Cecropia schreberiana in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico

Botanical Review

Volumn 64, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 91-120

  Brokaw, Nicholas V L ^a  

^a Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002638402     PISSN: 00068101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02856580     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Aide, T. M, J. K. Zimmerman, L. Herrera, M. Rosario & M. Serrano. 1995. Forest recovery in abandoned tropical pastures in Puerto Rico. Forest Ecol. Managem. 77: 77-86.
2. _, _, M. Rosario & H. Marcano. 1996. Forest recovery in abandoned cattle pastures along an elevational gradient in northeastern Puerto Rico. Biotropica 28: 537-548.
3. Alvarez-Buylla, E. R. & M. Martínez-Ramos. 1992. Demography and allometry of Cecropia obtusifolia, a neotropical pioneer tree - An evaluation of the climax-pioneer paradigm for tropical rain forests J. Ecol. 80: 275-290.
4. Bates, C. Z. 1929. Efectos del huracán del 13 de Septiembre de 1928 en distintos árboles. Rev. Agric. Puerto Rico 23: 113-117.
5. Bell, C. R. 1970 Seed distribution and germination experiment. Pages D177-D182 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
6. Bloomfield, J. 1993. Nutrient dynamics and the influence of substrate quality on the decomposition of leaves and fine roots of selected tree species in a lower montane tropical rain forest in Puerto Rico. Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, New Haven.
7. Boose, E. R., D. R. Foster & M. Fluet. 1994 Hurricane impacts to tropical and temperate forest landscapes. Ecol. Monogr. 64: 369-400.
8. Briscoe, C. B. & F. H. Wadsworth. 1970. Stand structure and yield in the tabonuco forest of Puerto Rico. Pages B79-B89 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
9. Brokaw, N. V. L. 1985. Treefalls, regrowth, and community structure in tropical forests. Pages 53-69 in S. T. A. Pickett & P. S. White (eds.), The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, New York.
10. _. 1986. Seed dispersal, gap colonization, and the case of Cecropia insignis. Pages 323-331 in A. Estrada & T. H. Fleming (eds.), Frugivory and seed dispersal. W. Junk, The Hague.
11. _ & J. S. Grear. 1991. Forest structure before and after Hurricane Hugo at three elevations in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23: 386-392.
12. Brown, S., A. E. Lugo, S. Silander & L. Liegel. 1983. Research history and opportunities in the Luquillo Experimental Forest. U.S.D.A. Forest Service General Technical Report SO-44, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA.
13. Byer, M. D. & P. L. Weaver. 1977. Early secondary succession in an elfin woodland in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Biotropica 9. 35-47.
14. Calderón, F. 1993. The role of mycorrhizae in the nutrient absorptive strategy of important landslide colonizers. M.S. thesis, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras.
15. Cammack, S. E. 1994. Seedling recruitment and growth on hurricane-disturbed plots in a subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico: The role of abiotic influences in the regeneration niche. M.S. thesis, University of Georgia, Athens.
16. Charles-Dominique, P. 1986. Inter-relations between frugivorous vertebrates and pioneer plants: Cecropia, birds, and bats in French Guyana. Pages 119-135 in A. Estrada & T. H. Fleming (eds.), Frugivory and seed dispersal. W. Junk, The Hague.
17. Crow, T. R. 1980. A rain forest chronicle: A 30-year record of change in structure and composition at El Verde, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 12: 42-55.
18. _ & D. F. Grigal. 1979. Numerical analysis of arborescent communities in the rain forest of the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Vegetatio 40: 135-146.
19. _ & P. L. Weaver. 1977. Tree growth in a moist tropical forest of Puerto Rico. U.S.D.A., Forest Service Research Paper ITF-22.
20. Dallmeier, F., C. M. Taylor, J. C. Mayne, M. Kabel & R. Rice. 1992. Case study of SI/MAB biological diversity plot research methodology: Effects of Hurricane Hugo on the Bisley Biodiversity Plot, Luquillo Biosphere Reserve, Puerto Rico. Pages 47-72 in R. Dallmeier (ed.), Long-term monitoring of biological diversity in tropical forest areas: Methods for establishment and inventory of permanent plots. MAB Digest 11, UNESCO, Paris.
21. Denslow, J. S. 1980. Gap partitioning among tropical rainforest trees. Biotropica 12: 47-55.
22. Devoe, N. N. 1989. Differential seeding and regeneration in openings and beneath closed canopy in subtropical wet forest. Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, New Haven.
23. Doyle, T. W. 1981. The role of disturbance in the gap dynamics of a montane rain forest: An application of a tropical forest succession model. Pages 56-73 in D. C. West et al. (eds.), Forest succession: Concepts and application. Springer-Verlag, New York.
24. Duke, J. A. 1970a. Keys for the identification of seedlings of some prominent woody species in eight forest types in Puerto Rico. Pages B239-B274 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
25. _. 1970b. Postirradiation woody seedlings. Pages D189-D192 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
26. Edmisten, J. 1970. Survey of mycorrhiza and nodules in the El Verde forest. Pages F15-F20 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
27. Estrada Pinto, A. 1970. Phenological studies of trees at El Verde. Pages D237-D269 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
28. Everham, E. M., III, R. W. Myster & E. VanDeGenachte. 1996. Effects of light, moisture, temperature, and litter on the regeneration of five tree species in the tropical montane wet forest of Puerto Rico. Amer. J. Bot. 83: 1063-1068.
29. Ewel, J. J. & J. L. Whitmore. 1973. The ecological life zones of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Research Paper ITF-18. Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.
30. Ferguson, B. G., D. H. Boucher, M. Pizzi & C. Rivera. 1995. Recruitment and decay of a pulse of Cecropia in Nicaraguan rain forest damaged by Hurricane Joan: Relation to mutualism with Azteca ants. Biotropica 27: 455-460.
31. Fernández, D. S. & N. Fetcher. 1991. Changes in light availability following Hurricane Hugo in a subtropical montane forest in Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23: 393-399.
32. Fetcher, N., B. L. Haines, R. A. Cordero, D. J. Lodge, L. R. Walker, D. S. Fernández & W. T. Lawrence. 1996. Responses of tropical plants to nutrients and light on a landslide in Puerto Rico. J. Ecol. 84: 331-341.
33. Fleming, T. H. & E. R. Heithaus. 1981. Frugivorous bats, seed shadows, and the structure of tropical forests. Biotropica 13: 45-53.
34. Francis, J. K. & A. J. R. Gillespie. 1993. Relating gust speed to tree damage in Hurricane Hugo, 1989. J. Arboricult. 19: 368-373.
35. Frangi, J. L. & A. E. Lugo. 1991. Hurricane damage to a flood plain forest in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23: 324-335.
36. Fu, S., C. Rodríguez Pedraza & A. E. Lugo. 1996. A twelve year comparison of stand changes in a mahogany plantation and a paired natural forest of similar age. Biotropica 26: 515-524.
37. García-Martinó, A. R., G. S. Warner, F. N. Scatena & D. L. Civico. 1996. Rainfall, runoff, and elevation in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Caribbean J. Sci. 32: 413-424.
38. García-Montiel, D. & F. N. Scatena. 1994. The effect of human activity on the structure and composition of a tropical forest in Puerto Rico. Forest Ecol. Managem. 63: 57-78.
39. Glogiewicz, J. In press. Cecropia peltata L. Useful trees of tropical North America. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Washington, DC.
40. Guariguata, M. R. 1990. Landslide disturbance and forest regeneration in the upper Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. J. Ecol. 78: 814-832.
41. _ & M. C. Larsen. 1990. Preliminary map showing locations of landslides in El Yunque Quadrangle, Puerto Rico. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-257.
42. Guzmán-Grajales, S. M. & L. R. Walker. 1991. Differential seedling responses to litter after Hurricane Hugo in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23: 407-413.
43. Hartshorn, G. S. 1990. An overview of neotropical forest dynamics. Pages 585-599 in A. H. Gentry (ed.), Four neotropical rainforests. Yale University Press, New Haven.
44. Henderson, A., G. Galeano & R. Bernal. 1995. Field guide to the palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
45. Holdridge, L. R. 1970. A system for representing structure in tropical forest associations. Pages B147-B150 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
46. Holthuijzen, A. A. M. & J. H. A. Boerboom. 1982. The Cecropia seed bank in the Surinam lowland rain forest. Biotropica 14: 62-68.
47. Howard, R. A. 1988. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Vol. 4: Dicotyledoneae - Part 1. Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, MA.
48. ISTF (International Society of Tropical Foresters). 1997. Cecropia name changed. ISTF News 18:4.
49. ITF (Institute of Tropical Forestry). 1959. 1958 annual report: Tropical forest research center. Caribbean Forest. 20: 1-10.
50. Janzen, D. H. 1973. Dissolution of mutualism between Cecropia and its Azteca ants. Biotropica 5: 15-28.
51. La Caro, F. & R. L. Rudd. 1985. Leaf litter disappearance rates in Puerto Rican montane rain forest. Biotropica 17: 269-276.
52. Larsen, M. C. & A. J. Torres-Sánchez. 1992. Landslides triggered by Hurricane Hugo in eastern Puerto Rico, September 1989. Caribbean J. Sci. 28(3/4): 13-120.
53. Lebrón, M. L. 1977. An autecological study of Palicourea riparia Benth. (Rubiaceae), an ecologically important species in the recovery of a disturbed tropical rain forest in Puerto Rico. Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
54. Leck, C. F. 1972. Observations of birds at Cecropia trees in Puerto Rico. Wilson Bull. 84: 498-500.
55. Liogier, H. A. 1985. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands. Vol. 1. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Río Piedras.
56. Little, E. L., Jr. & F. H. Wadsworth. 1964. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agriculture Handbook No. 249, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Washington, DC.
57. Lodge, D. J. 1996. Microorganisms. Pages 53-108 in D. P. Reagan & R. B. Waide (eds.), The food web of a tropical rain forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
58. Lugo, A. 1970. Photosynthetic studies on four species of rain forest seedlings. Pages I81-I102 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
59. _ & F. N. Scatena. 1995. Ecosystem-level properties of the Luquillo Experimental Forest with emphasis on the tabonuco forest. Pages 59-108 in A. E. Lugo & C. Lowe (eds.), Tropical forests: Management and ecology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
60. _ & _. 1996. Background and catastrophic tree mortality in tropical moist, wet, and rain forests. Biotropica 28: 585-589.
61. _, A Bokkestijn & F. N. Scatena. 1995. Structure, succession, and soil chemistry of palm forests in the Luquillo Experimental Forest. Pages 142-177 in A. E. Lugo & C. Lowe (eds.), Tropical forests: Management and ecology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
62. Mabberly, D. J. 1987. The plant book: A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
63. Marrero, J. 1954. Regeneration: Seed studies. Cecropia peltata. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Institute of Tropical Forestry report. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.
64. McCormick, J. F. 1970. Direct and indirect effects of gamma radiation on seedling diversity and abundance in a tropical forest. Pages D-201-D-211 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
65. _. 1995. A review of the population dynamics of selected tree species in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Pages 224-257 in A. E. Lugo & C. Lowe (eds.), Tropical forests: Management and ecology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
66. McKey, D. 1988. Cecropia peltata, an introduced neotropical pioneer tree, is replacing Musanga cecropioides in southwestern Cameroon. Biotropica 20: 262-264.
67. Murphy, P. G. 1970. Tree growth at El Verde and the effects of ionizing radiation. Pages D141-D171 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
68. Myster, R. W. 1994. Landslide insects show small differences between an island (Puerto Rico) and the mainland (Costa Rica). Acta Cient. 8: 105-113.
69. _. 1997. Seed predation, disease and germination on landslides in neotropical lower montane wet forest. J. Veg. Sci. 8: 55-64.
70. _ & L. R. Walker. 1997. Plant successional pathways on Puerto Rican landslides. J. Trop. Ecol. 13: 165-173.
71. Nauman, M. 1991. Seed bank in soils of Bisley watersheds. Inst. Trop. Forest. Ann. Lett. 1990-1991: 17.
72. O'Brien, S. T, B. P. Hayden, & H. H. Shugart. 1992. Global climatic change, hurricanes, and a tropical forest. Climat. Change 22: 175-190.
73. Odum, H. T. 1970a. The AEC rain forest program. Pages C3-C22 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
74. _. 1970b. Summary: An emerging view of the ecological system at El Verde. Pages I191-I289 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. _
75. & G. Cintrón. 1970. Forest chlorophyll and radiation. Pages I21-I33 in H T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
76. _ & R. F. Pigeon (eds.). 1970. A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
77. _, A. Lugo, G. Cintrón, & C. F. Jordan. 1970a. Metabolism and evapotranspiration of some rain forest plants and soil. Pages I103-I164 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
78. _, P. Murphy, G. Drewry, F. McCormick, C. Schinan, E. Morales & J. A. McIntyre. 1970b. Effects of gamma radiation on the forest at El Verde. Pages D3-D75 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
79. Ogle, K. J. 1970. Pollen analysis of selected sphagnum bog sites in Puerto Rico. Pages B135-B145 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
80. Olson, S. L. & K. E. Blum. 1968. Avian dispersal of plants in Panama. Ecology 49: 565-566.
81. Ovington, J. D. & J. S. Olson. 1970. Biomass and chemical content of El Verde lower montane rain forest plants. Pages H53-H77 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
82. Pérez Viera, I. E. 1986. Tree regeneration in two tropical rain forests. M.S. thesis, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras.
83. Reagan, D. P. 1991. The response of Anolis lizards to hurricane-induced habitat changes in a Puerto Rican rain forest. Biotropica 23: 468-474.
84. _. 1996. Anoline lizards. Pages 321-345 in D. P. Reagan & R. B. Waide (eds.), The food web of a tropical rain forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
85. _ & R. B. Waide (eds.). 1996. The food web of a tropical rain forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
86. Rickson, F. R. 1977. Progressive loss of ant-related traits of Cecropia peltata on selected Caribbean islands. Amer. J. Bot. 64: 585-592.
87. Sanford, R. L., Jr., W. J. Parton, D. S. Ojima & D. J. Lodge. 1991. Hurricane effects on soil organic matter dynamics and forest production in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico: Results of simulation modeling. Biotropica 23: 364-372.
88. Scatena, F. N. 1989. An introduction to the physiology and history of the Bisley Experimental Watersheds in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. General Technical Report SO-72. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA.
89. _ & M. C. Larsen. 1991. Physical aspects of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23: 317-323.
90. _ & A. E. Lugo. 1995. Geomorphology, disturbance, and the soil and vegetation of two subtropical wet steepland watersheds of Puerto Rico. Geomorphology 13: 199-213.
91. _, W. Silver, T. Siccama, A. Johnson & M. J. Sánchez. 1993. Biomass and nutrient content of the Bisley Experimental Watersheds, Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, before and after Hurricane Hugo. Biotropica 25: 15-27.
92. _, S. Moya, C. Estrada & J. D. Chinea. 1996. The first five years in the reorganization of above-ground biomass and nutrient use following Hurricane Hugo in the Bisley Experimental Watersheds, Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 28: 424-440.
93. Schowalter, T. D. 1994. Invertebrate community structure and herbivory in a tropical rain forest canopy in Puerto Rico following Hurricane Hugo. Biotropica 26: 312-319.
94. _. 1995 Canopy invertebrate community response to disturbance and consequences of herbivory in temperate and tropical forests. Selbyana 16: 41-48.
95. _. 1997 Canopy invertebrate community response to hurricane disturbance. Luquillo LTER Annual Report. Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan.
96. Scogin, R. 1982. Dietary observations on the red, fig-eating bat (Stenoderma rufum) in Puerto Rico. Aliso 10: 259-261.
97. Secrest, M. F., M. R. Willig & L. L. Peppers. 1996. The legacy of disturbance on habitat associations of terrestrial snails in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 28: 502-514.
98. Silander, S. R. 1979. A study of the ecological life history of Cecropia peltata L., an early secondary successional species in the rain forest of Puerto Rico. M.S. thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
99. _ & A. E. Lugo. 1990. Cecropia peltata L.: Yagrumo hembra, trumpet tree. Pages 244-249 in Silvics of North America. Vol. 2: Hardwoods. Agricultural Handbook 654, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
100. Silver, W. L., S. R. Brown & A. E. Lugo. 1996. Effects of changes in biodiversity on ecosystem function in tropical forests. Conserv. Biol. 10: 17-24.
101. Smith, R. F. 1970a. Preliminary illustrated leaf key to the woody plants of the Luquillo Mountains. Pages B275-B290 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
102. _. 1970b. The vegetation structure of a Puerto Rican rain forest before and after short-term gamma radiation. Pages D103-D140 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
103. Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1988. The parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, Los Angeles.
104. Soriano-Ressy, M., A. P. Desmarais & J. W. Perez. 1970. A comparison of environments of rain forests in Dominica, British West Indies, and Puerto Rico. Pages B329-B346 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
105. Taylor, C. M., S. Silander, R. B. Waide & W. J. Pfeiffer. 1995. Recovery of a tropical forest after gamma irradiation: A 23-year chronicle. Pages 258-285 in A. E. Lugo & C. Lowe (eds.), Tropical forests Management and ecology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
106. TFES (Tropical Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service). 1952. Twelfth Annual Report. Caribbean Forest. 13: 1-21.
107. Vásquez-Yanes, C. & H. Smith. 1982. Phytochrome control of seed germination in the tropical rain forest pioneer trees Cecropia obtusifolia and Piper auritum and its ecological significance. New Phytol. 92: 477-485.
108. Wadsworth, F. H. 1950. Notes on the climax forests of Puerto Rico and their destruction and conservation prior to 1900. Caribbean Forest. 11: 38-47.
109. _. 1951 Forest management in the Luquillo Mountains. I. The setting. Caribbean Forest. 12: 93-114.
110. _. 1957. Seventeenth annual report of the tropical forest research center. Caribbean Forest. 18: 1-11.
111. _. 1958. The status of forestry and forestry research in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands: The eighteenth annual report of the Tropical Forest Research Center. Caribbean Forest. 19: 1-24.
112. _. 1970. Review of past research in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Pages B33-B46 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
113. Wadsworth, R. K. 1970. Point-quarter sampling of forest type-site relations at El Verde. Pages B97-B104 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
114. Walker, L. R. 1991 Tree damage and recovery from Hurricane Hugo in Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23: 379-385.
115. _. 1995. Timing of post-hurricane tree mortality in Puerto Rico. J. Trop. Ecol. 11: 315-320.
116. _. 1994. Effects of fern thickets on woodland development on landslides in Puerto Rico. J. Veg. Sci. 5: 525-532.
117. _ & L. E. Neris. 1993. Posthurricane seed rain dynamics in Puerto Rico. Biotropica 25: 408-418.
118. _, N. V. L. Brokaw, D. J. Lodge & R. B. Waide (eds.). 1991. Special issue: Ecosystem, plant, and animal responses to hurricanes in the Caribbean. Biotropica 23: 313-521.
119. _, W. L. Silver, M. R. Willig & J. K. Zimmerman (eds.). 1996a. Special issue: Long-term responses of Caribbean ecosystems to disturbance. Biotropica 28: 413-613.
120. _, D. J. Zarin, N. Fetcher, R. W. Myster & A. H. Johnson. 1996b. Ecosystem development and plant succession on landslides in the Caribbean. Biotropica 28: 566-576.
121. _, J. K. Zimmerman, D. J. Lodge & S. Guzmán-Grajales. 1996c. An altitudinal comparison of growth and species composition in hurricane-damaged forests in Puerto Rico. J. Ecol. 84: 877-889.
122. Weaver, P. L. 1979. Tree growth in several tropical forests of Puerto Rico. Research Paper SO-152. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans.
123. _. 1983. Tree growth and stand changes in the subtropical life zones of the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Research Paper SO-190. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans.
124. _. 1986. Hurricane damage and recovery in the montane forests of the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Caribbean J. Sci. 22: 53-70.
125. _. 1989. Forest changes after hurricanes in Puerto Rico's Luquillo Mountains. Interciencia 14: 181-192.
126. _. 1990. Succession in the elfin woodland of the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Biotropica 22: 83-89.
127. _. 1991. Environmental gradients affect forest composition in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Interciencia 16: 142-151.
128. _. 1994 Baño de Oro Natural Area Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. General Technical Report SO-111. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans.
129. _. 1995. The colorado and dwarf forests of Puerto Rico's Luquillo Mountains. Pages 109-141 in A. E. Lugo & C. Lowe (eds.), Tropical forests: Management and ecology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
130. _ & P. G. Murphy. 1990. Forest structure and productivity in Puerto Rico's Luquillo Mountains. Biotropica 22: 69-82.
131. _, E. Medina, D. Pool, K. Dugger, J. Gonzales-Liboy & E. Cuevas. 1986 Ecological observations in the dwarf cloud forest of the Luquillo Mountains in Puerto Rico. Biotropica 18: 79-85.
132. Weinbren, M. P., B. M. Weinbren, W. B. Jackson & J. B. Villella. 1970. Studies on the roof rat (Rattus rattus) in the El Verde forest. Pages E169-E181 in H. T. Odum & R. F. Pigeon (eds.), A tropical rain forest: A study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
133. White, H. H. 1963. Variation of stand structure correlated with altitude in the Luquillo Mountains. Caribbean J. Forest. 1: 46-52.
134. Whitmore, T. C. 1990. An introduction to tropical rainforests. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
135. Willig, M. R. & M. R. Gannon. 1996. Mammals. Pages 399-431 in D. P. Reagan & R. B. Waide (eds.), The food web of a tropical rain forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
136. Woolbright, L. 1996. Disturbance influences long-term population patterns in the Puerto Rican frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Biotropica 28: 493-501.
137. Zimmerman, J. K., E. M. Everham III, R. B. Waide, D. J. Lodge, C. M. Taylor & N. V. L. Brokaw. 1994. Responses of tree species to hurricane winds in subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico: Implications for tropical tree life histories. J. Ecol. 82: 911-922.
138. _, T. M. Aide, M. Rosario, M. Serrano & L. Herrera. 1995. Effects of land management and a recent hurricane on forest structure and composition in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Forest Ecol. Managern. 77: 65-76.
139. _, M. R. Willig, L. R. Walker & W. L. Silver. 1996. Introduction: Disturbance and Caribbean ecosystems. Biotropica 28: 414-423.
140. Zou, X., C. P. Zucca, R. B. Waide & W. H. McDowell. 1995. Long-term influence of deforestation on tree species composition and litter dynamics of a tropical rain forest in Puerto Rico. Forest Ecol. Managern. 78: 147-157.