-Central Europe', Paper read at International Political Science Association, Berlin, 1994.
65. Markowski, 'Ideological Dimensions in Eastern European Context', G. Toka, 'The Programmatic Structuring of Party Competition: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland in Spring 1994', Paper read at conference on Party Formation and Public Opinion in Eastern Europe', Duke University, 1995. H. Kitschelt, 'Patterns of Competition in East Central European Party Systems', Paper read at Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association, Chicago, 31 August-3 September 1995.
66. Markowski, 'Ideological Dimensions in Eastern European Context', G. Toka, 'The Programmatic Structuring of Party Competition: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland in Spring 1994', Paper read at conference on Party Formation and Public Opinion in Eastern Europe', Duke University, 1995. H. Kitschelt, 'Patterns of Competition in East Central European Party Systems', Paper read at Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association, Chicago, 31 August-3 September 1995.
67. Markowski, 'Ideological Dimensions in Eastern European Context', G. Toka, 'The Programmatic Structuring of Party Competition: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland in Spring 1994', Paper read at conference on Party Formation and Public Opinion in Eastern Europe', Duke University, 1995. H. Kitschelt, 'Patterns of Competition in East Central European Party Systems', Paper read at Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association, Chicago, 31 August-3 September 1995.
68. Reschova and Syllova, 'The Legislature of the Czech Republic'.
69. Kroupa and Kostelecky, 'Party Organization and Structure at National Level and Local Level in the Czech Republic Since 1989'. P. Kopecky, 'Factionalism in parliamentary parties in the Czech Republic: a concept and some empirical findings', Democratization, 2,1 (Spring 1995).
70. Kroupa and Kostelecky, 'Party Organization and Structure at National Level and Local Level in the Czech Republic Since 1989'. P. Kopecky, 'Factionalism in parliamentary parties in the Czech Republic: a concept and some empirical findings', Democratization, 2,1 (Spring 1995).
71. P. Lewis, 'Political institutionalisation and party development in post-communist Poland', Europe-Asia Studies, 46,5 (1994), p. 787.
72. Z. Mansfeldova, 'Social Partnership in the Czech Republic', Paper read at V World Congress for Central and East Europe Studies, Warsaw, Poland, 1995. J. Hausner and W. Morawski, 'Tripartism in Poland', Paper read at conference, Tripartisan in Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest, 1994. Kopekcy, Factionalism in Parliamentary Parties in the Czech Republic: A Concept and Some Empirical Findings'. D. M. Olson, Democratization and Political Participation: the Experience of the Czech Republic', in Bruce Parrott and Karin Dawisha, eds., Democratic Consolidation in Central Europe, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997).
73. Z. Mansfeldova, 'Social Partnership in the Czech Republic', Paper read at V World Congress for Central and East Europe Studies, Warsaw, Poland, 1995. J. Hausner and W. Morawski, 'Tripartism in Poland', Paper read at conference, Tripartisan in Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest, 1994. Kopekcy, Factionalism in Parliamentary Parties in the Czech Republic: A Concept and Some Empirical Findings'. D. M. Olson, Democratization and Political Participation: the Experience of the Czech Republic', in Bruce Parrott and Karin Dawisha, eds., Democratic Consolidation in Central Europe, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997).
74. Z. Mansfeldova, 'Social Partnership in the Czech Republic', Paper read at V World Congress for Central and East Europe Studies, Warsaw, Poland, 1995. J. Hausner and W. Morawski, 'Tripartism in Poland', Paper read at conference, Tripartisan in Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest, 1994. Kopekcy, Factionalism in Parliamentary Parties in the Czech Republic: A Concept and Some Empirical Findings'. D. M. Olson, Democratization and Political Participation: the Experience of the Czech Republic', in Bruce Parrott and Karin Dawisha, eds., Democratic Consolidation in Central Europe, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997).
75. Z. Mansfeldova, 'Social Partnership in the Czech Republic', Paper read at V World Congress for Central and East Europe Studies, Warsaw, Poland, 1995. J. Hausner and W. Morawski, 'Tripartism in Poland', Paper read at conference, Tripartisan in Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest, 1994. Kopekcy, Factionalism in Parliamentary Parties in the Czech Republic: A Concept and Some Empirical Findings'. D. M. Olson, Democratization and Political Participation: the Experience of the Czech Republic', in Bruce Parrott and Karin Dawisha, eds., Democratic Consolidation in Central Europe, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997).
76. W. Zaborowski, 'Social Structure and Political Participation', in Wladyslaw W. Adamski (ed.), Societal Conflict and Svstemtic Change: The Case of Poland 1980-1992 (Warsaw, IFIS Publishers, 1992), 57-67.
77. D. M. Olson, 'Dissolution of the state: political parties and the 1992 election in Czechoslovakia', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 26,3 (September 1993), 301-14.
78. W. Zaborowski, Social Structure and Political Participation', 67.
79. A. Miszalska, On Political Alienation of Poles', in Jadwiga Koralewicz, ed., Party System - Political Behavior - Social Consciousness', Sisyphus,1 (IX) (1995), 141-60.
80. F. Plasser and P. A. Ulram, 'Politische Systemunterstuetzung und Institutionenvertrauen in den OZE-Staaten', Oesterreichische Zeischrift fuer Politikwissenschaft, No. 4 (1994), 365-80. R. Rose, What is Europe? (New York, HarperCollins, 1996), 147-155. W. Wesolowski, 'Formation of Political Parties in Post-communist Poland', in Jadwiga Koralewicz (ed.), Party System - Political Behavior - Social Consciousness, Sisyphus 1 (IX) (1995), 9-32.
81. F. Plasser and P. A. Ulram, 'Politische Systemunterstuetzung und Institutionenvertrauen in den OZE-Staaten', Oesterreichische Zeischrift fuer Politikwissenschaft, No. 4 (1994), 365-80. R. Rose, What is Europe? (New York, HarperCollins, 1996), 147-155. W. Wesolowski, 'Formation of Political Parties in Post-communist Poland', in Jadwiga Koralewicz (ed.), Party System - Political Behavior - Social Consciousness, Sisyphus 1 (IX) (1995), 9-32.
82. F. Plasser and P. A. Ulram, 'Politische Systemunterstuetzung und Institutionenvertrauen in den OZE-Staaten', Oesterreichische Zeischrift fuer Politikwissenschaft, No. 4 (1994), 365-80. R. Rose, What is Europe? (New York, HarperCollins, 1996), 147-155. W. Wesolowski, 'Formation of Political Parties in Post-communist Poland', in Jadwiga Koralewicz (ed.), Party System -Political Behavior - Social Consciousness, Sisyphus 1 (IX) (1995), 9-32.
83. M. Grabowska, 'Social Cleavages and Political Spectrum in Post-communist Poland', Paper presented at V World Congress for Central and East European Studies, Warsaw, 1995.
84. O. Kirchheimer, 'The Transformation of the Western European Party Systems', in Joseph LaPalombara and Myron Weiner (eds), Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton NJ, Princeton University, 1966), 177-200.
85. D. Perkins, 'Some Causes and Consequences of Party Formation in Western and Eastern Europe', Paper read at Southern Political Science Association, Atlanta, 1994. P. Kopecky, 'Factionalism in parliamentary parties in the Czech Republic: a concept and some empirical findings', Democratization, 2,1 (Spring 1995).
86. D. Perkins, 'Some Causes and Consequences of Party Formation in Western and Eastern Europe', Paper read at Southern Political Science Association, Atlanta, 1994. P. Kopecky, 'Factionalism in parliamentary parties in the Czech Republic: a concept and some empirical findings', Democratization, 2,1 (Spring 1995).
87. L. D. Epstein, Political Parties in Western Democracies (New York, Praeger, 1967).
88. S. E. Scarrow, 'The "paradox of enrollment": assessing the costs and benefits of party membership', European Journal of Political Research, 25 (January 1994), 41-60.
89. Millard, 'The Polish Parliamentary Election of September 1993'. Van der Meer-Krok-Paszkowska and van den Muyzenberg, 'Orientation to the State? Parliamentary Parties in Hungary and Poland and their Relations with Party in Central Office'.
90. Millard, 'The Polish Parliamentary Election of September 1993'. Van der Meer-Krok-Paszkowska and van den Muyzenberg, 'Orientation to the State? Parliamentary Parties in Hungary and Poland and their Relations with Party in Central Office'.
91. Agh, 'The Central European Party System: Stages of Emergence and Types of Parties', 9.
92. R. Rose, What is Europe?, 163. Kopecky, 'Factionalism in Parliamentary Parties in the Czech Republic: A Concept and Some Empirical Findings'.
93. R. Rose, What is Europe?, 163. Kopecky, 'Factionalism in Parliamentary Parties in the Czech Republic: A Concept and Some Empirical Findings'.
94. S. Roper, 'The Romanian political party system and the catch-all party phenomenon', East European Quarterly, 28,4 (January 1995), 519-32. J. Bugajski, 'Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: a Guide to Nationality Policies', in Organizations and Parties (Armonk NY, Sharpe, 1994).
95. S. Roper, 'The Romanian political party system and the catch-all party phenomenon', East European Quarterly, 28,4 (January 1995), 519-32. J. Bugajski, 'Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: a Guide to Nationality Policies', in Organizations and Parties (Armonk NY, Sharpe, 1994).
96. D. Malova, 'The Development of Hungarian Political Parties during the Three Election Cycles (1990-1994) in Slovakia', in Sona Szomolanyi and Grigorij Meseznikov (eds), Slovakia Parliamentary Elections 1994 (Bratislava, Slovak Political Science Association, 1995), 200-34.
97. A. Reisch, 'Hungarian Coalition Succeeds in Czechoslovak Election', RFE/RL Report on Eastern Europe, 1,26 (June 26, 1992), 20-22. D. Kostova, 'Political Action in Bulgaria: Challenges and Risks in the Parliamentary Elections'.
98. A. Reisch, 'Hungarian Coalition Succeeds in Czechoslovak Election', RFE/RL Report on Eastern Europe, 1,26 (June 26, 1992), 20-22. D. Kostova, 'Political Action in Bulgaria: Challenges and Risks in the Parliamentary Elections'.
99. T. S. Szayna, 'Ultra-nationalism in central Europe', Orbis, 37,4 (Fall 1993), 527-50. M. Shafir, 'Growing Political Extremism in Romania', RFE/RL Research Report, 2,14 (2 April 1993), 18-25.
100. T. S. Szayna, 'Ultra-nationalism in central Europe', Orbis, 37,4 (Fall 1993), 527-50. M. Shafir, 'Growing Political Extremism in Romania', RFE/RL Research Report, 2,14 (2 April 1993), 18-25.
101. Siskova, 'Slovakia's Christian Democratic Movement at a Crossroad'.
102. J. McGregor, 'How Electoral Laws Shape Eastern Europe's Parliaments', RFE/RL Research Report, 2,4 (22 January 1993), 11-18. C. Flores Juberias, 'Electoral Systems in Eastern Europe', Paper read at International Political Science Association, Berlin, 1994). M. S. Shugart 'Building the Institutional Framework: Electoral Systems, Party Systems, and Presidents', (Manuscript, University of California at San Diego, September 1995).
103. J. McGregor, 'How Electoral Laws Shape Eastern Europe's Parliaments', RFE/RL Research Report, 2,4 (22 January 1993), 11-18. C. Flores Juberias, 'Electoral Systems in Eastern Europe', Paper read at International Political Science Association, Berlin, 1994). M. S. Shugart 'Building the Institutional Framework: Electoral Systems, Party Systems, and Presidents', (Manuscript, University of California at San Diego, September 1995).
104. J. McGregor, 'How Electoral Laws Shape Eastern Europe's Parliaments', RFE/RL Research Report, 2,4 (22 January 1993), 11-18. C. Flores Juberias, 'Electoral Systems in Eastern Europe', Paper read at International Political Science Association, Berlin, 1994). M. S. Shugart 'Building the Institutional Framework: Electoral Systems, Party Systems, and Presidents', (Manuscript, University of California at San Diego, September 1995).
105. J. Syllova, 'The Transition to Democracy in Czechoslovakia in the Field of Electoral Law', in Ziemowit J. Pietras and Marek Pietras (eds), The Transnational Future of Europe (Lublin, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Press, 1992). D. M. Olson, 'Compartmentalized competition: the managed transitional election system of Poland', Journal of Politics, 55 (1993), 415-41. J. Hibbing and S. Patterson, 'A democratic legislature in the making: the historic Hungarian elections of 1990', Comparative Political Studies, 24 (1991), 430-54. S. Bach, 'From Soviet to Parliament in Ukraine: The Verkhovna Rada during 1992-1994', in David M. Olson and Philip Norton (eds), The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe (London, Cass, 1996). Remington, 'Introduction: Parliamentary Elections and the Transition from Communism'. Jasiewicz, 'The Enfranchised, the Re-enfranchised and the Self-disenfranchised: The Politics of Electoral Reforms in Post-communist Poland'.
106. J. Syllova, 'The Transition to Democracy in Czechoslovakia in the Field of Electoral Law', in Ziemowit J. Pietras and Marek Pietras (eds), The Transnational Future of Europe (Lublin, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Press, 1992). D. M. Olson, 'Compartmentalized competition: the managed transitional election system of Poland', Journal of Politics, 55 (1993), 415-41. J. Hibbing and S. Patterson, 'A democratic legislature in the making: the historic Hungarian elections of 1990', Comparative Political Studies, 24 (1991), 430-54. S. Bach, 'From Soviet to Parliament in Ukraine: The Verkhovna Rada during 1992-1994', in David M. Olson and Philip Norton (eds), The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe (London, Cass, 1996). Remington, 'Introduction: Parliamentary Elections and the Transition from Communism'. Jasiewicz, 'The Enfranchised, the Re-enfranchised and the Self-disenfranchised: The Politics of Electoral Reforms in Post-communist Poland'.
107. J. Syllova, 'The Transition to Democracy in Czechoslovakia in the Field of Electoral Law', in Ziemowit J. Pietras and Marek Pietras (eds), The Transnational Future of Europe (Lublin, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Press, 1992). D. M. Olson, 'Compartmentalized competition: the managed transitional election system of Poland', Journal of Politics, 55 (1993), 415-41. J. Hibbing and S. Patterson, 'A democratic legislature in the making: the historic Hungarian elections of 1990', Comparative Political Studies, 24 (1991), 430-54. S. Bach, 'From Soviet to Parliament in Ukraine: The Verkhovna Rada during 1992-1994', in David M. Olson and Philip Norton (eds), The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe (London, Cass, 1996). Remington, 'Introduction: Parliamentary Elections and the Transition from Communism'. Jasiewicz, 'The Enfranchised, the Re-enfranchised and the Self-disenfranchised: The Politics of Electoral Reforms in Post-communist Poland'.
108. J. Syllova, 'The Transition to Democracy in Czechoslovakia in the Field of Electoral Law', in Ziemowit J. Pietras and Marek Pietras (eds), The Transnational Future of Europe (Lublin, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Press, 1992). D. M. Olson, 'Compartmentalized competition: the managed transitional election system of Poland', Journal of Politics, 55 (1993), 415-41. J. Hibbing and S. Patterson, 'A democratic legislature in the making: the historic Hungarian elections of 1990', Comparative Political Studies, 24 (1991), 430-54. S. Bach, 'From Soviet to Parliament in Ukraine: The Verkhovna Rada during 1992-1994', in David M. Olson and Philip Norton (eds), The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe (London, Cass, 1996). Remington, 'Introduction: Parliamentary Elections and the Transition from Communism'. Jasiewicz, 'The Enfranchised, the Re-enfranchised and the Self-disenfranchised: The Politics of Electoral Reforms in Post-communist Poland'.
109. J. Syllova, 'The Transition to Democracy in Czechoslovakia in the Field of Electoral Law', in Ziemowit J. Pietras and Marek Pietras (eds), The Transnational Future of Europe (Lublin, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Press, 1992). D. M. Olson, 'Compartmentalized competition: the managed transitional election system of Poland', Journal of Politics, 55 (1993), 415-41. J. Hibbing and S. Patterson, 'A democratic legislature in the making: the historic Hungarian elections of 1990', Comparative Political Studies, 24 (1991), 430-54. S. Bach, 'From Soviet to Parliament in Ukraine: The Verkhovna Rada during 1992-1994', in David M. Olson and Philip Norton (eds), The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe (London, Cass, 1996). Remington, 'Introduction: Parliamentary Elections and the Transition from Communism'. Jasiewicz, 'The Enfranchised, the Re-enfranchised and the Self-disenfranchised: The Politics of Electoral Reforms in Post-communist Poland'.
110. J. Syllova, 'The Transition to Democracy in Czechoslovakia in the Field of Electoral Law', in Ziemowit J. Pietras and Marek Pietras (eds), The Transnational Future of Europe (Lublin, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Press, 1992). D. M. Olson, 'Compartmentalized competition: the managed transitional election system of Poland', Journal of Politics, 55 (1993), 415-41. J. Hibbing and S. Patterson, 'A democratic legislature in the making: the historic Hungarian elections of 1990', Comparative Political Studies, 24 (1991), 430-54. S. Bach, 'From Soviet to Parliament in Ukraine: The Verkhovna Rada during 1992-1994', in David M. Olson and Philip Norton (eds), The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe (London, Cass, 1996). Remington, 'Introduction: Parliamentary Elections and the Transition from Communism'. Jasiewicz, 'The Enfranchised, the Re-enfranchised and the Self-disenfranchised: The Politics of Electoral Reforms in Post-communist Poland'.
111. Bach, 'From Soviet to Parliament in Ukraine: The Verkhovna Rada During 1992-1994'.
112. Remington, 'Introduction: Parliamentary Elections and the Transition from Communism'.
113. M. Duverger, Maurice, Political Parties, (New York, Wiley, 1954). V. Bogdanor, Introduction', in Vernon Bodganor and Davis Butler, eds., Democracy and Elections: Electoral System and their Political Consequences, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983).
114. M. Duverger, Maurice, Political Parties, (New York, Wiley, 1954). V. Bogdanor, Introduction', in Vernon Bodganor and Davis Butler, eds., Democracy and Elections: Electoral System and their Political Consequences, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983).
115. Czech Press Agency (CTK), 'Volby 1996' (email transmission, 1996).
116. S. Gebethner, 'System Wyborczy: Deformacja czy reprezentacja?', in Stanislaw Gebethner (ed.), Wybory Parlamentarne 1991 i 1993 (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1995), 9-48. Bach, 'From Soviet to Parliament in Ukraine: The Verkhovna Rada During 1992-1994'. J. Gibson, and A. Cielecka, 'The Polish Electoral System: An Unrepresentative Outlier?', Paper read at Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 29 August-1 September 1996).
117. S. Gebethner, 'System Wyborczy: Deformacja czy reprezentacja?', in Stanislaw Gebethner (ed.), Wybory Parlamentarne 1991 i 1993 (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1995), 9-48. Bach, 'From Soviet to Parliament in Ukraine: The Verkhovna Rada During 1992-1994'. J. Gibson, and A. Cielecka, 'The Polish Electoral System: An Unrepresentative Outlier?', Paper read at Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 29 August-1 September 1996).
118. S. Gebethner, 'System Wyborczy: Deformacja czy reprezentacja?', in Stanislaw Gebethner (ed.), Wybory Parlamentarne 1991 i 1993 (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1995), 9-48. Bach, 'From Soviet to Parliament in Ukraine: The Verkhovna Rada During 1992-1994'. J. Gibson, and A. Cielecka, 'The Polish Electoral System: An Unrepresentative Outlier?', Paper read at Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 29 August-1 September 1996).
119. Gebethner, 'System Wyborczy: Deformacja czy reprezentacja?'. J. Wiatr, 'Fragmented Parties in a New Democracy: Poland', Paper presented to conference, Political Parties in the New Democracies, Vienna, 24-26 April 1992. Olson, 'Democratization and Political Participation: the Experience of the Czech Republic'.
120. Gebethner, 'System Wyborczy: Deformacja czy reprezentacja?'. J. Wiatr, 'Fragmented Parties in a New Democracy: Poland', Paper presented to conference, Political Parties in the New Democracies, Vienna, 24-26 April 1992. Olson, 'Democratization and Political Participation: the Experience of the Czech Republic'.
121. Gebethner, 'System Wyborczy: Deformacja czy reprezentacja?'. J. Wiatr, 'Fragmented Parties in a New Democracy: Poland', Paper presented to conference, Political Parties in the New Democracies, Vienna, 24-26 April 1992. Olson, 'Democratization and Political Participation: the Experience of the Czech Republic'.
122. Lewis, 'Political Institutionalisation and Party Development in Post-Communist Poland'.
123. Open Media Research Institute (OMRI), Daily Digest (17 September 1996).
124. A. Agh and S. Kurtan, 'The 1990 and 1994 Parliamentary Elections in Hungary: Continuity and Change in the Political System', in Attila Agh and Sandor Kurtan (eds), Democratization and Europeanization in Hungary: The First Parliament, 1990-1994 (Budapest, Hungarian Centre for Democracy Studies, 1995), 15.
125. Millard, 'The Polish Parliamentary Election of September 1993', 320-23.
126. A. Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994). Shugart, 'Building the Institutional Framework: Electoral Systems, Party Systems, and Presidents'.
127. A. Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994). Shugart, 'Building the Institutional Framework: Electoral Systems, Party Systems, and Presidents'.
128. Rose, What is Europe?, 163. The proportionality index is half of the sum of percentage points difference between the party share of votes and seats, subtracted from a perfect score of 100%. Though we find the same trends, our calculations lead to somewhat different numbers for Central European parliaments than reported by Rose.
129. Rose, What is Europe?, 152-53.
130. The party volatility index is the sum of the vote percentage difference between parties in pairs of successive elections. The Rose index is calculated for all parties obtaining over 1% of the vote. We, by contrast, sum the percentage for all parties below the vote threshold into a single figure. Thus our numbers will differ slightly, while retaining comparability among countries and across years.
131. T. Kostelecky, 'Changing Party Allegiances in a Changing Party System: the 1990 and 1992 Parliamentary Elections in the Czech Republic', in Gordon Wightman (ed.), Party Formation in East-Central Europe (Hants, UK, Edward Elgar, 1995). P. Jehlicka, T. Kostelecky and L. Sykora, 'Czechoslovak Parliamentary Elections 1990: Old Patterns, New Trends and Lots of Surprises', in John O'Loughlin and Herman van der Wusten (eds), The New Political Geography of Eastern Europe (London, Belhaven, 1993). V. Krivy, 'The Parliamentary Elections 1994: the Profile of Supporters of the Political Parties, the Profile of Regions', in Sona Szomolanyi and Grigorij Meseznikov (eds), Slovakia Parliamentary Elections 1994 (Bratislava, Slovak Political Science Association, 1995), 114-35. J. Ragulska, 'Democratic Elections and Political Restructuring in Poland, 1989-91', in John O'Loughlin and Herman van der Wusten (eds), The New Political Geography of Eastern Europe (London, Belhaven, 1993). M. Gregor and L. Cama, 'Volby a okresy', Sociologicky casopis, 29,4 (1993), 493-515.
132. T. Kostelecky, 'Changing Party Allegiances in a Changing Party System: the 1990 and 1992 Parliamentary Elections in the Czech Republic', in Gordon Wightman (ed.), Party Formation in East-Central Europe (Hants, UK, Edward Elgar, 1995). P. Jehlicka, T. Kostelecky and L. Sykora, 'Czechoslovak Parliamentary Elections 1990: Old Patterns, New Trends and Lots of Surprises', in John O'Loughlin and Herman van der Wusten (eds), The New Political Geography of Eastern Europe (London, Belhaven, 1993). V. Krivy, 'The Parliamentary Elections 1994: the Profile of Supporters of the Political Parties, the Profile of Regions', in Sona Szomolanyi and Grigorij Meseznikov (eds), Slovakia Parliamentary Elections 1994 (Bratislava, Slovak Political Science Association, 1995), 114-35. J. Ragulska, 'Democratic Elections and Political Restructuring in Poland, 1989-91', in John O'Loughlin and Herman van der Wusten (eds), The New Political Geography of Eastern Europe (London, Belhaven, 1993). M. Gregor and L. Cama, 'Volby a okresy', Sociologicky casopis, 29,4 (1993), 493-515.
133. T. Kostelecky, 'Changing Party Allegiances in a Changing Party System: the 1990 and 1992 Parliamentary Elections in the Czech Republic', in Gordon Wightman (ed.), Party Formation in East-Central Europe (Hants, UK, Edward Elgar, 1995). P. Jehlicka, T. Kostelecky and L. Sykora, 'Czechoslovak Parliamentary Elections 1990: Old Patterns, New Trends and Lots of Surprises', in John O'Loughlin and Herman van der Wusten (eds), The New Political Geography of Eastern Europe (London, Belhaven, 1993). V. Krivy, 'The Parliamentary Elections 1994: the Profile of Supporters of the Political Parties, the Profile of Regions', in Sona Szomolanyi and Grigorij Meseznikov (eds), Slovakia Parliamentary Elections 1994 (Bratislava, Slovak Political Science Association, 1995), 114-35. J. Ragulska, 'Democratic Elections and Political Restructuring in Poland, 1989-91', in John O'Loughlin and Herman van der Wusten (eds), The New Political Geography of Eastern Europe (London, Belhaven, 1993). M. Gregor and L. Cama, 'Volby a okresy', Sociologicky casopis, 29,4 (1993), 493-515.
134. T. Kostelecky, 'Changing Party Allegiances in a Changing Party System: the 1990 and 1992 Parliamentary Elections in the Czech Republic', in Gordon Wightman (ed.), Party Formation in East-Central Europe (Hants, UK, Edward Elgar, 1995). P. Jehlicka, T. Kostelecky and L. Sykora, 'Czechoslovak Parliamentary Elections 1990: Old Patterns, New Trends and Lots of Surprises', in John O'Loughlin and Herman van der Wusten (eds), The New Political Geography of Eastern Europe (London, Belhaven, 1993). V. Krivy, 'The Parliamentary Elections 1994: the Profile of Supporters of the Political Parties, the Profile of Regions', in Sona Szomolanyi and Grigorij Meseznikov (eds), Slovakia Parliamentary Elections 1994 (Bratislava, Slovak Political Science Association, 1995), 114-35. J. Ragulska, 'Democratic Elections and Political Restructuring in Poland, 1989-91', in John O'Loughlin and Herman van der Wusten (eds), The New Political Geography of Eastern Europe (London, Belhaven, 1993). M. Gregor and L. Cama, 'Volby a okresy', Sociologicky casopis, 29,4 (1993), 493-515.
135. T. Kostelecky, 'Changing Party Allegiances in a Changing Party System: the 1990 and 1992 Parliamentary Elections in the Czech Republic', in Gordon Wightman (ed.), Party Formation in East-Central Europe (Hants, UK, Edward Elgar, 1995). P. Jehlicka, T. Kostelecky and L. Sykora, 'Czechoslovak Parliamentary Elections 1990: Old Patterns, New Trends and Lots of Surprises', in John O'Loughlin and Herman van der Wusten (eds), The New Political Geography of Eastern Europe (London, Belhaven, 1993). V. Krivy, 'The Parliamentary Elections 1994: the Profile of Supporters of the Political Parties, the Profile of Regions', in Sona Szomolanyi and Grigorij Meseznikov (eds), Slovakia Parliamentary Elections 1994 (Bratislava, Slovak Political Science Association, 1995), 114-35. J. Ragulska, 'Democratic Elections and Political Restructuring in Poland, 1989-91', in John O'Loughlin and Herman van der Wusten (eds), The New Political Geography of Eastern Europe (London, Belhaven, 1993). M. Gregor and L. Cama, 'Volby a okresy', Sociologicky casopis, 29,4 (1993), 493-515.
136. J. Bielasiak, 'Institution Building in a Transformative System: Party Fragmentation in Poland's Parliament', in Lawrence Longely (ed.), Working Papers on Comparative Legislative Studies, (Appleton WI, Research Committee of Legislative Specialists, International Political Science Association, 1994). Z. Buterova, 'The Citizen as a Respondent and a Voter: Reflection on Election Polling', in Sona Szomolanyi and Grigorij Meseznikov (eds), Slovakia Parliamentary Elections 1994 (Bratislava, Slovak Political Science Association, 1995).
137. J. Bielasiak, 'Institution Building in a Transformative System: Party Fragmentation in Poland's Parliament', in Lawrence Longely (ed.), Working Papers on Comparative Legislative Studies, (Appleton WI, Research Committee of Legislative Specialists, International Political Science Association, 1994). Z. Buterova, 'The Citizen as a Respondent and a Voter: Reflection on Election Polling', in Sona Szomolanyi and Grigorij Meseznikov (eds), Slovakia Parliamentary Elections 1994 (Bratislava, Slovak Political Science Association, 1995).
138. Kostelecky, 'Changing Party Allegiances in a Changing Party System: the 1990 and 1992 Parliamentary Elections in the Czech Republic'. A. Korosenyi,
139. Kostelecky, 'Changing Party Allegiances in a Changing Party System: the 1990 and 1992 Parliamentary Elections in the Czech Republic'. A. Korosenyi, 'Revival of the Past or New Beginning? The Nature of Post-Communist Politics', in Gyorgy Szoboszlai (ed.), Democracy and Political Transformation (Budapest, Hungarian Political Science Association, 1991). Z. Kovacs, 'The Political Geography of Hungarian Parliamentary Elections, 1989', in John O'Loughlin and Herman van der Wusten (eds), The New Political Geography of Eastern Europe (London, Belhaven, 1993).
140. Kostelecky, 'Changing Party Allegiances in a Changing Party System: the 1990 and 1992 Parliamentary Elections in the Czech Republic'. A. Korosenyi, 'Revival of the Past or New Beginning? The Nature of Post-Communist Politics', in Gyorgy Szoboszlai (ed.), Democracy and Political Transformation (Budapest, Hungarian Political Science Association, 1991). Z. Kovacs, 'The Political Geography of Hungarian Parliamentary Elections, 1989', in John O'Loughlin and Herman van der Wusten (eds), The New Political Geography of Eastern Europe (London, Belhaven, 1993).
141. Toka, 'The Programmatic Structuring of Party Competition: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland in Spring 1994'. Markowski, 'Ideological Dimensions in Eastern European Context'.
142. Toka, 'The Programmatic Structuring of Party Competition: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland in Spring 1994'. Markowski, 'Ideological Dimensions in Eastern European Context'.
143. Kitschelt, 'Patterns of Competition in East Central European Party Systems'.
144. S. Whitefield and G. Evans, 'Mass Ideology and Political Competition in Post-Communist Societies', Paper read at conference on Party Formation and Public Opinion in Eastern Europe, Duke University, 1995.
145. Wesolowski, 'Formation of Political Parties in Post-communist Poland'.
146. Rose, What is Europe?, 138-46. Kitschelt, 'Patterns of Competition in East Central European Party Systems'.
147. Rose, What is Europe?, 138-46. Kitschelt, 'Patterns of Competition in East Central European Party Systems'.
148. Wiatr, 'Fragmented Parties in a New Democracy: Poland'. J Wiatr, 'The dilemmas of reorganizing the bureaucracy in Poland during the democratic transformation', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28,1 (March 1995). S. Gebethner, 'Political Parties in Poland (1989-1993)', in Gerd Meyer (ed.), Die politischen Kulturen Ostmitteleuropas im Umbruch (Tuebingen, Francke Verlag, 1993), 311-38. D. M. Olson, 'The Sundered State: Federalism and Parliament in Czechoslovakia', in Thomas F. Remington (ed.), Parliaments in Transition (Boulder CO, Westview, 1994), 97-124. P. Kopecky and L. Nijzink, 'Party Discipline and the Relations between Ministers and MPs: A Comparison between The Netherlands and the Czech Republic', Paper read at ECPR Workshop, Bordeaux, 1995. A. Agh and S. Kurtan (eds), Democratization and Europeanization in Hungary: The First Parliament, 1990-1994 (Budapest, Hungarian Centre for Democracy Studies, Tables', 1995).
149. Wiatr, 'Fragmented Parties in a New Democracy: Poland'. J Wiatr, 'The dilemmas of reorganizing the bureaucracy in Poland during the democratic transformation', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28,1 (March 1995). S. Gebethner, 'Political Parties in Poland (1989-1993)', in Gerd Meyer (ed.), Die politischen Kulturen Ostmitteleuropas im Umbruch (Tuebingen, Francke Verlag, 1993), 311-38. D. M. Olson, 'The Sundered State: Federalism and Parliament in Czechoslovakia', in Thomas F. Remington (ed.), Parliaments in Transition (Boulder CO, Westview, 1994), 97-124. P. Kopecky and L. Nijzink, 'Party Discipline and the Relations between Ministers and MPs: A Comparison between The Netherlands and the Czech Republic', Paper read at ECPR Workshop, Bordeaux, 1995. A. Agh and S. Kurtan (eds), Democratization and Europeanization in Hungary: The First Parliament, 1990-1994 (Budapest, Hungarian Centre for Democracy Studies, Tables', 1995).
150. Wiatr, 'Fragmented Parties in a New Democracy: Poland'. J Wiatr, 'The dilemmas of reorganizing the bureaucracy in Poland during the democratic transformation', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28,1 (March 1995). S. Gebethner, 'Political Parties in Poland (1989-1993)', in Gerd Meyer (ed.), Die politischen Kulturen Ostmitteleuropas im Umbruch (Tuebingen, Francke Verlag, 1993), 311-38. D. M. Olson, 'The Sundered State: Federalism and Parliament in Czechoslovakia', in Thomas F. Remington (ed.), Parliaments in Transition (Boulder CO, Westview, 1994), 97-124. P. Kopecky and L. Nijzink, 'Party Discipline and the Relations between Ministers and MPs: A Comparison between The Netherlands and the Czech Republic', Paper read at ECPR Workshop, Bordeaux, 1995. A. Agh and S. Kurtan (eds), Democratization and Europeanization in Hungary: The First Parliament, 1990-1994 (Budapest, Hungarian Centre for Democracy Studies, Tables', 1995).
151. Wiatr, 'Fragmented Parties in a New Democracy: Poland'. J Wiatr, 'The dilemmas of reorganizing the bureaucracy in Poland during the democratic transformation', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28,1 (March 1995). S. Gebethner, 'Political Parties in Poland (1989-1993)', in Gerd Meyer (ed.), Die politischen Kulturen Ostmitteleuropas im Umbruch (Tuebingen, Francke Verlag, 1993), 311-38. D. M. Olson, 'The Sundered State: Federalism and Parliament in Czechoslovakia', in Thomas F. Remington (ed.), Parliaments in Transition (Boulder CO, Westview, 1994), 97-124. P. Kopecky and L. Nijzink, 'Party Discipline and the Relations between Ministers and MPs: A Comparison between The Netherlands and the Czech Republic', Paper read at ECPR Workshop, Bordeaux, 1995. A. Agh and S. Kurtan (eds), Democratization and Europeanization in Hungary: The First Parliament, 1990-1994 (Budapest, Hungarian Centre for Democracy Studies, Tables', 1995).
152. Wiatr, 'Fragmented Parties in a New Democracy: Poland'. J Wiatr, 'The dilemmas of reorganizing the bureaucracy in Poland during the democratic transformation', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28,1 (March 1995). S. Gebethner, 'Political Parties in Poland (1989-1993)', in Gerd Meyer (ed.), Die politischen Kulturen Ostmitteleuropas im Umbruch (Tuebingen, Francke Verlag, 1993), 311-38. D. M. Olson, 'The Sundered State: Federalism and Parliament in Czechoslovakia', in Thomas F. Remington (ed.), Parliaments in Transition (Boulder CO, Westview, 1994), 97-124. P. Kopecky and L. Nijzink, 'Party Discipline and the Relations between Ministers and MPs: A Comparison between The Netherlands and the Czech Republic', Paper read at ECPR Workshop, Bordeaux, 1995. A. Agh and S. Kurtan (eds), Democratization and Europeanization in Hungary: The First Parliament, 1990-1994 (Budapest, Hungarian Centre for Democracy Studies, Tables', 1995).
153. Wiatr, 'Fragmented Parties in a New Democracy: Poland'. J Wiatr, 'The dilemmas of reorganizing the bureaucracy in Poland during the democratic transformation', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28,1 (March 1995). S. Gebethner, 'Political Parties in Poland (1989-1993)', in Gerd Meyer (ed.), Die politischen Kulturen Ostmitteleuropas im Umbruch (Tuebingen, Francke Verlag, 1993), 311-38. D. M. Olson, 'The Sundered State: Federalism and Parliament in Czechoslovakia', in Thomas F. Remington (ed.), Parliaments in Transition (Boulder CO, Westview, 1994), 97-124. P. Kopecky and L. Nijzink, 'Party Discipline and the Relations between Ministers and MPs: A Comparison between The Netherlands and the Czech Republic', Paper read at ECPR Workshop, Bordeaux, 1995. A. Agh and S. Kurtan (eds), Democratization and Europeanization in Hungary: The First Parliament, 1990-1994 (Budapest, Hungarian Centre for Democracy Studies, Tables', 1995).
154. E. Nalewajko, 'Partie polityczne w Polsci - geneza i instytucjonalizacja'.
155. A. Pacek. 'New political parties in Eastern Europe: building a research agenda', VOX POP Newsletter, 10,3 (1992), 1, 8ff.